423 Morris Street • Durham, NC 27701(919) 683-2413 • www.measinc.com

A Letter From the President:

History in our Midst is another milestone in the long-standing efforts of Measurement Incorporated (MI)to play a meaningful role in invigorating and stabil-izing the commercial culture of downtown Durham.

This booklet is a rare chance to recapture andcelebrate the remarkable history of our company’simmediate neighborhood, including the buildingswe have renovated and now occupy.

2010 marks MI’s 30th anniversary, and over that timeMI has greatly advanced its corporate story. I am soproud of what we have accomplished together in thefield of educational assessment. It is important work.

Of course, MI’s employees have made the real difference in what we do, and Iam continually grateful for their time, devotion, spirit, and talents.

After 30 years, I have heard many stories about the personalities who used towalk the halls of our buildings, or our streets, before we did. Those individualsleft fascinating legacies worth revisiting.

I hope you enjoy History in our Midst.

TM

Historic Downtown Durham

Measurement Incorporatedand surrounding area

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At the dawn of the 20th century, alocal reporter reflected on theextraordinary ups and downs in thelife of a Durham man:

The man was Brodie L. Duke. And theDurham Recorder called him a hero, atleast for his fortitude.

Brodie Duke’s original tobaccowarehouse, said to be one of the oldestand largest post-Civil War erastructures of its kind in downtownDurham, is occupied today byMeasurement Incorporated (MI), a top-tier educational testing and assessmentfirm that recently marked the thirtiethyear of its history in Durham.MI’s now-refurbished Brodie Duke

office building is a gem among thecompany’s trio of historic buildingsalong Morris, Liggett, and CorporationStreets.

Brodie Duke’s life tale was a

tornado of winning and losing,fantastic fortune and fallings out,charitable actions and checkeredtravels. His fluctuating journey towardthe end of the 19th century stands incontrast to the steady resolve andresults of Measurement Incorporated, ahighly respected business and leadingcivic force in the comeback ofDurham’s downtown in the late 20thand early 21st centuries.

Under founder and president Dr.Henry Scherich, MI is a picture ofprogressive business planted in theheart of Durham, a city best known forbirthing the legendary Bull Durhamtobacco. That worldwide brand putDurham on the international map ofcommerce.

Now, a century later, MeasurementIncorporated has been a pioneer in itsindustry: state-of-the-art standardizedtest development and scoring. Much ofMI’s success can be credited to aunique and unwavering respect for itssurroundings, its employees, and itsmission. Over time, just as BrodieDuke did, MI has conqueredcircumstance with focus and drive,carving its own place in the vortex ofBull City business and cultural history. Today, MI’s landscape both protects

and expands upon a string ofsignificant eras involving downtownDurham’s economic, religious,medical, educational, and architecturalhistory. Across Liggett Street from the

Brodie Duke building, MI alsooccupies the original BC Remedy

“The symbolism of all earnestliving and striving is awrestling nip and tuck withadverse circumstances, and itis in the struggles of thewrest l ing that ski l l andstrength are won. The hero oftoday is one who never yields,who conquers circumstance,who snatches success fromfailure and wrests victoryfrom defeat.”

- Durham Recorder

Company production facility at thecorner of Morris and CorporationStreets. The structure at 423 Morris,now MI’s administrative hub, wasanother company renovation projectthat saved a significant piece ofDurham’s commercial past.

Nestled across Morris Street fromthe Historic Durham Athletic Park(DAP), the rejuvenated BC buildingsits within earshot of yesterday’sechoes: batted balls and cheering fanson sunny summer days. The statelyold DAP, where much of the film BullDurham was set, offers MI employees a

bird’s eye view of baseball history, too.There is more. Amere two blocks

south on Morris Street, the enormousand elegant Imperial Tobacco buildingstands proudly in the shadows of theDurham skyline. MI also acquired thissprawling edifice, which hasconnections to the world’s greattobacco wars and the Dukes ofDurham, with their once all-encompassing American TobaccoCompany. At this site, Imperial wouldalso advance some of the tobaccoindustry’s pivotal research break-throughs in the mid-20th century.

Even the street that serves as MI’sprimary home, Morris Street, comeswith its own marvelous story oftobacco drama and communityevolution—tracing back to R.F. Morrisand the 1850s. This early tobaccoperiod foreshadowed the era whenDurham would become so well knownits slogan was “Durham, renowned theworld around.” It is not widely knownthat R.F. Morris was a baron of tobaccobefore tobacco was big. In fact,Morris’s career contains a notable linkto Bull Durham tobacco, which madethe city famous.

