fl17 Therapy

Introducing Therapy (pp. 685—686)

Chapter I discusses the major psvchotherapies andbiomedical therapies for maladapti e behaviors. Thevarious psychotherapies all derive trom the personalitv theories discussed earlier, namely, the psvchoanalvtic. humanIstic, behax ioral, and cognitive theories.Tne chapter groups the therapies hr perspective hutalso emphasizes the common threads that runthrough them. In evaluating the therapies, the chapterpoints out that. although people u ho are untreatedotten impru\ e, Those recei\ ing psychotherapy tend toimprove somewhat more, regardless of the type oftherapy they receive, This section includes a discussion or se eral popular alternative therapies.

The biomedical therapies discussed are drug therapies. electrocon\ ulsis e therapy, and psychosurgery,which is seldom used, By far the most important ofthese, drug therapies are being used in the treatmentof pc: chotic anxietr, and mood disorders.

Because th0 origins or problems often lie beyondthe individual, the chapter concludes with approaches that aim at preventing psychological disorders byfocusing on the iarniiv or on the larger social environment as pessrb!e contributors to p’vchoiogicaldisorders,

David Mr ers at times uses idioms that are unfamiliar to some readers. If r ou do not knowthe meaning of any of the following words orexpressions in the context in which theyappear in the introduction, refer to page 460for an explanation: cracked the genetic cede;gawk.

Objective 1: Discuss some wars that pstIciietilcrans.

bionIcdzLah thlerapLI, and an CCICL tic appruadi to therap1differ,

1. Mental health therapies are classified as eitherJherapies or

4herapies.

2. Psychological therapv is more commonly calledThis type of therapy is

appropriate for disorders that are

3. Biomed teal therapies include the use of

NOTE: Answer guidelines for all Chapter 17 quest:ions begin on page 4Ai.

CHAPTER REVIEW

First, skim each section, noting headings and boldfacejtems. Aftea you have’ read the sectjon, review eachobjective b answering the fill-in and essay-typequestrons that follow it. As you proceed, evaluate

e rc ra n ri’s

tnte rxhon until you understand each answer. If you needto, review or reread the section in the textbook beforecontinuing.

to this approach is

which attempts to combine methods intoasinihe, coherent system.

patient’s

4. Some therapists, particularly those who adopt abiopsychosocial view, blend ser eral psychotheraor technique’- and so are said to take an* approach. Closely related

437

n r 17 herapy

The Psychological Therapies pp. hSh—699) S. Critics pomt out that psx choaualvsts’ interpreta

tions are hard to and thatit nu do not know the meaning of any of the therapy takes a long time and is veryf uinq rr onis, phrases or expressions in

unit r r ich thci appear in this see1 1 p ye 460 461 for an explanation Objective 4: Contrast psychodynamic therapy andit s tin t bat st’ Kilt cks the prat interpersonal therapy u ith traditional psr choanali

a,, in ci,, a; Ian’; dri zkc laced with a dray cisa , ‘j 4-abtnt,’ heIiaawN: eelers Viii

1; ;;,,s; Laahn;t:y. 9. Therapists who are influenced by Freud’s psycho

analysis hut who talk to the patient face to face

are therapists. In additionijec v )ef r y cilia i lpus and discuss the

rr I th rap they work with patients onh

(how long?) and tor onh a feu weeks or months.

1 tim ii of I rcud s psi choanalvsis, which is 10. \ brief alternative to psychodynamic therapihA wit an. his personaliti theory, is to help the that has proven effective withpalwnt yaw patients is

2. l n u assurn d hat many psi chological proh

F i mate in childhood impulses and con- 11, While this approach aims to help people gain11 tI haxc been into their difficulties, it

3 Ow )anai\ sIn attempt to bring focuses onfeelings into rather than on past hurts.awareness where they can

LA e,,i \Vltfl. Objective 5: Identify’ the basis characteristics of thehumanistic therapies, and describe the specific goals

je ive Des r be sonic ot the methods used in and techniques of Carl Rogers’ client-centered

F r I s’s. n lr t some criticisms of this form therapy.

the12. Humanistic therapies attempt to help people

4. ii”uti s technique in which a patient says what- meet their potential for

‘it camni In and is cailed List several ways that humanistic therapy diftersfrom psychoanalysis.

W thc sc r ot ther ipy, a person omits

5 )t c ha rss ng material,Is occurring. Insight is

4 mrsd hr tim anal’ 4’s

at tie m winy t r such omi—ions, of dreams, and

at a”nar’nn res eated during therapr sc

It

r i dc rieamug of a drcam

13. 1 lie humanistic therapy based tin Rogers’ theorr

7 4 it strat 4 It nngs, tmilar to those experi- is called -

0 a t’thc iarp.’rtant relationships. are devel- therapy, whit h is

1 thrapist, described a therapi

because thc therapist

(interprets does r ot ‘utcrpr I I r crc 5 F rob

lems.

The Psi ehologieal Therapies 439

14. In t rdcr t s promote gross th in clients, Rogeriantheiapi ts eshibit

,and

15. Ropers technique ot restating anti ciarits wigwhat a person is saving is called

(,l\ er i onjud ;mental ens ironment that prwiS dc—

patients are better able

to accept thensives as then are and to ted nab

ned and rr bole

16. 1 bee tips for listening more attn ely in sour ownrelationships are to

and

Objective 6: 1 oplain how the basic assumption ofhehas ior IF craps differs from those of traditionalpsi hoanah Pc and humanistic therapies.

17. Behavior theraps applies principles of

to eliminate troubling

behas tors,

C ontrast the assumptions of the hehas ior therapiesx ith those of pss choanalvsic and humanistic theraps.

Objective — )ehne ntc ‘Plan g and d suihethc chr cc us spcsotth’apcsandasersi c ndi ng

18. One cluster or hehas ior therapies i— based on the

prmclplec ot

as des etoped in Par los ‘s

expcnments. I us techr ique, in which a new

nconip fibic rt i IOst i 5 ihstituted for a maP-1. -. .‘(

iOlti e eta

Tx o cxani el of this technique a”e

In the h It p

state is ith the

aroiising tinsuli

therap y ofters a pr unis n

22. In as ersh e co sdit nu tf r Is

substitute a posit e.’

negative) response fcr one that is correntw

(pos’tlve .segatn cc

tn this t c’sniqoc a perso s uos steP b s ito

beco r e associa1cds itsfeel wigs

Objective 8: State the main prcm:sc tilt i a’on operant e-inditierhnpr pnr i1l’-s ad ies rhe Psic s of pr men s sd cc ct F ita di’itction

23. Reintorcng dcs ed heh sv,irs ‘nc a thl

reinton5ement for undesncd h1 ha’ ‘or Ret

aspect— of

24. thera ic hat i sf1 c nc is r u

its ci nseoucoce r l a—ed i a. pt. or

udh,o,no, (ne ant 1’

cihon or this torts o’ tht c ‘Cs i; i iitatii c I

and

19. The most is ideix used techn:qoes of hcIiasaec

theraps ace the

t’ te I ou tir

atic desersitwat c K c s i .ils

opecl hr the thcrpi5t

Fhe assumption behind this techniqut a- that OOu

cannot siminultanetus1r b

and relaxed

20. the tirst step in c steina i dc’st U ltd 5 tIle

constructon of a t ,O5\i

ets mrousing stiomli. The second ste tilt alt ts

training in

son is trained to ascoeiatc the

21. For tnose is Iso ace un sot r s i in iSO a

anxiety arousing situatior cc to raid

embarrassed to do o.

sltei t x e.

t cci i I

40 Oq r Iheap

settin is the 29. rreatmetit that combines an attack on negative

in is filch de.irfr’d thinking isitl: a. rts to mudift behas mr j%

Lxh 1 s ar c s-arch. know is

‘ Is C t 1:4 r i a I F )

Objective 10: L)k i die r3t’onah- a.na benetits ofgioup the ap including tamilv theraj’.

tesc idv a’ec. nip t 1fV

Satasc i p it. of npner cfbe rm cit atm

30. The tspeol gruup is.tt•raction that fotuse. on the

tact that we live and grass’ in telation to .)ther% 6

31 Inth typc czgrou i -ay sbfausonmip i

ing isiti nthefamih ant

helping family members to di%cnver ness W3V% of

pieventing or resols ing

32 Twc ) flu r y Cs ) ,roup I rapv reObjectlve9C’rntra tcoo,ntn ieno i cic çnitiv k thai 101 t wrap and it. soinexamples of tognitive therapi for dcpres%Jon. grout s for the additted. the dii orced. and those

%impls looking for tellowship and growth, for

23. llietai%tS isbn teach people ntis, more cnntru example. Mot support groups focus tnt

thtva sotti krngacusin dherip

26 One iets cf wnitis hera jr atternç s to illnc’e’res ere thc belictc often

a%’eCJtdO is ith by help Evaluating Psychotherapies pp mi 7iü

in’ hc ‘ii onail ( list craps[I ‘I fl ft )t th

C ft y nc c c’. ‘n

2. A te’ c. c. .o,. ti c tb.. 45 des clcspe I L Ad. I’ tOil ‘tin is rick. they 1’pt3i the K relet

RaN.’ ou,l1%os the :indnz that dcpre-.ed Ltto I’.ce 4nt—U2 for 3’ e’piaz tk’r. t1..’t’r

t:t•C. f. r:;n :.il— •‘:‘‘, 1.

I.

pit ido do not’ chit:t if.’. —c J- ;.eir “strEp ‘ii.. I... -

‘he i en ‘ Hz hal’

28. ra pec )r(stu tur’ rthik gi.

