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![Page 1: A Little Periodic Table History… History of the Periodic Table Dmitri Mendeleev, a Russian scientist born in Siberia in 1834, is known as the father.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649f445503460f94c6567d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
A Little Periodic Table History…
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History of the Periodic Table
• Dmitri Mendeleev, a Russian scientist born in Siberia in 1834, is known as the father of the periodic table of the elements
• The periodic table is designed to help you predict chemical and physical properties of elements
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Method Behind the Madness
• Mendeleev set out to find a pattern in the elements
• He wrote facts on paper cards for each element
Melting Point
Density
Colors
Atomic Masses
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• After laying all of his cards out he noticed that by arranging them according to their properties they were arranged in order of increasing atomic mass
• Mendeleev was even able to use the patterns in his table to predict the properties of undiscovered elements
• The first periodic table was published in 1869
Method Behind the Madness (cont)
Mendeleev SongThe Genious of Mendeleev's Periodic Table - TedEd
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Today, elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number on the periodic table
Big Science
Idea
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Element Location
Elements are located in three main categories on the periodic table based on their physical properties
Metals
Nonmetals
Metalloids
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Physical Properties
Physical Property - a property of matter that can be observed or measured WITHOUT CHANGING the substance
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Examples of Physical Properties
Color/Texture
Malleable – Can be pounded/rolled into a shape
Mass – How much matter is in an object
Ductile – Can be stretched into a long wire
Density – How tightly mass is packed into an object
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Metals, Nonmetals, & Metalloids
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Metals Most elements are metals. The 88
elements to the left of the stair-step line are metals or metal-like elements.
Physical Properties of Metals:
high luster (shininess)
good conductors of heat and electricity
high density (heavy for their size)
high melting point
ductile
malleable
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Metals
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Non-Metals Non-metals are found to the right of the
stair-step line. Their characteristics are opposite those of metals.
Physical Properties of Nonmetals:
no luster (dull appearance)
poor conductor of heat and electricity
brittle (breaks easily)
not ductile
not malleable
low density
low melting point
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Non-Metals
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Metalloids Elements on both sides of the zigzag line have
properties of both metals and nonmetals. These elements are called metalloids.
Physical Properties of Metalloids:
solids
can be shiny or dull
ductile
malleable
conduct heat and electricity, but not as well as metals
Antimony (Sb)
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Metalloids
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Scientists organize elements according to their physical and chemical properties
Big Science
Idea
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How to Read the Periodic Table
• The Periodic table is designed to help you predict what an element's physical and chemical properties are
• You can also predict what elements will bond with each other
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Elements are arranged:
Vertically into Groups (also called Families)
Horizontally Into Periods
Periodic Table Bitesize (only show part 1)
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Periodic Table Arrangement
Groups or Families•Vertical columns on the periodic table
Periods•Horizontal rows of the periodic table
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Why?
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If you looked at one atom of every element in a group you would see…
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Each atom has the same number of valence electrons (the electrons in its outermost shell).
Think back to the Bohr Model
An example…
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The group 2 atoms all have 2 electrons in their outer shells
Be (Beryllium) Atom
Mg (Magnesium) Atom
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Valence Electrons
• Effect the way an atom bonds, which determines many of the chemical properties of the elemento Atoms can have anywhere between 1
and 8 valence electrons
• This is why elements within a group usually have similar chemical properties
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Chemical Properties
A chemical property is a characteristic that is observed when a substance changes into a different substance
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Examples of Chemical Properties
Reactivity
Corrosion
Oxidation – rusting or tarnishing
Flammable – capable of
igniting
Combustible – capable of igniting at higher temps
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Metal Reactivity
Metals – ReactivityReactivity decreases from left to right
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Nonmetals – ReactivityReactivity increases from left to right
Not Reactive
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If you looked at an atom from each element in a period
you would see…
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Each atom has the same number of electron holding shells.
An example…
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The period 4 atoms each have 4 electron containing shells
K (Potassium)
Atom Fe (Iron) Atom
Kr (Krypton)
Atom
4th Shell
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Each group has distinct properties
The periodic Table is divided into several groups based on the properties of different atoms
For example…
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The periodic table tells us several things…
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Information on the periodic table:
•Atomic number
•Atomic symbol
•Mass number (Atomic Mass)
•Element name
•Group and period numbers
Periodic Table
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Think Inside the BoxAtomic Number: Number of protons (also the number of electrons) in an atom of an
element.Element’s Symbol:
An abbreviation for the element.
Element’s Name
Atomic Mass:
Number of protons + neutrons.
OOxygen
16
8
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Chemical Symbols• Shorthand way of representing the
elements
• Usually one or two letters
• Usually taken from the name of the element– Carbon-C, Calcium-Ca, Hydrogen-H,
Iodine-I, Oxygen-O, Chlorine-Cl
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Chemical Symbols
• Some symbols come from their Latin name:– Gold-Au--aurum– Silver-Ag--argentum– Iron-Fe--Ferrum– Mercury-Hg--hydrogyrum
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How do we know the number of subatomic particles in an atom?
• Atomic number: this number indicates the number of protons in an atom of a particular element– Ex: Hydrogen’s atomic number is 1
• So hydrogen has 1 proton
– Ex: Carbon’s atomic number is 6• So carbon has 6 protons
**The number of protons is a unique property that identifies an element.
Ex. 2 protons = He, 29 protons = Cu
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Atomic Mass• Atomic Mass Unit (amu) is used to
measure the particles in atoms– Protons & Neutrons are about 1 amu– Electrons are MUCH smaller
• It takes about 2,000 electrons to equal 1 amu
• Atomic Mass = Protons + Neutrons
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Atomic #
Symbol
Mass #
Pick an element off the Periodic Table and draw and label it just like this one!
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Group and Period NumbersPeriod
NumbersGroup Numbers
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Atomic No.Atomic No. = # of protons
Since protonsprotons & electronselectrons are EQUAL...the atomic no. also tells
you the # of # of electronselectrons
*Atomic # = # of Protons = # of electrons*
How Can I Find Out the Number of Protons and
Electrons?
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Let’s take a look:
A = Atomic number
P = Number of protons
E = Number of electrons
These are all the same number!!
Atomic # = # of Protons = # of electronsAtomic # = # of Protons = # of electronsSo
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NeutronsNeutrons = Mass Number – Atomic Number
Mass NumberMass Number = number of protons + number of neutrons
So
Then How Can I Find Out the Number of Neutrons?
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Now let’s look at MAN:
M= Atomic Mass
- A= Atomic Number
N= # of Neutrons
Simple math!
Mass minus atomic number gives you the number of neutrons!!!
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Let’s work a couple together
Let’s try Nitrogen!
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Nitrogen
A= P= E= M= -A= N=
Boron
A= P= E= M= -A= N=
7
771477
555
1156
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Now that we know how to figure out protons,
electrons, and neutrons…
Let’s try to create a Bohr Model
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++
++++
Lithium
--
--
--
3
Li
Lithium7
Protons
Neutrons =
Electrons =
= 3
4 (7-3 = 4)
3 (2 in the 12 in the 1stst shell, 1 in the 2 shell, 1 in the 2ndnd shell shell)
Atomic Structure
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Protons determine an element’s identity and valence electrons determine its chemical properties
Big Science
Idea
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SUMMARY
1. The Atomic Number of an atom = number of
protons in the nucleus.
2. The Atomic Mass of an atom = number of
Protons + Neutrons in the nucleus.
3. The number of Protons = Number of Electrons.
4. Electrons orbit the nucleus in shells.
5. Each shell can only carry a set number of electrons.