History in our Midst tells thesestories, beginning in the years justbefore this country’s IndustrialRevolution, and then moving forwardto MI’s role in educational reformsome 100 years later. MeasurementIncorporated, with its contribution anddevotion to history, is colorfullyconnected to a collection of legacies

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The afternoon sun shines through a wall ofwindows in the renovated Imperial Building

that shaped the inspiring communityin which we live.

In 1980, MI was a budding idea inthe mind of an understated,unassuming Midwesterner namedHenry Scherich. “Hank” Scherich wasborn and raised in the Red Hills ofsouthwestern Kansas, where he grewup on and around an expansive ranchmanaged by his father.After high school graduation,

Scherich left the ranch to attendcollege. Upon acquiring hisundergraduate degree, he taught highschool. He interspersed continuedhigher education with variousprofessional positions and eventuallyearned a Ph.D. in educationalpsychology with an emphasis instatistics and measurement.In January 1980, five years after

obtaining his Ph.D. and gainingsubstantial work experience while

rising through the ranks of twoeducational publishing and testingcompanies, Scherich was ready tostake his future in the growing testingfield. Then living with his wife in

Durham, North Carolina, Scherichfounded Measurement Incorporated.MI began inauspiciously in thebasement of his former home onWoodrow Street, near what was thenWatts Hospital, now the NorthCarolina School of Science &Mathematics. The small company latermoved its headquarters to thebasement of a podiatrist’s office onBroad Street, then into the basement ofNorthgate Mall.

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“Why did we succeed? Becausewe worked day and night, anddid not waste our time sittingat some stove in a country storeindulging in trivial conver-sation, and finding fault withthose who had not buried theirtalents.”

- Brodie Duke, 1902

Measurement Incorporated President Henry“Hank” Scherich

It soon outgrew all the“underground” surroundings. MIwas ready to blossom beyond thosehumble borders.MI was initially conceived as a

consultancy that would provide avariety of contract research andevaluation services. However, bycapitalizing on two emerging trendsin assessment, MI was quick toestablish a more marketable,sustainable identity.

First, states had begun to recognizethe need to assess—carefully andaccurately—students’ writing skills.Improvements in “handscoring”would become an MI hallmark. Later,other forms of open-ended, show-your-work, constructed responsetesting would evolve, which requiredhighly trained scorers. MI was readyand able to fill the need.In the end, responses on this type

of test item allowed for much betterassessment of a student’s cognitiveand integrated learning skills, the kindso valued at the college level and inthe workplace.

Scherich succeeded in this

endeavor by gathering a group ofskilled professionals dedicated to thisspecialized sector. His cohesivecollection of people carved out arespected niche for the fledglingbusiness.The company continued to expand

steadily and substantially, and nowhas over 300 full-time employeesspread over its three downtownbuildings. Further, due to the seasonalnature of scoring, MI developed areliable, sophisticated system of hiringand training hundreds of temporary,high-skilled and well-educatedemployees to handscore tests undertight deadline pressure. At busy times,MI’s payroll can swell to over 5,000workers, yet quality control andexcellence in outcomes is firmlymaintained under MI’s professionalmanagement teams.

Within the field of handscoring, MIhas distinguished itself by relying onan extensive and disciplined approachto reader selection, training, andmonitoring that is unequalled in theindustry.

From 1980 until today, MI’scorporate reputation inthe educational testingfield crystallized, andits revenue andoperations steadilyascended. Althoughstill acknowledged as apremier provider ofhandscoring services,MI has expanded itscapability to include

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the full breadth ofassessment services,including research, test anditem development, scoring,reporting, analysis,program evaluation,tutoring, and associatedtechnical assistance. Thecompany maintains over adozen offices in the easternU.S. and scores more than10 million tests annually. Over its three decades

in business, MI has playeda direct role in supportinglarge-scale assessment programs formore than two dozen state depart-ments of education, along withnumerous private educational groups.MI has also become an educationalassessment technology leader, and itsongoing initiatives in that area reflectthe company’s continuous pursuit ofinnovation and reinvention.