%tFt%%tUI “itUcit -US’ 1% the g”al or1. In contra%t to earlier tlrne%, ,no%t tlwrap. tt.d.i

trainint%. student’ traincd‘1%. 1% flt)’, pros dt-J Li

to tit ii it-gal’ tim’ ,Jflt

It It ‘1 Ic i“‘ ‘it’

Fvaluating Psv hot ‘raç 4

Objective 11: F\plain xvhv clients tend to overestimat the ffectn eness of ps chotherapy.

2. A majoi itt of psi chotherapv Clients e\press

çsatisfaction; dissatisfac

it P xxi h their thc rapv.

Chu three reasons tviw client testimonials are notpersuasive cx idence for psi chotherapy s effective

ness

3. \ long-term study ot txO Massachusetts boys

found th it those xx ho receix ed intensive counsel

ing - (had/did not have)sigmtirantlv fewer problems than a control

group Research has also shoxx n that “Scared

Straight” programs

(are are not) effective in reducing criminal

)ffenses committed by delinquent boys.

4, C limt ians tend to (overestimate underestimate) the eftecth eness of psv

chotherap’

5 0 xc rc son lirucians’ per cptions of the effec

H rut - of ps ‘hotherapx are inaccurate is thatJceots costirv entt-’ring therapi by emphasizing

P and just fv tearing

(Hcrarx hx c mph.sizna their

6 Ihinkinc, Cr tic xll i Clicnts and therapists per

eptions of therapy’s effecth enes mar he inflat

ed hr thvr that a treat—

n it v rk Ihis phcnomenon is alled the

Another p0 nomc non that may intiate their per

it I i o ffc ix eness is the pher om

for

return to their

Objective 13: Discusc the importance Ci ‘art Oii’C

studies in judging the eftectix t nes et psx ci (herpies, and descrtho some of

7. in hopes of better asesi’ig psx5hmhti’nr

effectiveness psx chologis s F ‘t xc

it mar sf ilts

Ox erall, the results of suc x an xx s xc ft

psvchotherapr is

what etfective ineftettivt).

10. Psrchotherap is cost-cfre tiv ‘r i xx par

with the greater tosts ot

care tor psi chological p obler c

11. C omparisons of the c fe xx in a

torms c’t therapx ret cal

(clear nt Pear lift xx’, ft t ci x xx

therxpx pr)xtdcr ix,greatS, doxx. not matrer a! xx tint thc

therapy is prom led bx ar md id u i fit

xx ithir a group

difference doe-. nit make a P ciier’nt’

12. ( ontrolled treatment sfti es I x inc ti -

that depressioi na be c ‘ct H x i

enon called

wHn :s ft e fec c.. ix

cx cnN xx ecu if5 Sis to

8. Ehe debate ox er the ette5tix entss 0f ot tixcctfx.-r -

py began xxith a study hr

it showed that the rate of improx tn enf Icr tixo-.t

who receix ed therapy

(xx as/was not) higher than th at c I

did not.

9. A statistical technique that nxakxx it pos-/’kc to

combine the re’ultc of n’a a , p [, r

apr outcome studies is called

Objective 12: Cix e some reasons xx hv clinicians tendto ox erestimate the c tfectix eness of psychotherapy,and ‘1est nbc two phenomena that contribute toclients and clinicians’ misperceptions in this area.

Objectixe 14: Suinniarize the fucdtngt ccx xx ps:

chotherapies are most etfectcac tox no cP-, ier.

r

and (lx ‘pi I ‘if

442 Chapter i’ Therapy

‘iii\ltt and

therapies and

tra n sg have pro en cffectire (.ognith e

hehax 101 therapx has pio en ettectn e in treating

and hehax ior modtica

ioi n tr ting

13. X\ ith pnotnas, cornpuisionc, and othei specific

beh nor prohic I s,

moNt ettective.

therapies han e bc en the

14. As a rule psxchotherapv is most etrectixe with

problems in t are

(sp&iiic, nonspecific).

Objective 15: Lx aluate the effectiveness ot eye rnovement d sensit zaton and reprocessing (11 MDR) andlight exposure therapies.

15. y odax, mant forms ot

are touted as etfec tive

treatments or a rarietv of complaints.

16. Aside from testimonials, there is x err little evh

denec bas d on research

for u ‘Ia therapies

17. In one popniar alternative therapy, a therapist

triggers eye morements in patients while the

imagine

‘nit tit. otr ‘hat

“n tL

I hh. theraps. called

has pros en

tc mnietelx

ctte t e a tn L tnxent toi

18 1 or people xi ho suffer from the wintertime torm

of depression called

thned

therapy mar he beneficial.

Objective 16: Describe the three benetits attributed toall psvchotherapies

19. All torns ot psychotherapy offer three benefits:

for demoralized people’ a

new on oneself’ and a

relationship that is

and

20. 1 herapy outcomes vary with the

of thc person seeking

help.

21. In one study of depression treatment, the most

effechve therapists ci crc those cx ho were per

ceived as most and

22. Sex eral stndies found that treatment for mild

problems offered Ian’ paraprofessionals

(is/is not) as effective as

that offered Ian professional therapists.

Objective 17: Discuss the rule of values and culturaldifferences in the therapeutic process.

23. Cenerallr speaking, psychotherapists personal

nalues (do’ do not) inttu

ence their therapy. This is particularly significant

xx hen the thcrapist and client are hom

the same/ different)

cultures.

24 In N )rth Amer’ca L u ope nd kustralia mo t

thi apists rcflect their culture s

25. Diffeiences in vaines man help explain the reluc’

taocc of some popula

tions to use mental health ,erx ices.

F lois cx r. —keptic point

t c dmc rha

i just as effectn c as

triggered ci e mon ements to producine beneficial

resu I h kej seems to hr i x the person’s

t aumata m mor c arid

a ettect

The Biomedical Therapies pp. 711—71Q1

It on do not know the meaning of am of thefollowing words, phrases, or expressions in the Objectiontext in which they appear in the text refer et ii r

to pages 462 463 for an explanationS slugç sliies tmmors and twitches Popping i Xa lax’;lift peaj c up barbaric image; tiii;-startin tiwham.

Objective 18: 1 )efine ini,ellctjiczrniarnlegu and explainhow double-blind studies help researchers e abate adrug ettectix eness.

1. I he most widel used biomedical treatments are

he therapies. thanks toa ml r rue xthee therapies, the number of residents in mental

reduc’r , r t urnhospitals hasres0k a uu’rg

zncreased decreased) sharplyI hese oiuns rnri a

2. 1 he field that studies the effects of drugs on the

mind and behavior is- Ohjectie3 To guard against the effecth

pressart I ua id normal , neither the ufic d Ipatients nor the staff mx olx ed in a study may he

an are of which condition a gix en mdix idual is in;11, Dru, 1 I

ire nih iton. is called arut’s ai x-. a-. • —, o ti tin nalliastudx.

traimsnm:Js-rsObjective 19: Describe the characteristics of antipsr -

hotk drugs, and discuss their use in treating schizoph renia

4. One tfed of drugs such

as is to help those experi

encing (positixe nega

tive> si mptoms of schizophrenia hr decreacintheir responsix enes to irrelex ant stimuli; schiin

phrenia paient’ who are apathetic and x’ dIn 13. r(it iii

draw ii mat he more etlctix eli treated with the °‘ I

drug

5. II cse drugs work bi blocking the reeptor sitesIi r fbI in urotran—mittors

6. 1 ong-term u’-e t fir-d-generation a ntip’-x chotic

drue— ran plfldue

mx r olutarx nun emunts of flu

444 (hapier (7 ahcrapv

14. thc I j plc in cpression often improx e Objective 24: Summarize the history of the psv

ark ne nw-nih an ant:denressants1meta- chosurgical procedure knoix ix as a lobotomy, and discuss the use of psi chosurgerv today

i “ an Ut monstra w that a large percent- -

l I x c ‘s In tc 22 Ihc biomedical therapy in which a portion of

brain tissue is removed or destroyed is called

Oh i : i xc s at d cffccts of mood 23. Ii the 1930s Mown des eloped an operation

s i nç i ied itiot’ called the In this prore

dure the lobe ot the brain1,, r). tO hiUi1:ze the ‘ioed Nit inns ot a opolar

C is dis onnected from the rest ot the brain.c t t sI t

It n i’c (?d,24. Iodav most psi chosurgerv has been replaced by

the use of or some otherIn. a ntht’r cut n\ e bruit in th control ot nrama

form of treatmentas in U d to tr at cpdepss’ it is

Preventing Psychological Disorders(pp. 7l4—720)

Objective 23: ih’cr:hc tIn’ Use of electroconvulsivethe \ i -c-at’ o sex crc dcpression, and describe It son do not know thc meaning of the follow

o e n cx o F C I ing expression in the context in which it appears in the te\t, refer to page 4t’3 for an expla

17 thc- riwrapt’utic tccbnie1nein which the patient nation: i/pcirnim antI,

in 1 it’ ‘ho k to the brain i’ referred

as thetapl ahbrcx iated Objective 25: 1 xplain the rationale of prex entivemental health programs.

18. ‘Cl t most otten used it ith patients suffering1. Psychotherapies and biomedical therapies locate

ir r ,Research cx ithe cause 01 5\ chological disorders within the

dcncc -onhrms/does not

‘nUt n OCT s ettectt enes v ith such patients.2. Ox alternative viewpoint is that many psycholog

9 Mr nt h I lllworksisical disordc rs ire responses to

20 A aiU’rnatn s a hes- -

-3. cordng to this x iexvpoint, it is not just the

rn Intl tint ates tIe who needs trcatment but

- Iso the person s

21, \ia1ti1 cii tnt wc.ioi” ailed

4 4 xc ad oc of mentalc F ctrcssoi -

1 IcaifIL Ccc ge A bce. whet cs that mans socialI- uI”’ ti-n ih ma- netit ail held -

ctre,se_ Unnennint’ people sense otcU—t t ‘- —Ku’ am it tnt,- ti-jUt Ci canny.