But business is only a part of theMI story. Hank Scherich instinctivelyfelt from the beginning that ahumanistic, inclusive work environ-ment would increase staff morale,loyalty, productivity, and ultimately,profitability. Many of MI’s topemployees joined Scherich early intheir careers and helped put hisphilosophy into practice. As atestament to Scherich’s vision, thetalented team has stayed togetherand thrived.The company’s strong business and

financial success has been accompaniedby close attention to its parallel mission

as an active, generous member of thesurrounding Durham community.

Scherich and the company’s otherleaders place a high premium on civicengagement, family activities, andoverall professional enrichment. MI isan employee-owned company, andScherich has compared employeeownership to home ownership,believing that people value and takecare of what they own.The MI way has been a path of

cautious, calm, measured growth andreturn, which is only fitting for abusiness that centers on the carefulmeasure of knowledge andachievement. Hank Scherich, the quiet,studious man from Kansas, has helpedbuild an enterprise that, even with allits corporate accomplishments, retainsthe rewarding atmosphere found in aplace where people truly enjoy andtake pride in where they work andwhat they do there.

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MI employees attend a scoring meeting

MI’s corporate headquarters nowoccupies the southwest corner of theintersection of Morris and CorporationStreets. Two blocks away, near thesouth end of Morris, stands theImperial Building. The Brodie Dukewarehouse is a mere 100 yards fromwhere Morris Street stretches past theold ballpark.To most people only anecdotally

familiar with the annals of tobaccohistory, Morris Street in Durham

connotes little. It is, for many, justanother street on the northern edge ofDowntown Durham — a subtlestraightaway running by today’stowering Durham Centre. Gaze furtherback in time, though, and there ismuch more to see. R.F. Morris was aDurham tobacco original and anoriginal town father to boot. Historyand geography connect former MayorMorris and his street quite intimatelywith a much better known roadway:Main Street. In her book, Durham County, local

historian Jean Anderson wrote about afascinating, first-hand reporter’s talerecorded back in 1896.

Shortly after that long, hot day, aposse of sturdy, forward-thinking menconvened the town’s first governingboard meeting. There, Robert Morris

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There are men, young yet, whoremember the Sa turdayafternoon when Robert F.Morris… Col. D.C. Parrish…Wash ington Duke ( andothers), with Brown Jordan asa ploughman, and two bigmules…laid out Main Street,beginning at Esquire Angier’sstore and running east thoughan old field, and two longfurrows on either end about amile long showed where thestreet was to be.

Robert F. Morris

All due credit goes to RobertMorris. He deserves it; he wasthe first.

- Jim Wise, Durham columnist

simply conveyed that Main Street beestablished “as it is now plowed.”

Just dig over there, Morris hadessentially stated, and Durham’s earlyMain Street was born. Anderson re-vealed a telling quote from that era.There were “exasperating questionsamong the men as to how theyproposed to people their newly madetown. But they builded [sic] better thanthey knew, and every one of themlived to see their new laid street builton and occupied from end to end.”

So, the primary street where MImakes its home traces its ancestry to aman whose vision and efforts shapeddowntown Durham’s layout, literally. In his 1925 book, The story of

Durham: city of the new south, WilliamBoyd wrote about the year 1858: “Inthat year a new and suggestivebusiness was started.” It would bequite an understatement—the businesswas tobacco. According to Boyd, Robert Morris

came to town that year, and with hissons, “opened a factory in a smallhouse situated on the property nowoccupied by the Bull factory.” This wasjust before the onset of the Civil Warand also a turning point in the long erain which Virginia tobacco had beenconsidered superior to NorthCarolina’s. The shift began unfolding about 20

years before Morris arrived inDurham. Several sources recount thevital contributions made in thesummer of 1839 by a slave namedStephen who worked for the Slade

family of Caswell County. It’s beenreported that Stephen inadvertentlydiscovered a desirable means of curingtobacco with charcoal.

Several historical accounts explainthat Stephen had fallen asleep on thejob one night, and the curing firenearly went out. After awakening,Stephen is believed to have rushed tograb some nearby charred wood tothrow on the dwindling blaze. A burstof heat arose, and in a flash theintensity turned the brown tobaccointo yellow tobacco.