1’ 0 us ncd Fr ducesnoand

- I hese stre’-’es incltide‘-

,,tL: —im ciii Os l his nrocecttlrt’ mayit ork that C

r rk - - cr-’ -zn 10’- nc’ms leFt, constant

tel i ci c ii deie sed bent

Progress I est I 44S

PROGRESS TEST i

41ultiplwCIioice Questions

(ircic your answ ers to the Following questions andcheck them with the a iswers beginning on page 455If xour answ er s incorrect, read the explanation forxx hr it n incorrect and then consult the appropriatepages ot the text (in parentheses following the correctansw en.

1. F lectroco xx ulsive thcrapr is most useful in thetreatment of

a. schizophreniab. depression.c. personality disorders.d. anxietx disorders.

2. The technique in ‘a hich a person is asked toreport cx cry thing that comes to hx or her mind iscalled ; it is fax ored by therapists.a. actix e lrstenmg cognitiveb. spontaneous remission; humanisticc. free association; psychoanalyticd. s\’stematic desensitization; behavior

3 Of the follow ing categories of psy chotherapy,which is known for its nondirectrx e nature?

4. \\ hich of the follow ing is net a common criticismof psx* hoanalvsis”

a. It enxyhasizes the existence of repressed mennorics

b t gre d i tc p tati s thit are hard to disprr

c. Ft is eralh a ci’: expens xc processd. it px c thcraoicts too rucu control ox er

pa tc ot,

5. Which o the follow ng txpes it therapy does nutb&ong cv the c c’s

a. cogndi e therapyb. fainli tt erapvc. cdt-hi tp groupd. upr’oi’t orrop

6. Which of the tollowing w mt n cssar,hrantage of group them es ix ir dn lua Ipies?

a. they tend to take l ime to thatb. they tend to cost less nxonei tar the chenyc. They are more erfectx cvd. [‘hey allow the client to test new bchax cv”- in

a social context,

7. X’\hich bion,crl xl it r xx

practiced todax.

a. psv chosurge ii

b. electroconx ulsive therapicv drug therapxd. countercorxctitiorinng

8. Ihe effectn eness of p y hotb p hasassessed both throu h clicnts pe p t cthrough controlled r search stud WIsuch assessments tounda. Clients’ perceptions and Lontiolled rc’c ies

alike strongly aftrn’i the ettectn cncs Oichothe rapx’.

b. Whereas clients’ p ceptions trough at ‘oxthe effectix eness of psvchoth r px, a spoint to morc modest rcs itt

c. whereas studies strony x aff mx rhe cvness of psi chotherapx, maui I ents tee, I,’satisfied xx ith their progress.

d. Clients’ perceptions and contoiied studiesalike pamt a vers mixed ptun-’ ci the etfe’th’eness of psi chothcrapx.

9. Which ot the tot ow n be t des Iof the 30-yea folloxv u stud if tlfl

chusetts boys who had bcen considi red red inqrients?

a. Predelinquent box s who rdcd’\ di ounsehncihad texxer prohicms is adults ridn untI t’’-!predehnq nt boy

b. Prod ehr qu n hi ‘ d±cJ c’sli g xxv Ix cth in ho i recc toni

cv Predeiinciuerxt 1xoxtberapr hao ie\i’CVbox’s who und’rw cu pxcbaxx°xss

d. Predelinqucnt box s xx h° cinder’s ox p h’

anxlxsis h tent chlem i adult uboswhourder’xemt x xxx r n

5. Flhee’s x iexx’s remind us that disorders are not

ust bit lo0iial and not just environmental or p5w

hologi at because we are all an

s stenx

n

a. ps choxnalysisb. humanistic therapy

c. behavior therapyd. cognitix e therapy

i,’,,p ehlns ,,ouIr, xax:

146 ‘1 ac V I ic apt

10. 1 he esu s of meta-anaissis 01 the effectiveness

of ditterent osvchotherariies ret ea Is that:

a. no ‘-mgle ti pe ut therapt is LOnSl..tentl\ supe

b. hcltat ‘or thetames are most ettectj’ e mn treahmu ifmc pm ohiet is such as phob’as.

C. co ,r therapic are most etfcct’vc ‘n tree

t ‘ci ‘tot ) sd. i hoxc i true

IL F he ant 5hotic dtus ppear to pr Juce theirettect- h. blocking thu re5eptor sites fur:

12. I’t chaloumst v ho adi ocate a approac h tomental F ealth contend t tat mans F chologicaldisord i c u’d be pmcvented by c langing thcd sturbcd iudnmdual s

a. hA n’di al dietb. tarn l bc hat iorc. humanistic: feelings

d. preventh e: cot iron ment

13. An eclectic psr chotherapist is one who:

a. takes a nondirective approach in heipmng

clients soh e their problems.

h. x ie sc PS uhologi al disorders as nsual yste r n rug Iron o ic cause, such as a biologic i

abuormahtxC. tist one particular technique, such as psi cho

anah Is or counter onditioning ‘n treating

disorder—.d. use a varctx of techniques, depending on the

client and the problem,

14. Thu technmqne in it huh a therapist echoes and

re-tates stat a per c i says in a r idirectis cuannc r ed:

13. i llk rra4 dnc’n.i p—n neanult tic thcnps inter

nemsi,nai ttci,nthcrans

a. heip— People Pfl insinht inh tue n-etc of

the’ r blemus.

b. otfc rs inter i etati ins of patient ‘ feelings.c. fo uses en current relationship’s.d. does all or the ah’ n

16. the technique of st steinatic desensitization ishased in the premit that nialadat ru c s niptonisarc

a cc in I t Ithik’ ‘.

b d’ n c c i iscsc. sc,nso ulfledw’ it

d. a the ibm c

17. he operant condinoninc technique in t hihde—hed hehat iurs are rewarded xi ith pointc orpoker chips that can iater hu ewhunged for t arh(‘cts reward— is called:

a. coot temcommdition rg.b. —

, e .tic he e tiLt1 bun

c tck r cconsr 37

d. c p i’ure thcrany

18. One s ar ett ot therapt ts based on thefinding that deprcs-ed people often attrihntetheir tamlnres to

a. hunmanisnc: themselvesb. behavior: e\ternai circumstancesc. cognith e, erterr al circumstancesd. gitve;thensel c

19 (Ih’ k ng Cr t’cally a id ft t) k person can denvchcr cti 5 )tfl psycf ithcrapx s mph by beliex i igin it. this illustrates the importa ice o

a. spontaneous reccn’er\h. the piaceh effect,C. the transference effect.d. interpretahon,

20. llcfore 9stL thc ni ‘1 mental hcalth pros idersWt rc

a ic ) is C scIia t

a. dnparnine.h. epinephnne.

c. noreptnephtine.d. serotonin.

tc ro. tr c c non

r. syst dc scmd. reta . ads’s,

h. -5’ d. t

Progress Test 2 447

iViatclzing Itenzs

Match eachdescription.

term with the appropriate definition or

1. cognitive therapy2. hehavicr therapy3, systematic desensitization4, cognihvedaehavior therapy3. chentcentered therapy6. regression toward the mean7. aversive conditioning8. psychoanalysis9. preventive mental health

10. biomedical therapy11. connterconditioning

PROGRESS TEST 2

Progress Test 2 should be completed dnring a finalchapter review. Answer the following questions afterycm thoroughly understand the correct answers forthe section reviews and Progress Test 1.

Multiple-Choice Questions

1. Carl Rogers was a therapist who was thecreator of

a. behavior; systematic desensitza tionb 11, ‘*i n 1 wi: ttirpxc. human;stic; client-centered therapyd. conitive; cognitIve therapy for depression

2. Using techniqnes of classical conditioning todevelop an association between unwanted behavior and an unpleasant experience is known as:a. aversive conditioning.b. svstemahc desensitization.c. transference.d. electroconvuisive therapy.

Definitions or Descriptions

a. associates unwanted behavioc with unpleasantexperiences

b s%ouates i nil wed tac t os er I

stimulic. emphasizes the social context of psychological

disordersd. integrated therapy that focuses on changing self-

defeating thinking and unwanted behaviore. category of therapies that teach people more

adaphve way’s of thinking and achngf. the tendency for unusual events to return to their

average stateg. therapy’ developed by’ Carl Rogersh. therapy based on Freud’s theory of persona l;tvi. treatment with psychosurgery, eiectroconvulsve

therapy. or drugsj. classical conditioning procedure in which nevv

responses are conditioned to stimuli that triggerunwanted behaviors

k. category of therapies based on learning principlesderived from classical and operant condihoning

3. Which type of psychotherapy einnha sizesthe individuals inherent potential for self-fulfillment?

4. Light-exposure therapy has proven useful as aform of treatment for people suffering from:a. bulimia.b. seasonal affective disorder.c. schizophrenia.d. dissociative identity disc’rcicr.

5. Which type of Pslcirotntera pv rorusus cm chancing unwanted benaviors rather than on discover—ing their underlying causes?

a. behavior therapyb. cognitive therapyc. humanistic therapyd. psychoanalysis

Terms

a. behavior therapyb. psychoanalysis

c.li cu-nanistic: therapyd. biomedical theraprr

448 (hapter i Therapy

6. 1 hc techruques of countercondihoning are basedon principles of:

a. oheri ational learning.b. clasoca[ conditioning.c. operant conditioningd. behar ior niodiicatjor

7. in ii hich of the follow inn does the client learn toassociate a reia\ecl state with a hierarchx of an\he rrousing wtuations

a. cognitive therapyb. ix ersn e condit oningc. counterconci itioningd. svstcn ah dcstnsit zation

8, Print iples of operant condit oning underhc whichof the following techniques?

a. con ntercon diti onin gb. ‘cc stenratic desensitizationC. stres% inoculation trainingd. the token economy

9, Vchich of the toilow in is tint a common crititismof behax ior therapx?

a. Clients mar rely too much on e\trinsic motiration for their new behaviors.

b. Behax ior control is unethical.c. Outwde the therapeutic setting the new

behavior may disappear.d. Ml ot the above are criticisms of behavior

therapy.

10. Which type of therapy focuses on eliminatingirrational thinking?

a. k’tlDRb. client-centered theraprc. cognitive therapyd. behax br therapy

11. \ntidepressant drug- are helicred to work hrafh-’ctrna semtontn or:

e nclosi n s draw i

‘tfccti cc css of ythcsc conc isic ns did

c t predelinquc nt boss

a. Clients’ perceptions of the etfec tir eness ofcherapi usually arc’ r err aorate.

b. Lhent’-’ perception’. ot the eftectir eness oftherapy ditfer ‘.onrnrvhat trom the objet tirefinclina

c. rndn idu,,!s who r c en c tretnicnt do ‘.onie-‘-‘t bt’ttei than inch :dc,tis r ho dc’ not

d. Ox erall, no one type of therapy is a “xv inner,”hut certain therapies are more suited to certain problems.

13. Which of the following is the mood-stabilizingdrug most commonly used to treat bipolar disorder?

14. The type of drugs criticized for reducing svniptoms xx thout resoir ing underlying problems arethe:

a. antianxic tv drugs.b. antipsvchotic drugsc. anhdepressant drugsd. amphetamines.

15. Which form of therapy is mast liked to he sUc

cessful in treating depression?

a. hehar ior modification c. cognitive therapxb. psvchoanalsis d. humanistic therapy

16. Although Moniz ‘von the \ohel prize for developing the lobotomy procedure, the technique isnot ix idely used today because’

a. it produces a lethargic, immature personality.b. it is irrex ersibie.c. calming drugs became available in the l950s,d. of all of the above reasons

17. A meta-analvsis of research studies comparingthe effecth eness ot protessional therapists withparaprofessionais found that:

a. the professionals were much more effectir ethan the paraprofessionals.

b. the paraprofessionals were much more ettechr e than the professionals.

c. except in treating depression, the paraprofes—tonal’ rvere about as eftectir e as the protessioncus

d. d c par protessionals verc about as effect xcas tie p otcssionals

18. norg t c c)mInor rg cdcrts of thc lI othcrx ie is:

a. thc offer of a therapeutic relahonchip.b. the expectation among clients that the theiapv

xx ill pror e helpful.c. the chance to develop a fresh perspective on

oneself and the world.d. all ot the above.

a. Atiranb. chtorpronrazine

C. \anaxd. lithium

c. norepinephrined cetx lt holine

a d ‘c,Iiiiic

b. tI ci.

Ti lhcfc gar o cccg d g tf

xx F p for F htI e II ss chnsett 5t dgror dc ceidence?

4)

19. n ut therapy differs from other forms of psx cchotherapy because it focuses on:

a. using a x anety of treatment techniques.b. c onscucus rather than unconscious processes.c he present instead of the past. d

d. t ow tamilt tensions mat cause mdix idual r

pioblems.

20 Onc reason that ax ersux e condihoning mat onlt 21 (c r

bc emporaritv effectux e us that, a c cr

a. for ethical reasons, therapists cannot use suffu- b I

ent intense unconditioned stimuli to sustam classical condihoning. c

b. patients are often unable to baome sufficient- d

ly relaxed for conditioning to take plac e.

Matching Items

Match c ach term xx ith the appropriate definrhon ordc sc ription

Icr-ms Definitu ii

1. actix e listening a. vp2. token economy h. 1r u s

3. placebo effect of r y4. lobotomy c. ix ood5. lithium d. cm6. meta-analysus px7. pst chophariuacology e. thc a8. double-blind technique tre t n9, Xanax f nti

10. tree association g. te r11. stress inoculation training h. i c

i rhcst r dbcf

J c ix

k.

10 rI It as

c. psychiatric social worker.d. clinical social worker.

7. In an experiment testing the effects of a newantip ,vchotic drug, neither Dr. Cunningham norher patients know whether the patients are in theexperimental oi thc control group. this is anexample of the technique.

8. A close friend is ho for r ears has snffered fromis interhme dcpression is seeking sour ads iceregarding the etfectn eness of light exposure therapy. tA hat should you tell your friend?

a. Don’t is aste s our time and money. It doesn’twork

b. k more effective treatment for seasonal affectis e disorder is es e movement desencihzationand reprotessing.’

c. ‘You d bc better otf with a prescription forlithium’

d. “It might be worth a trt. there is some cxidence that morning light exposure producesrelief.’

9. A rclatixe wants to know which type of therapyworks best. You should tell your relatix e that:

a. psy chotherapy does not work.b. behax ior therapy is the most effective.c. cognitix e therapx is the most effective.d. no one type of therapy is consistentls the most

successful

10, Leota is startled when her therapist says that shenerds to tocus on climinating her problem behavior rather than gaining insight into its underly ingcause. Most likcly I eota has consulted a

therapist

11. i 3rd r t p ncr wcrc rrc us fear of flyingDna s crap st Ia Fin c rstruct a hi rarchvof ixicty r gt rg stmin d thcr earn t

ssc c tc c a h with a statc of decp relaxation.Duanc s tber pist s using tbc technique called

a. svsten aticb. axersixecc shapingd. free asscciat or.

a. meta-analx skb. is ithir subjects

c. double-blindd. single-blind

SY H 0 YAPPUED

c c is th day before an exair as ai c usIa dr p of thc chapter s

Qir ens

s th ns ysy choanalyst Janialcs ‘b n a ughlv en barrassi igs ar ih tic frameii ork this is

s r c. r i ntal repression.d. resistante

ar in 5N lant has dcx elopedig 0 1 sIred r her therapist. The

uct larc’ behaiior in terms of aIcif chw ward her father

i . regressionb d. transferente

3 cr ipi t attempts to help him byo ci r i ss r ccptance, and empathy

r b Ix fricticinga s aiu

icrtler )

s cF antercd tl cra

3 u t six okhig, his therapist blew aI r i to San s facc each time Sam

d V U’ cc niqi. c is he therapist using’

u tArpb cdi cat’

a i cscnsiti at nlitor

d p ss in an importantr a lcprcsscd and vowed

sc Ins athlet c ircompcs ) st haflcnged In.

t Ia Darncli ct 5

spin vas r 5

a c. hc t-ccnte edd cognitix e

p a out err issues thati i I c therapist prescribes

t el In n. lhe therapist is

a. bchaxiorb. ka ..ritf

c. cognitix ed p” ‘nan ilx tic

desc nsitizat’on.nd itioning.

‘Is lied 451

12. \ pat’ent in a hospital recen es poker chips formaking her bed, being punctual at meal times,and maintaining her physical appearance. fhepoker (hips ian he exchanged for pris ileges, sucha television vien ing. nack, and magazines.This an example of the:

a. psx cnocix nansic theraps technique called stematic desensitization.

b. behavior therapy technique called token econ—(‘in V.

c. cognitn e therapy technique called token economs -

d. humanistic theraps technique called svstematk desensitization.

13. Ben is a cognitivmhehax ior therapist. Comparedto Rachel, who is a heha’. ior therapist, Ben ismore likeix to:

a. base his therapy on principles of operant cowditioning.

b. basi his therap; on principles of classical cowditioning

c address clients’ attitudes as well as behax iorsd. focus on clients’ unconscious urges.

14. A ps hotherapist who belier es that the best xx ayto treat pschologkal disorders is to prerenthem fri m des eloping would be most hkeh to

r iexs disordered behax ioi as.

a. maladaptn’e thoughts and actions.b expressions of unconscious conflictsc. conditioned responses.d an under’tandahie response to tresful ,ocial

conditions,

15. Linda’s doctor prescribes medication that blocksthe actis its ot dopamine in her nervous system.Lx idenllv. I inda is being treated with an

a. antip’-.scnotcb. antianxietxc. antidepressantd. nticonx ulsix e

17 I a c r uding her talk entitledI A nlex states lhat

b. “Bier trocons ulsn’c tInaming pst ho uxvideh pradict

c. “\VWh ads autos in A opha i ma okigi p—tcno-urgerx ha5 iarg5ix been ePa ‘A

d. “Although lohetoums remain popular, otherpsvchosurgcal te..Jm.guc’- bar c n ab,:rdoned

18. A psychiatrist has diagnosed a n:tie’xt a’. ha. incbipolar disorder It is lkelx that she xx iii prmcrihe:

a. an antipsvchoti5Augb. lithium.c. an antianxiety drug.d. a drug that blocks rec’.ptor a 1.-s tel ser ‘inn