Afterward, according to long-timeDurham writer Jim Wise and others,Stephen apparently stated, about hisrole in history: “… ’twas an accident. I commenced to cure it and itcommenced to git yallow.”This “accident” was not only

fortuitous, but entertaining as well. Atthe time, Stephen reportedly pointedout: “…when it was cured, it was’musement for folks to come see it.”This newly constituted,

“accidental” product also benefitedgreatly from being grown in the light,sandy soils of the North Carolina-Virginia border region. Over the years,the area’s brightleaf productiontechniques made great advances, andword spread that this golden leafdelivered a mild and particularlypleasant smoke. The tobacco wasindeed special.Around the middle of the 19th

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Brightleaf Tobacco was born.

century, young Morris, a keen,industrious man, was alreadyimmersed in the variety store, liquorstore, and hotel business in OrangeCounty. In the book, Bull DurhamBusiness Bonanza, authors B.W.C.Roberts and Snow L. Roberts wrotethat Morris’ general store “carriedexotic products such as French brandy,Madeira wine, Holland gin andJamaican rum.”

William Boyd wrote that Morris,after being licensed to “hawk andpeddle goods” in Orange County,decided to try Durham out for size.He would bring his wife and sixchildren with him.Morris built his tobacco house next

to the railroad, in the heart of the tinyvillage then known as Durham’sStation, named after country physicianBartlett Leonidas Durham. Accordingto Jim Wise’s account in Durham: ABull City Story, in 1848 or 1849 Dr.Durham bought 100 acres in thevicinity of the current Durham Bullballpark and the American Tobaccocomplex. Soon, Wise wrote, “therailroad men came to call, and so he(Durham) gave them 4 acres of hisland.”

Wise quoted one ThaddeusRedmond, a Gettysburg veteran andson of William Pratt, in describingBartlett Durham. Redmond, originallyof Redmond Grove in nearbyPrattsburg, once wrote: “I knew Dr.Bartlett Durham. He was a fine, portlylooking man. He was a jovial fellow.On moonlit nights he would get agroup of boys together and serenade

the town. Dr. Durham was a fine manand when he was sober he was strongand courageous. Everyone liked him.”

Robert Morris, however, was abusinessman through and through.Morris, along with his son Thomas andMr. W.A. Wright of Virginia, created“Best Spanish Flavored DurhamSmoking Tobacco.” B.W.C. Roberts andSnow Roberts wrote that, “SouthAmerican tonka beans, which yieldeda fragrance similar to that of vanilla,were a key ingredient in theflavoring.”

Columnist Wise reported in hisbook that manufacturing for Morrisand Wright basically consisted of“thrashing dried and cured tobaccoleaves into tiny shreds that could bepacked and smoked in a pipe, perhapsadding a little flavoring of one kind oranother…” It was a humble start, butthings surely didn’t stay that way.Morris would be very prominent in

tobacco for several years. At its height,

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Bartlett Durham

his company produced some 300,000pounds of tobacco annually. Then, in1862, Morris sold his primary businessto John R. Green. Green, his partnersand his successors with the creative,high-energy W.T. Blackwell company,would eventually take the tobaccoroad right into the age of Bull Durham.After W.A. Wright left the Morris

concern to join the Confederate Armyin 1861, Dr. Richard Blacknall becameMorris’s partner. But only a year later,despite some success, the pair sold outto Green, who had relocated toDurham from Person County.As author William Boyd put it,

Green “had a feeling, a hunch, so tospeak, that there was a future in themanufacture of tobacco.” Greenbelieved Confederate soldiers, as wellas all the college students who passedthrough Durham’s Station, couldprovide good promotion for anupgraded product.

So, Boyd wrote, Green “rejected inhis buying all but the best grades ofleaf, and, believing that in the futuresmoking would supplant chewing, hecentered his effort on the manufactureof smoking tobacco.”An unexpected event near the end

of the Civil War would play a sur-prising role in his company’s growth.

Around 1865, members of theConfederate Army in the area becamefast fans of John Green’s tasty tobaccoblend. Then, when Federals gatheredto mark General Johnston’s surrenderat nearby Bennett Place, they, too,heard about the fine tobacco. In turn,soldiers decided to raid Green’soperation. At first, it appearedcalamity had struck.