19. XVhicl i tx pe(s I of pat ‘ ohm’ api ‘inch In ‘H Is’

likely to use the inftr c ation of dieanis i

technique for brir gi i o u scious feeling’. ir toa xv a reness7

a. psschoanalv isb. psychodynamic theraoc. cognrtne therapd. both a andb

20, Of the fcillowing tI e i tlikelt to intcrprct a pcr rlems in terms of reprcsscd n u

a. a behax ior th r pia cognitire thcrap s

c. a humanistic thcra i td. a psxxhoanalx cf

21. \ick survix ed a car xc dent n xx hit h anoint i

passenger died. Lcel,ng ansious artd guIlx, ‘c

sought treatment rein en aiternatix iit’rapisfwho (Ned etc m-oxemenr o’esencPizatte a’dreprocessing to help \‘rk return o his nor

upbeat. optrin’shc fram rrt mind bAamonths A treattn nt \k h- g.-a’ t.-’.—h,

-,, is tmr

Although \ick is cow n d th xl tile , ii ‘5”

thetap-x xx as reaponihm ftc P n.prr’x’ ‘1 ‘1 nis also p r’.shie tha’ I! a a tin ‘esa” p

a. iegression to’var’d tA mc mx.

a piateho err”ct.c. nxereix seek:ng t’c.,trnent to ‘in ‘fli ‘tl’a a

1-. , ..] I , , .5,er rine met ruin. 1,1 “noan ,a-r’O-- I..

r’ mm en t.

d. all of the aboic

thc ouR ret hniquc that is

u ‘z ix

I ilpr L

d rug.

a, antpsx clioticb. antranxietx

c. antidepressantd. anticonx ulsix e

lb. .\braixanincreases

—err ,tnnn

APr tharn

s d’ ‘aIr ‘a prestrihes medication thattire ax ailahrlirx nt norepinephrine or

his ner ens stein, Lx identia,being rrexted xx ith an drug.

a P

Pss chosurgers

rgei V 15 stil v 11 is d tf rc ugi,r

52 (mph. 17 h’açv

I s’ay Qi tstion

0% bee.ti diatznc’stu d %ullering (rout aiordepTc’ c dt%orJer Ik’sribe the treatment he mightft’cCIi tram a p%vchoanah t. a cogniti e ther.pisr.and a ba’rntt1LaI theiapi%r. d. e the paw he1ei tO

l)%t Otflt% % nant to make, and ortant/e them.Then wiitc the es’.av Ofl 3 %et’arate ‘%hect oi paper.’

KEY TERMS

Writ ng D finitions

Using your o vii wo ds or a separate pact ot pap bi

in ietirifor o api nationcf achoftht.1dilow tc. is.

1. id therap

2. N medicj therap

3. eckttk apprL ath

4. pwchoanah i’

5.rcs a

6. intcrp er itiolt

7. tt3fltCCflti?

8. ciitnt-.e-ntei eu tht’r: ;“i

9. acti’ r litenlng

10. henai .)r tPcrap

q i r indifioning

12. c ixs t ‘apit’..

13. it c. n%1’It

14 iwu r mit exposu tha

15. a crs c C litioning

16. toka e )nomy

17. cognith c thcrap’

18. ognith e-beha’. mr therapy

19. tamilt Lhcrap

20. regns’ion tens aM the mean

21. meta-anals ..is

22. S) t opt rnacolog

23. tadisedyski ‘.ia

24. elec.tocori ds tic. api I I

25. epetitii’c ian rant ml r aç wti st mulation

(i 1M,

26. p%ct i. rgen

27. Jobotomi

n virs 4r

Cross (heck

u learned in the Prologue,rcx icu lug and ot erlearning ofmaterial ate important to theIc uning process, \tter iou havexx rtten the den nit ions of the keyternu in ton chapter, x ou shouldcomplete the crossword puzzleto ensure that von can reverse

the process —recognize the term,given the definition,

ACROSS1. iherapv that teaches people —-

new and more adaptii ea avs or thinking. H

o, \pproarli that drais s on a r -:xarietx of torms of therapy —

to btst suit clients needs

10 Blockmg anrieti -prox oking rr xcnxories from consciousness

14. herap that attempts tohangc behax nor by remox

- [ii iing or destrox ing brain tis I I Isue

15, IF craps that uses prescribed (

medic ations or medical pro-edures to treat psvchologi

cal disorders‘ 13. Therapy that applies p n cip

classical onditm ing tc ci n16 (ondntioning in xx hich an unpleasant state is

behaviors,associated with an unwanted behax nor,

DOWN2. \ondirec tin e technique in which the hstener

ochoes and restates, hut does not interpret,clients’ remarks.

3. Integrated therapy that focuses on changing seltd etea.tng thinking and unwanted behaviors.

4, tTun’iani.bc therapx dex eloped by Carl Rogers.5. Statistical procedure for coinhining the results of

wanx differt’nt rc—eaivh studies,7, behan icr ther,ipy in xx K ich nexx responses are

Ia -sica liv conditioned to tinnuli that triggerunxx anrcd hehax iors,

q, P’o hoanalvtic term for the anaix ‘4’— helpmg aiien,t to gain deeper insights into tnnx antedthonghts and hehan iors.

9, Iheraps that x iexx s problem behax iors as partialc igendered by the client’s ens ironment.

II I ‘on cdnsal therapy often usc d to treat sex crccc cci.

- I dj’JTH’” II

Ef’ ‘I- ,, T’T

1’’ 1

HIiiI

-J

T1’I

j

ranc rc F leni

ANSWERS

Chapter Review

Introducing Tlzcrapu

1. psi chologhal; hiomed c€a

2. p-n chotherapx’ iearnc i

3. prescribed medit a Oon-’ ‘ner cc—

4. eciedic, psi chotherap nLgratnr

The Psuchoio,çncal ‘17u rapier

1. sell-insight

2. repressed

3. repressed; cons ic u

4. free association

5. resistance’ irtcrp o12 r I a loped by S pa ond I r id, 6. latent c Icr

454 Chapter V therapy

Behar or modificationdesired Icharior marstoppc I \ s , crItics ccrot c i ) cc to ontr

Pr p )r )ehap or

i’. criticized because thesc V hen the rers ards aret r d ft at one person should

c icr

n dfc ticn cc t nd thattfcr p Id i co t ol

14. specific.

15, alternative therapy

22. is

23. do, different

24. indn idualism

25. minority

The I3iomedical Therapies

1. drug. decreased

2. psi chopharnacolox

7. transfercnce

8. disprox e; expensii e

9. psi chodvnarnic; once a neck

10. depresed; interpersonal psi chotherapv

11. imight; current relationships

12. self—fulfillment

Lnlike osvchoanaivsis, hunmuistic therapy is tocusedeu the present instead ot the past. on air arenes ofteelinps is ther occur mtht than on aelnex inginsights r to the childhood origins of the feehngs onconscn us rather than c nconscious procc sscs on promohng g owth and fultihlmcnt inste ad of curing illness and on helping clients tak immediate responsibihtv for then teehngs and actions rathcr than onuncovering the obstacles to doing so.

13. client-centered; nondirective’ does not interpret

14. genrcineness; acceptanc.e; empa fUr

15. ac.th e listening; unconditonai positir e regard

16. paraphrase; iuvite clarfiahon; reflect feelings

17. learning

Whereas psi choanalvsis and humanistic therapiesassume that problems dirnhiish as self-awarenessgrors s, behavior therapists doubt that self-aix arenessis the key Instead of lookmg for the inner canse ofunix anted behax br, bc havior therapi applies learning principles to directly attack the unix anfed behaxbr itself.

18, classical conditioning; countercondifioning, systematic desensitization’ ax ersix e conditioning

19. exposutc therapies; U olpe. anxious

20. hierarchi; progressix e relaxation; relaxed; anxieti

21. virtual reality exposure

22. negahve; positix e; unpleasant

23. behax ior mod ideation

24, operant; token economy

and to try out neix wax’s of hehax ing.

30. famih’ theraps

31. communication; conflict

32. self-help; support; stigmatized, hard-to-d iscu-.s

Evaluating Psycliotlierapies

1. is not

2. satisfaction

People c ften enter theraps in crisis. When the crisis passes they may affrrbufe their hnprovementto the theraps Clients xx ho max need to believethe therapy xx as worfh the effort may overestimate ifs effecfrx eness Clients generally find posifix e things to say about their therapists, cx en iffheir problems remain.

3. did not has e; are not

4. overestimate

5. unhappiness; well-being

6. belief; placebo effect; regression toward the mean;unusual; average

7. controlled

8. Fysenck; was not

9. mefa-anali srs; somewhaf effectix e

10. medical

Ii. no clear does not mnaffer; does not make a difference

12. cognifix e; interpersonal; behavior; cognihve;exposure; stress inoculafion; bulimia; bed welling

13. hehax inral conditioning

16. controlled

17. trauma tic cx enfs; eve movement desensitizafionand reprocessing (FMDRi; somexvhaf effective;post-traumatic stress disorder; finger tapping.relix ing; placebo

18. seasor l affective disorder light expostne

19. h ic pcrspecfi e; carino trusting empathic.

20. attitude

21. empafl’ c’canrgsor c crdread exst

25. c ogn ‘fix e

26. c itastrophizing; depress o i Beck

27. do not

28. stress inocuiaton; dhpufe

29. ognn x e heba’ br

(roup .heraa —a es tberapnf’ time ami c.llentsmont i i h:e sOca cc oft” t ot group therapx alloxx s

people to di-’c’.n r that othr5 bar e —imlar problems

Pieventing Psychological 1) isorders

1, person

2. a disturbing and stressful society

3. person; social conte\t

4. preventix e; competence; personal control; seltesteem; pox ertv; meaningless; criticism; unemp1 ovmcnt; racism; sexism

3. inteirated hiops c1oocial

Progress Test i

Fziltipie—Choice Questions

1. h. js the jnsx or. Aithough no one i .ure honI LI rx erRs, one possible c\planation i— that it

increase’ release of norepinephrine. the nourotransmitter that elm ate’, mood. (p. 713)

2. c is the answer. (p. 687)a. Atix e listening is a Rogerian techniquc inr h I the therapist echoes restates, a id ceks

r fir xti in of the client’ staR rncnts

t n pr’n ins in

‘1 ‘ii ( - i a ti J I 0-

in-

3. d. N tiiP ans’. in ‘ is I . a 5:Ih’fl’- ‘[-,

I s’ nn’n.is. it mildnore 1 in’ in in -at ,; -‘ m in. pr

3. a. in the inin’ in. p,E’ s

h,,c,,&d,i—Ii’i.,s ‘aruptiiei’a

to’. natr -Oi i-it ehih e

1tiis, iln-af-oneJ are

a’ p s

‘iei’sihlr’ makesdun’ and nith

svclosurg r

eatinen I)tU5 S

9. b. js the ansir i a a. it -7 thin-v robrear inch counsa in I a ad fbi-jr nea.

on a fliin’-Oei in aa—OQ’- 1(5 -aslibhtlr iflS p: in - 7-. : - In’ 1’d riotan en ad nia.7r, 7a. hors hr ie 7 a i-a’H. Oid ‘,Ij7htjx-

114:11 7rini

c. & d. Th sii ‘at 7 a frartu ii-

‘Li 5 I dltnrafl’ t ;‘ i at ot ‘a “‘a

b. Spout:vi ithout tie:d. in tinati 7whir h a penny in

]a\ed (ato a a-’

3, b,jsth,itsixi -,

3. placebo; recover\; double-blind

4. antipsychotic; chlorpromazine (Ihorazme)’ posidx e; clozapine (Clozaril)

3. dopamine; serotonin

t. tardix e dvskine’-.ia; tace; tongue; limb5

7. antianxwtr

8. ventral non on’. system

9. psychological therapy

10, in mptoms: problems; pin siological dependence

11. antidepressant; norepinephrme; serotonin

12. tluoxetine (l’rozac); serotonin; selectix eserotonin—reupta I.e—inhibitor

13. aerobic exercise; bottom-up; cognitix e—behar ior;top-don n

14. spOntaneous recov cry; placebo efteLt

13. lithium

16. Depakote

17 electroconx ulsive; liC 1

18 depression; confirms

19. unknown

20. implant’ tagus21. repetitia e transcranial magnetic stimulation

(r I MS); seizures; memorx; frontal lobe

22. psx chosurgerv

23. lobotomy’ frontal

24. drugs

6. C. in the an-ma-i -

a-f tea. dx a-na-js ,n

ale: i ;a’ua- -

ada antagea )‘

7. c. in tIn a’asa. The tin

pstchoa a

adx a-n

d.

8. b. is t iii ‘, re:ardrn,

pst a-hot- p n’ix e Tin

research ax th it therapy

at onla a - on’ I, 71at)

10, d. the ann IF11. a.’tha-a-i’-ro -

doaaaa’i:i-. :j- a -- - - ;-]-.‘ - - -,t ‘- a-a

I a na-- at—11

a.: -L -

12. d. in the am’ ‘ -

13. d. is tIn ‘ a- I :7 in r inI tin I:

ist des rib a a a Icr tie - in

blend of tina. \r a- an ‘ in ad - ‘to e

ppronF , ha’ in ‘a

fl( I ‘C

19 b t a s) a

p )sitc is true. 1 clettic thermii d lais as stemming from

i c ntrast to ths examplet ‘I ets

r I rspectisci r u peispectne.

i i the replacc ment ofi a desired one by

omng or systematic de

rc d scrip C

pit herpp.3 ‘ un t dcscnipti

ti in. a I erarchy otI lyaccci cd

S

o8

r or litcnc

v r idii

K )V cxp scs a pcrson in imagiu i r u d I caud situation

ri °6),7) 0)

c o r refers to impror ementtre t ncnt

r r r Pc svchoanalytrc phenomei icr t tran crs teelings from other

.arh’ranaty’t.d t th ps choanatr tic procedure

ti na’ st helps the client bea C r ta es and understand thcir

1

c 1r 68° 9. (p 719)2 6 r 2 10. i(p.686)

b 9 7 6” IL j(p.69l)8 66

Po Tes

I e

c. I ransfercnce refers to a patient’s transferring offeelings from other relahonships onto his or herpsychoanalyst.d. 1 icc troc oni nish e therapy is a biomedicalshock treatment

3. c. is thc ansi er (p. 6891a. Beh ii ior thcraps tocuses on behas ior not selfan arenc ssb. Psi choanaly sis bc uses on bringing repressc dreelings hito an areness.d. Biomedical therapy focuses on physical treatment through drugs, FE I, or psy chosnrgery.

4. b. is tl e insw er (p. 706)

5. a. is the answer I or behai ior therapy the prob1cm 1 ehas iors a e the piobk ms. (p. 690)b. Cognitix e therapy teaches people to think andact in more adaphi e w avs.c. Flumanistic therapy promotes growth and selffulhllment by proi iding an empathic gennineand accepting ens ironment.d. Psy choanaly tic therapy focnses on uncoi eringand interpreting repressed feelings.

6. b. is the answer. Counterconditioning techniquesmi oh e taking an e’tahlished (8, si hich trigger’an nndesrrable CR and pairing it ii ith a new (iSin order to condition a new and more adaptis e,(R. (p. 691)a. As indicated by the name, connterconditroningtechniques are a torm of conditioning; they donot ins oh e learning by obseni ahon.c. & d. I he principles of operant conditioning arethe basis ot benas ion moditication, which, in contrast to cc unterconditioning techniqnes, invoh esnse of reinrorcement.

e d. is the answ en. (p. 692)a. I his is a onfrontational therapy, which isaimcd at tcaching people to think and act in moredaptiic wayc

F. Ii siw inditir r np is a fort-n iii countercon

d toni v lich niianted bcha cr is associacd st unpcisaittcclngsc (cu t r rdtronrrg is a gcrcra1 term includ

p n t x ss scrr atic Iesc nsitrzation n is hichh c ci f fcans is descnsitried but also otier

ted n ques such as as c rsis e cond tioning.

of 8. d. s tIn ansi en. p 693)a. & b. I hesc techniques are based on classicalcond tionmg.c. Ihis N a tspe of cognitis e therapy

9, d,i’tlC c is’ c p.694

I0.c ta I tc r a i t icrap u which thc

5’, 4

practitioner triggers eye mor ements in patientsw’ho a e imagining traumatic ci ents,b. In this human stic therapy, the therapist facilitates the clic nt s growth by offering a genuine,accepting, nd empathic cur ironment.d. Behar i r thc rapy co icentrates on modifyingthc actual svn ptoms of psy hological problems.

11. c is thc inswer p 713)

12. b N the answer \lthough mans of the treatedix in oftc rc I glow ing r Torts of the effectir enessof their therapy these tcstimomals did not accurately reflect the results. (p 701)a. In fact a this studs showed chcuts’ perceptior s of ft c effc cti cues of psychotherapy areottcn s e p %itw e but inaccuratec. On some mcasurc s the treatcd men exhibitedslightly ‘ii ire problems than the untreated mend. I his studs did not compare the effechs eness ofdifferent forms of psychotherapy

13 d. is the answ er I ithium works as a mood stabibier tp 715)a & c. fIn an and Xanax are anhanxiets drugs.b. (hlorpromanne is an antipsychotic drug

14. a. istheanswcr (p.7l2)

i. c. is thc answer (pp 695 Th4)a. Bc bar ior modihcation is most likely to be successful in treating specific behavior problems,such as bed wettingb. & d. the text does not single out parhcular disorders for w hich thc se therapies tend to be mosteffec tire

d. is the answer (pp I7 t8)

d. is thc inwcr I r en when dealing w ith seriouslv dciprc ssed adults the paraprofessionals wereas effcctw c as the professionals. (p Th81

18. d. s the an vs cii (pp 7W 708)

19. d.is the aus ver pp. 697 698)a. Iti s tru if mi t ft rms ot psychotherapyb. & c i s uc ft ur ranistic ognihre andFib crpe

20. c is A tt iugt rcrs ic conditiorin4r ay r i t s )rt rut ix pcrsau s ahihts tcdis s tc lets cr the s tuation in which thea xc nd tic ii occars and other situationscan I mit tie rcatrr nt s effe tiseness, (p. 693)a, b. & d. I it ntt nut ustired in th text aslinutations f the c ffec tir eness of as eisA e conditic ning.