William Boyd wrote about thesurprising aftermath: “Apparently Mr.Green was ruined, but so well did thesoldiers (and students) appreciate thesmoke from the Spanish FlavoredDurham Tobacco that after their return to their homes orders began to pour in.”The reputation of Durham’s

tobacco became known across thecountry. Boyd wrote that John Greenwould immediately sense anotheropportunity, a marketing opportunity.How could he make sure he couldprotect his product, as well as build afirst-rate brand name and aura aroundit? Therein lies the story, perhaps asmuch legend as hard fact, of howGreen’s tobacco turned into the BullDurham brand.In a matter of months, demand for

Green’s brand grew rapidly. Boydwrote of an unexpected exchangebetween Green and an unnamedfellow citizen. Boyd stated that theman commented to Green: “Yourfriend, James R. Day, has a new bull;why not have a picture of the bull andyou on its back as your brand?”As Boyd wrote, “That suggestion

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The reputation of Durham’stobacco became knownacross the country.

was prophetic.”Boyd reported that shortly

afterward, while Green was eating adish of fried oysters with his friendJohn Y. Whitted in Hillsborough,Whitted pointed to a jar of Coleman’sMustard and mentioned, “There is acondiment that is, as you can see bythe label, manufactured in Durham,England. It bears the sign of a Durhambull’s neck. Why not name yourproduct Bull Durham SmokingTobacco and adopt a whole bull as atrademark?”

Boyd wrote that Whitted went onto predict, “If you take my advice, Ipredict as wide a market for yourproduct as this mustard has attained,and if it should so prove your fortunewill be made and Durham will becomea great commercial center.”According to Boyd, John Green

soon posted a sign of the new“tobacco” bull painted on sheet iron in

front of his factory. The rest is, as theysay, history.After marketing and manufacturing

mavericks William Blackwell andJulian Carr took control of the product,there was no stopping Bull Durham.Boyd stated, “A great business wasestablished, and Durham achievedfame.… The Bull was painted on signsthroughout the land.” Famous peoplearound the globe advertised their aviduse of the Bull.The town of Durham dramatically

expanded around the Bull’s legendand its success.According to Boyd’s book, Bull

Durham smoking tobacco becamesuch a phenomenon that a certainrising manufacturer would remark, at some point in the early 1880s, “Mycompany is up against a stone wall. It cannot compete against the Bull.Something has to be done and quick.As for me, I am going into the

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cigarette business.”The competitor looking for an edge

against Bull Durham was JamesBuchanan Duke, son of patriarchWashington Duke, founder of W. DukeSons & Co. The Duke family wouldcome to make its own history with itsgigantic American Tobacco enterprise.

Robert Morris’s historical impacton Durham was not limited to hislayout of Main Street or his uniquerole as the developer of early, Durham-based tobacco brands. As fledglingoverseers of the village, Morris andothers also helped fashion the localeducation system. Morris was one ofthe original trustees of the first schoolknown as Durham Academy.Morris also purchased and began

developing 200 acres of farmland in acommunity known as Pin Hook. Later,the neighborhood would be calledWest Durham. It has been reportedthat around 1877, Morris was also partof an early group of men to sell land tolocal African-Americans; that areawould become widely known as Hayti.The Hayti community evolved into animpressive and influential center ofDurham’s cultural life and reputation.Morris was quite an enterprising,

caring, socially conscious man. At onepoint, he would serve as Durham’sStation tax commissioner; one of theoffice’s functions was to make sure themilitary provided assistance to thesoldiers’ needy families. In Bull CityBusiness Bonanza, the authorsunearthed a letter from Morris to hisgovernment counterpart in Orange

County. It said the families of soldierswere “without a mouthful of bread forthemselves or their children. Ourwomen do not ask for a mouthful ofmeat and I think we ought to not letthem suffer for bread.”Author Jean Anderson said in an

interview, “Morris was indeed aninteresting and influential person. Ifeel he’s somewhat neglected in thatwe don’t hear much about him.However, the man was intimatelyinvolved in the early development ofDurham.”The man after whom Morris Street

was named can fairly be called one ofthe founding forces of Durham, linked to two of its most powerfullegacies: tobacco and education. Now,Measurement Incorporated,headquartered on Morris Street, hasbecome a force in modern dayeducation as its testing and scoringprograms help prepare the students of

today for the challenges of tomorrow.

Perhaps the first thing to knowabout Brodie Duke, namesake ofanother MI building, is that Brodie isbelieved to have been pronounced B-r-o-a-d-i-e. It rhymes with bawdy,and Brodie Duke was, on occasion,bawdy enough.

Brodie Leonidas Duke took a riskby being the first of Washington

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Duke’s sons to try his hand at tobaccofrom a new location: in town. Around1869, Brodie reportedly told his dad hewas headed to the “city” to make hisway in tobacco. At the time, Durhamhad maybe 250 residents. If so, youngDuke made 251, and he most certainlywas worth counting.

His move from the country wouldprove pivotal.

Brodie also took risks as the flam-boyant son of a straightlaced churchleader, as well as part of a titanicfamily business to be called AmericanTobacco. He was reckless with hismoney and paid dearly for it. Brodiewas long irresponsible with alcohol,which took its toll. His dalliances withwomen made sensational headlines.

Brodie took chances in real estate,as well, and was a key figure in thedevelopment of Trinity Park, DukePark, and much of immediate NorthDurham. He made significantinvestments in the burgeoning cottonmill business—Brodie started PearlMills, named after his daughter andlocated on the land now occupied byDuke Towers, the apartment andcondominium complex not far fromMI’s headquarters.According to Jim Wise’s book, in

1909 Brodie aided African-Americanstudents for years to come by donatinga 20-acre parcel of land to JamesShepard. That gesture helped Shepardcreate the National Religious TrainingSchool and Chautauqua on FayettevilleStreet, the precursor to today’s North

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Brodie Duke and his wife at their mansion in Durham

Carolina Central University.Brodie Duke also played a financial

role in supporting Durham’s religiouscommunity, when he wasn’t flying inthe face of its conventions. Ironically,he reportedly once served as asubstitute Sunday school teacher.The fine Italianate mansion Brodie

built occupied part of the propertynear where the Durham School of theArts now sits, just across Duke Streetfrom the Brodie Duke warehouse nowhousing segments of MI. Duke was, then, a complicated man

brimming with smarts, passion, andmischief. And there are, it seems,possible explanations for his mercurial,uncertain streaks.

First, Brodie spent nearly all of hisearly childhood without his mother,Mary. She reportedly died when hewas about a year old. Numeroussources say Brodie himself was not astrapping or particularly healthyyoung man. Because he weighed only96 pounds and was considered tooweak for combat, he became a guard ata Confederate prison camp. It wastough, eye-opening work. Dale Coates,manager of the Duke Homestead StateHistoric Site, has been quoted assaying: “… he went through a lothere. He saw a lot in his teens, a lotthat young people today would havedifficulty handling.”

Brodie Duke, though, was admiredas a man who chose to answer the bellover and over again. In some ways fateforced his hand, partly due to thecircumstances of his father,

Washington Duke, along with hisbrothers’ amazing acumen andambition. Brodie was almostunavoidably caught in the middle ofa tumultuous, absurdly rewardingtime, and he evolved into a boldbusinessman and speculator, areliable benefactor and in some waysa spectacular survivor. According to documents at the

Homestead Site, Brodie even dabbledin politics, running for the statelegislature in the 1890s, where he lost a race to John W. Umstead, 2,422 votesto 1,936.The Durham Sun once reported that

in October 1890, at a meeting of theCommonwealth Club, Brodie Dukebluntly exhorted the future city leadersnewly arrived in Durham:

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I tell you fellers that wecan’t stick like the bark on atree - so damned tight itwon’t come off. We’ve gotto be like the branches ofthe tree - we must expand –we must make Durhambigger and we must put upthe coin if we expect to getmen to come here.

Years before Brodie Duke built thewarehouse on Liggett Street, the youngtobacco explorer, according to JimWise, “bought an old, two-room houseon Main Street. Downstairs was hisfactory; upstairs his storeroom andbed.” From humble beginnings herose.

Wise reported that Brodie, at first,“produced a brand of tobacco calledSemper Idem (“Always the Same”),and then a second called Duke ofDurham; meanwhile, he subsisted athome on bacon, hoecake, andoccasional molasses. In five years,Brodie achieved some success, enoughto help convince Washington Dukeand soon-to-be legendary sons Benand James B. (Buck) to come toDurham. History books would laterfocus on their stories, but Brodie hadbeen the first and thus possibly thebravest.In 1878, Brodie had his first real

warehouse built, the one MI purchasedand renovated. The original brownbrick structure was one of the oldest

buildings of its kind still in Durhamand is now part of the downtownBrightleaf Historic District.