2I.cisthe ssr( i9)

1. dp.oosg a c2. h(p.693 6. big3. ci (p. 70”) 7.4.a(p7I7 8

Psychology Applied

‘VIUltflC-CIiulti. Q wstlu’t

1. d. is the russ er. Rcs i c r

flow af free a’s at c r i

anxiety (i (‘

a. In transfere i e a’ie I rfrom other relat on h p o i

b. Ihe goat of psrchoa xl i xcgarit insight mtu tIn. it fcclii gc. Although su h he sitat a wmaterial that has beer tent s editself is a resistance

2. d. is the answer In trir st r rselops feelings tos s d the I r i

experienced in mportant earlwere repressc d (p 6tha. Projection is a defcnse ri cf r rperson imputcs r is or hc c Ic Ione else.b. Resistance s are hi ic ks n f c vciatron that indicate rcprc s cd r aci. Regression is a defense wcch r is nperson retreats to an c arl ci 0 u c f c

3, d. is the ansi’ ci i din o I

centered theraps the the ap suiueness acccpt inec and cm it -

to more toward seh fu f 1 n it (pa. I’ss choanal sts arc mud r c driding mterprctat c s if c ic

are hun arishe theta stsb. Behavior the atbehario Isr Item sc.(oliti it pst c

tsr c d t

4 d. s Fe ,vc

classhal c a idit rtire response is c p ted c(In this example tt c F S c b1(‘istherasreorr1 c g ci cthe intended CR is as c sioi i

a. I’xposurc therap cxp ses i

nahon ( ‘rtual reality x isahty to F irod ,it t c

b Betaic ned aiopcrt t mdt in’ d sexrp u rf

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t pi is tpC o tCrIC iCtvc

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6. b th Si SW Chic Lii t SC pI)siCru S C

spoCrali C u troati sq p SChologi at disordCrs, \doetors t C) Cau iC5C ibc me tiCatrous (p 709)a C, & & ihoso ic Cs’iouals Cauuot prosCrbc

dru,

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b. I t is dc ugn which is uot mc utiouod m thetext thCrC i5 C uls smgl osoa Ch group.d I us isis wo ld Be orroC t I thc oxpor i

mC utor, but uot the rcsoarCl partiupauts k tosswhiCh CC uditi )S was iu ohoCt.

8. ci, sthcar SSC )( ) )a. In a t icrc I ovidC ICC that hght oxpo u e

thora) an be olloctu o ir tr sstiug SAD.

b. IhorC 15 no C cido SCO tI at I MDR s olloCtixo isa tiC atr icut B r SAD

c. h’ursi arso d5 bhzu ydrugtha isolt rn’Cd t SCat Br CIa d ordcr

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tsCrapv isuoralermolpsy Fo orgcn.

18. b,istloarswer I

19. ci, s tIc arswcr BoLl psychoana ysrs and I y‘hodi na nic U orap SOCk I isrght r to a patient s

unConscious OC ‘ngs. I he anal su ol droa nsIc e Fe o igoC and res stanCos are Consid

orod s w i so w ‘no sues roc Br gs tpp o87 oa8;c C sq Live tlcrapist avo d rbcronCo h un or5 C 0 bC brig a id voul I th rctoro bC uni itoC5 ol ‘r ntor ‘lug drcams,

20 d,i L C r x ABc ri boy hoauavss’t earL ic st d rCpCsodl )05C

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Key Terms

LIrc 5 )

I uc i Cs

I

lhc iols cI thc psychoanalyst includetio the anaix sis of dreams and transr t ic intcrpretat on ot repressc d im

7. Transference is thc p’s cipatient s redirecti ig t thother relationships (p S

8. Client-centered therapy 1

des eloped by (art Rcself-awareness are faa itatcthat offers genni icncss C cthy (p. 689)

9. Active listening is a ncrchc nt-centered therapyechoes restates and s essdoes not iuterpret clieI s i

10. Behavior therapy is thcra hpies of operant or cI issiceliminahon of probic m it ax r

11. Counterconditioning i a atc gcrtherapy in which ncw it oiconditioned to stminh ti t gbehas iors (p 691)

12. Exposure therapies treat in’ci tpeople to things thc s 10 r aAmong these therapies a c s tzation and virtual real’tt ‘xj r

691)

13. Systematic desensitization s a sacconditioning in which a tatcsically conditioned to a h r c sincreasing anxiety pros oking in

Memory aid. This is a torning in which sensitirc, arxare desensitized in a progfashion.

14, Virtual reality exposurc therapxexposes people to simulat ons ofto treat their anxiety (p 6°

15. Aversive conditioning s a or i thoning in which an unpic i t sassociated with an in vai t b

16. token economy s r cceduremish I dcsraci in pcoph by rcward rpositis e rc mtorters h rpris ileges or trcats t ceconomies arc use I ii

other institutional settrr gs.

17. Cognitive therapy rocu cnew and more adaptis c sing. the therap is bascteelings and respo Ises tinflnencc d b c ur think r

da t t

t r r

Iacu

rI

a

tif

resistance during free association, the latent contentof his dreams and any einohonal feelings he mighttr insfer to the analyst.

(ogintix e thc r pists assume that a person’s emotion i reac ions are influenced by the person’sthc ugh s in rc sponse to the cx ent in qneshon. A cognitn c ti c rapist would probably try to teach Willienew end nit re onstructive w ays ot thinking in orderto rex cisc his catastrophizing beliefs about himself,his siinatinn, , nd bi% (utnie,

Bic mcdical thcrapists attempt to treat disordersby altering the functioning of the patient’s brain. &biomc d’cal therapist xs ould probably prescribe anantidc prc ssant drug such as fluoxetine to increase theax ailai ility ot norepinephrine and serotonin inWillie s iervous system If Willie s depression isespecially sex crc a psy aa(ris( might treat it with several ,essions of electroconvulsn e therapy

Writing Definitions

I Psychotherapy is an c motionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist andsomeone who suffers from pst chological difficultics (p 685)

2. Biomedical therapy is thc use of prescribed mcdcations or medical procedures that act on a

patient’s nerx ous system to treat psychologicaldisorders, (p 686)

3. With an eclectic approach therapists are notlocked into one form of psychotherapy, but draw’on whatcver combination seems best suited to aclient’s needs, (p 686)

4. Psychoanalysis the therapx des eloped bySigmund I rend attcmpts to gix e clients selfinsight bt bringing into aw areness and interpreting prc ously rcpresscd feelings (p 686)

I

bci S

I

in tt trg

Si C

o ditii‘Is

5 °mai

I, I

S

C

ct

5 Resistance ‘ t ic psx cnoanalx tic tcrm for theL ickn g from c insciousness of anxiety-pros okne new or cs I lesitahon during tree association“a’ ‘etled rec,Ltance (p. 6)

6 Interpretation is the pss choanalx tic term for thea aix st s help nh the client to understand resistance and other aspects of behax ior, so that the

i r t i it gal i Ieepcr insights (p. 6871

piP

— tn c‘C i

a I’C ts

k

460 Chapter i’ S herapy

18. Cognitive-behavior therapy is an integrated therapy that focuses on changing self deteating thinkmg (cognitive therapy) and unw antc d behaviors(hehas ioi theta p0. p. 697

19. Family therapy v cws problem behar ior as partialh engendert d by the client s tamih systemand ens ironment I herapy therefore focuses onrclatit nships and problcms among the r ariousn cmbers c f thc family. (p 69)

20. Regression toward the mean is the tendency torunusual er ents (or einc tions) to rc turn towardthcir ascrage statc. (p 732)

21 Meta-analysis is a procedure tor stahsticaltycombining the results of many difterent researchstudies. (p ‘03

22. Psychopharmacology is the study of the effects ofdrugs on nund and behavior. 11)

Memcry aid’ Pharmacology is the science ot theuses and effcc ts of drugs Psychopharmacology isthe science that studies the psychological effectsof drugs.

23. T ardive dyskinesia is an mv oluntary movementof the mustles of the face, tongue, and limbs thatsometimes .companiec thetong-term use of ertarn anhpsychotic drugs. (p. 712)

24. In electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), a biomedicaltherapy otten used to treat sev crc depression,electric shock is passed through the brain, (p. 715)

25. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation(rTMS) is the delis cry of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to stimulate or suppress brain activittjp.716)

26. Psychosurgery is a biomedical therapy thatattempts to change behavior by remox ing ordestroying brain hssue. Since drug therapybecame u idelv as ailable us the 1950s, ps chosurgery has been infrequentls used. (p 717)

27. Once used to control v intent patients the lobotomy is a form of psv chosurgerv in which theuerv es linking the emotion centers ot the brain tothe frontal lobes arc ses ered (p 7V’)

Cross-Check

2. ac tire listening3. cognitix e-behav ior4. client centered5. meta-analysis7. counterconditioning8. interpretation9. tamily therapy

11. electroconvulsive12. psychoanalysis13. behavior therapy

lOCUS V\’ I DC IBUIARYANI) LAPvGUIGE

fntri deciiig I i rapv

Pagc 68 . c cd (fcgcn’fi ad . Mers notesthe prc gress w c has e made in understanding thephysical world napping ( r irting) the solar system(licw d scoveri sy thc st ucture of DNA racking‘ic c’. J i dnc Lur s for ua v distasesam c Ic ) ras s h ‘sc ttair mer ts s ith thcmiiny )dd rd st mc h r que (b i g r

t i oscdt de wthpepe ‘u tc r p why c dicrdors seth iscot 5 r Ec’ ml c ‘ug ensorattachinglcechcs h cmo bI o from the body I dIng)

hippim y or strmki rg people ‘n order to forcedemons out of If lods “ trip H dc d at f cp1 ordsooi,

p0 i ‘ 5visitors paid to ‘i ck at thctics r cv i zoo au’mals In thc

s dçe C is wcrc orr i md c )fmcn

treated badly. F or instance, some hospitals raisedmones by selling tickets to the public who couldtome and stare (gawk) at the inmates (patients), muchas we do today when we s isit the zoo and look atthe captn e animals

Ihe Psychological Iherapies

Pay b8e: I reud assumed that many psschologic I problems ire I i I ‘d by childhood s s da ofapr s cd nip s s c d tt nih r I rends psychoanah’t

mc tcchni lots are se I by iv any therapists thcir fundamcnta tend ( t a) is that mentsl disordersare crcatcd md kept in cxmsten e (F d bx h ddcn(‘ rr s d) childhood urges and opposing psy chicforces ( inflict ). Psy choanalysis attempts to restorehe patient to mcntal health H bringing these cubSmerged bnricd feehngs into conscious awarenesswhere they can be examined and dealt w ith (vorkcd1lirc ugh). As Myers puts it, pschoanaly sis digs upa c ri the past in rhc hopes o uncor ering

‘a g tlepcsent

ACROSS DOWN1. cognitis e therapy6. eclectic

10. resistance14. psychosurgery15. biomedical16. aversir e

Pg 85t ins i

tsrI r ed SI

P 689. \ot surprisingl, humanistic therapists aim

tO 6am self—fulfillment by helping people grow ineif-aw artiness and self-acceptance. [he most popu

• Lw humani’tic teclxni9ue is Carl Rogers nondireco person-centered therapy. The goal is to increast

Pie aim to L’oost) the clients feelings of accomplishment and achiex ement self-actualization) b\ pro

iding. -ionthreatening opportunities for li ing in thepresent for becoming less critical of one’s self andfor becoming more self-au are

Pa 630’ Tnd tOot lust real1 knocks flu’ props out tnm

r 1’ Jo i In Carl Rogers’ th rap sessions heattempts to be genuine accepting, and empathic; heiso mirrors (iefleets) back to the client in different

words the feelings that were expressed. The clientsaid he had been told that he was no good andRogers reflects the feelings he detects h saving thatit must seem that the client’s self-worth had beenundermined (knocked the props out haul ii;ider ,ou).