Local architecture observer TomMiller said, “Brodie’s warehousespearheaded what I call stage one oftobacco building architecture inDurham. The building is extremelysimple and straightforward. It’s acompression building with brick walls,built as high as you could go withbrick.”

Further, Miller said, “The windowsare very small, because it wasn’tadvisable to break up the brick. Brodiealso put in the chimney ventilationstack, which would become atrademark in Durham’s downtowntobacco designs.” Miller said other companies that

would follow also installed theattention-getting stacks, even if theydidn’t need them.Miller, in a booklet produced for

the Historic Preservation Society ofDurham, described the Brodie Dukebuilding as “fortress-like” and clearly“erected to get the job done.” BrodieDuke, Miller wrote, “had no resourcesto spare on frills.”

Fortunately, MeasurementIncorporated carefully restored theextraordinary hardwood flooring,which still creaks with age and tobaccotradition as MI employees travel onfoot to and from their destinations.

Official National Historic Registerrecords describe Duke’s originalsection, section A of the building, as:

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The Brodie Duke Building on Liggett Street

After Brodie Duke and his familymerged their tobacco endeavors, Dukeleased the building back to theAmerican Tobacco Trust. Some yearslater, it was leased to Liggett andMyers after the breakup of AmericanTobacco. Eventually, Liggett and Myerspurchased the building and convertedit to a smoking tobacco facility. In 1933, Liggett and Myers began

adding to the building and constructedtwo three-story wings and a one-storyloading platform. Eventually, thestructure would be known for manyyears as the SCT (Special Cut Tobacco)building. Economic and environ-mental problems would later lead tothe plant’s shutdown.In 2000, after buying the Brodie

Duke warehouse for nearly $1 millionand undertaking a wholesalerenovation project costing about $5million, Measurement Incorporated

moved into what had become an85,000-square foot building. In a news story former Durham

mayor Nick Tennyson praised thecompany’s commitment to downtown:“There are a few people who aremaking some major investments. Asthose dots get connected, it starts toblossom.” MI president Hank Scherich spoke

to Durham’s Herald-Sun about theexacting efforts and standards appliedto the renovation, which involved,among other things, restoring some200 windows. He explained thatbaking powder was used to blastseveral layers of paint from thehallowed brick walls becausetraditional sand blasting removedportions of the old soft bricks.

“The baking soda was flying,”Scherich said in an interview.“Someone called the fire departmentbecause there was so much bakingsoda coming out of the windows theythought it was on fire. We didn’t wantthe bricks painted. We wanted to getback to the brick.”On the Brodie Duke third floor

today, test scorers now work in a roomwith 24-foot high ceilings, exposedwooden rafters, and giant windows.“We think it will be an excellent placeto work,” Scherich once predicted. Hewas right.

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…constructed with interiorsupports of wood trusses,(with) thick exterior wallsof variegated brownishpink brick. The building istypical in its very plainrectangular form, dis-tinguished only by rows ofnarrow segmental archedwindow openings.

Looking back, that quote from aMethodist evangelist in 1897 has cometo define Brodie Duke, and notwithout some good reason. Over theyears, Duke’s exploits landed him on

front pages from the Bull City to NewYork City.

“Brodie’s private life leftsomething to be desired,” saidhistorian Jean Anderson. “He was arough-hewn diamond. His life wasn’tmanaged well, but I don’t know if itwas deliberate or...bad luck. But I thinkhis heart was in the right place.”In 1919, Brodie Duke’s energetic,

complicated life ended. He livedenough for three men. Local essayistWyatt Dixon wrote: “While he en-countered many difficulties and somereverses, his hand was effectively feltin the promotion of Durham’s bestinterests. He had...pride in the town.”

Despite his myriad travails andtravels, Brodie reportedly stillmanaged to die a millionaire. He hadalso given away small fortunes. Anobituary reminded readers “fewfinanciers of the South have morecharity and benevolence to their creditthan the deceased. Year after year, hemade large contributions to schools,colleges and churches. Many poorfamilies of this city have been aidedthrough his kindness.”Today, at 333 Liggett Street,

Measurement Incorporated occupiesthe place where Brodie Duke firstmade some of the money he wouldbestow on the town’s needs andmissions. His legacy of civic outreach,a pronounced trademark, is a path alsofollowed by MI.A friend of Brodie Duke, Col. Al

Fairbrother, wrote in the GreensboroRecord after Duke’s death:

He is certainly a man worth remembering,one who took the measure of life andlived it fully.