Pad’ ot3i: lones’ story of Peter and the rabbit didnot immediateh’ become part of psychology’s lore.

Iarx Cover Jones was the first to demonstrate counterconditioning (replacing a tear response with anincompatible response, such as relaxation throughdassical conditioning). This technique, how cx erdid not become part of psvLhology’s tradition andstore of knowledge (lore) until Wolpe developed svstematk desensitization more than 30 years later.

[ages 692 693. To treat alcoholism, an aversion therapist offers the client appealing drinks laced with adrug that produces sec’ere namea, Behavior thrapi5ts, tousing on observable hehax iors, use a num

• ber of techniques based on well-established learning• principles. Two counterconditioning techniques

based on classical conditioning are systematicdesensitization and aversive conditioning. ln aver

thorapx, people who regularly drink too mucharc’ ni’ en enticing alcoholic beverages ‘a hich aninfused lured) with a substance that induces i kn 5 r zseu Alcohol should now be a p tcr t

) itioned stimulus that elk ts unpleasant feelin5ss rcsu t the persor ‘a ith ak tholism she d w ant

voL thes dnnks, Resear h s xc v s so we mitedU css wit)’ this approach.

6°3. The combination of positiveix reinforc ng• desired benax iors and ignoring or punishing ogr’

n.’e ,rni Oit-,i(siOt behaviors ,eorked a eudcrt forcome. \rtother type of behavior therapx is based onoperant conditioning principles and mx Oh tis i oluntart heLm ior followed hi pleasant or unpleasant‘a truequeme Social R ‘a ithdraxx autistic 5hildn’n,p Fated to an Intensive two-i ear program ot poslti’ C

a tie’ n’ n i

th”n the of ItiCti 0-

of a trier ii

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reinforce des ‘tiP l one1 pun id

moot toe a CL arm, ‘-0h in it ,‘

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that thugho- L’Iemrit’ aci ,tLc -

ings if ii r ,kstrt ‘aPt P

learned net nand rexiem i P

Pagiritmve , 0pressed p fcc bctt’i is

their m p eistort”J thintranstom m tO. ,,‘tdI , m’ n’s •

h;:in:. I he coal P P tOt r’t a’lives to more c’o-ti’ ft i’as

tile di;k pPc, c

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Pope 71(i’ If c ntscuring stt’ e ‘a’e’ld ur’sai’,flees of pm ch’ths’rapsnot psv5isot[recap ‘a t’e:t:aissue, it the cmi’. p’w’pc aste hoyt’ t’,a, t’, Oaf t’at’- a

• - ‘ eo trw

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ou trot, Imar end r 0 i ‘ 1)

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lkaR fit io’ ,,-,s-’,, tic -1,

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462 cihapter if Therapx

a \ie- ccix er therape i most effective whentie p’ aHeir P t:r’d; rift ‘-inger. 1981’ IVesten &

in don / Per r hother pv tends to work best1 tI on Inc 35 a well-defined (char-cut)

d r a xd ‘rstood. I or era npiexx ron a ii i fears y a H Is), are

iid or in th m F ax e a pst chologicallrifisci cr e 1 3 ,sordc tspond better to therapx

tnan those xx ho stiffer from - anoourc’uo or whoo ant . total persona otx hangc. .s \lvers notes, themore -pstjr the problem the greater die hope.

pa a iF tendcnt x ot ihuormal states of mind‘rc gre ormal c xbned with the placebo

1, c n i hr s t dot/i’ zpus So calledicC n at appear to be effechve for a

o ,‘]e ins am se than normal mental statesnd ‘o cii 1 h md more back to more normal

menlo I ciies hi p --an te °c’ arpc) ovei time, andpepIe e’.r’ect that a particular therapx xviii help

hcm thr wax get better as a result ot their beliefa one ‘.o. a/act to ,-rt5a i). These factors prox ide a basis

1/a’ o’ tle grox th and popuiaritx of theraies that not bet n empirically salidated

obtr hxdeed supported (bolstered) byntiy reported (scraldcd) by the

a olades scd) on the Internet,rnatix c pies ca x hri e and flourish (can

Pp TOT Pacn therapy, in its individual way, mayTa: ia’s the In nt s own healing powers. Researchhis .ho7xxx h if ate,ai therapy is better than no treatmcrt xut ti.atp3aeeno-trtated people improve sig

hantlx s uggests hat herapies work in partuse hoy c ea h different tt pe of thera

hc cxtent that it capitalizesriot es he clients abihtr for self

alir p

.1-oh sonic b’iiere that xxarnth and0 arc I “nO- of healers cx err xvhere,

h1 rhCf sx ihatn—ts, “,‘iLh dcc tons, or shamansrr x ‘ 1” :encnai. th topics are approri

- Ic t c 0 0 etft ‘t uOs hut th t does notI ei5pi-,t r c lual In t 5 tespect.

he a ) of effe i e theraI d s nd otter people s

n’en 0/) d r aPt to show genit ‘iu d ne i, In addition, good

‘tcnoxa r s I teasn:rirg manner, and concernthe c;ent respect and trust

ix 1p Ox axe di’ rjpcatit uroc”s—,

The Biomedical Therapies

Page P/2 kntipsx’chotics are powerful drugs, thefirst-generation dopamine-blockin g drugs (such asIhorazinc) car producc s/i ggtslmess tremors, anda ft 1, s sunilar to those of Parkinson s disease,

which is marked by too htlle dopamine (Kaplan &Saddock, l989. Because of the serious side effects ofsonic antipsx chotic drugs—’ti redness and apathy(siu’acIs/nicrr), shaking, hinbs ttrcinors). and snddennix oluntary spasms (ficituber)- therapists hax e to hex cry carefut It/a i ‘itiOC to treat] a title line) in selectingthe dose ot both first- and new—generation drugsthat wih reliex e the samptoms hut will nof producethe side effects.

Page 712. Popplug a Honor at the hrst sign of tension can produce psychological dependence. Themost popular antianxiety drugs (\anax and Valium)are central nerx otis system depressants. and they’reduce tension xvithout causing too much droxx’siness. As a consequence. they are prescribed for avariety of problems, including minor emotionalstresses. if a person regularly takes an antianxietydrug (routinely “pops a Honor”) xvhenever there is theslightest fooling of anxiety, the resnlt can be psychological dependence on the drug. IA ithdrawal symptoms for hear y users include increased anxiety andan inability’ to sleep (insonrnia).

Page 713: As the antianxiety drugs can calm peopledown frona a state of anxiety’, the antidepressantssometimes lift people ut’ from a state of depression.Antidepressants xvork by either increasing the avail-ability’ of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine orserotonin, blockhrg their reabsorphon, or by inhibiting an enzt mc that breaks them down. I hus, theytend to make depressed people feel more ahve andaroused (fbi a lift I hem up).

Page 7/5: FCI therefore gained a harbor c image. onethat linger still, Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)has prox en qrnte effective and is used mainix’ forchronicail’ depressed people who have notresponded to drug th.erapx. hr lOts, xx hen PCI aslust bitroduc”d, xx tde ax ake patients were strappedto a table I prex cot thcm fri in hurting themselx esduring the cc r r uls’ r s and were shocked f/o/ted)wjth TOO x olts ot electricity hi Ihe brain Althoughthe protr’dorc is difterent today those inhumane(barharlt) images tend to remain in people’s minds.As N’lyers point’- ont, PCI is credited xvith savingmany from suicide, but its Frankensteinlike imageiingers t1i1, (\ote: Dr. Frankenstein is a fictional

Focus on Vocabulary and Language 463

character who created a living monster from thebody parts of dead people.)

Page 71t: Hopes are now rising for gentler alternative for jiiiiip-tarting the depressed brain. (Usingpower from another car’s battery to start a car with aflat or dead battery is called jump-starting.)Depressed moods appear to improve when a painless procedure called repetiti e transcranial magnetic stimulation trTMS) is used on wide-awakepatients. Thus, optimism is increasing (hopes are rising) for a better wax to activate (jump-start) thedepressed brain.

Preventing Psychological Disorders

Page 719: Preventive mental health is upstream work.Some psychologists believe that prevention is betterthan cure and they support programs that helprelieve and stop poverty. racism, discrimination,and other disempowering or demoralizing situations. The attempt to prevent psychological disorders by getting rid of conditions that may causethem is e\tremelv difficult (upstream work’).