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Let us pray very earnestlyfor Brodie. I used to knowhim before I became aChristian.

Brodie Duke had lived morevaried stories than a dozenmost speculative romancescould invent. His life hadbeen tempestuous...a con-tinuous picture of events,and in all his ups and downshe ever remained the sameoptimistic, happy, contentedman.

Brodie L. Duke

In the earliest years of the lastcentury, the Fallon & Martin prize-house was one of Durham’s earliestand best-known. “Prizehouse” was acommon name for tobacco storagewarehouses. The business occupiedthe property now dominated by theImperial Building at 215 Morris Street.

Younger people may remember thebuilding as the D.C. May building. Thehighly respected decorating companylocated its headquarters there in 1965,which helped bolster the landmarkstatus for businesses on the block. Measurement Incorporated

purchased the property and thebuilding in 2003 and has restoredit to its previous luster. MI uses theimposing structure for its growingwork force. The building comprisessome 108,000 square feet and, accordingto MI architectural consultant TimHoke, is “one of the most unusualbuildings downtown. It has aremarkable character of its own.”Architect Frank De Pasquale

believes the Imperial building is “themost beautiful historic building” inDurham, intentionally designed in itsgrandeur to rival or even surpass theaesthetic attractiveness of the Dukewarehouses.

“Imperial wanted to make astatement,” De Pasquale said in aninterview.After the original Fallon & Martin

structure burned, Imperial Tobaccobegan its extraordinary constructionproject in 1916. It would take severalyears to finish. According to adescription provided in papers linkedto the National Register of HistoricPlaces, the Imperial’s Romanesquerevival style:

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…features elaborate brick-work and dozens of seg-mental arched windows.The heaviest decorationoccurs at the cornicesfeaturing corbelled pen-dants of various lengths;rounded parapets at thecorners and gab l edparapets in between; andinlaid squares and dia-monds of white stone. Theentrance is...supported byTuscan columns withentablature blocks.

Historic ironworkdetail at Imperial

Building entrance

History aficionado Tom Miller believesthe Imperial structure is more aptlyviewed as “Wrenesque,” afterChristopher Wren. Wren was a famedBritish scholar, scientist, astronomer,and architect who became celebratedin the mid-1600s. Some of Wren’sschematic and architectural thinkinghelped inform the redesign of Londonafter the Great Fire of 1666.Miller considers the building part

of the Jacobean period of classicalbrick architecture, which makes it bothdistinct and especially noteworthy onthe Durham landscape.MI has also restored the classic

Imperial name.MI purchased the massive building

for $3.95 million and spent more than$4 million on renovations. That’s quitea premium over what Fallon & Martinreceived from British-based Imperial

Tobacco around the turn of thecentury. The Durham Sun reported thatImperial paid Martin $16,000 for theprizehouse in 1903.

For that era, though, $16,000 was

not a trivial sum. The Americantobacco market was becoming criticalfor Imperial; the Durham locationwould become one of the British com-pany’s chief outposts in this country.

“Remember,” Tom Miller said, “theU.S. was not yet a world empire. TheDukes and American Tobacco wereaiming right at the British. I thinkImperial chose Durham to make a boldstrike against the aims of AmericanTobacco and the upstart Dukes.” As a further challenge to the

Dukes, Imperial’s bold slogan became“Don’t Buy American.”At the beginning of the 20th

century, James Buchanan Duke, whohad been building American Tobaccointo a gargantuan American monopoly,had his sights set on tobaccocompanies in Britain. IndividualBritish companies, powerful as theywere, could not fight AmericanTobacco on their own.

Buck Duke reportedly once said, “IfJohn D. Rockefeller can do what he isdoing in oil, why should I not do it intobacco?”There was no reason, and Duke’s

new British competitors knew it. Theirconcerns came to a head when, as itwas reported, James Duke arrived inLiverpool one day in 1901, walked intoOgden’s factory, and bought it on thespot. Then, according to otheraccounts, Duke ventured into the JohnPlayer & Sons company andannounced with great bravado, “Hello,boys. I’m Duke from New York, cometo take over your business.”

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The Imperial Building, circa 1920

In response, in December 1901, 13family-run British concerns joinedforces to create the Imperial TobaccoCompany of Great Britain and Ireland.After a series of price wars and bonusschemes, Imperial decided to fightAmerican Tobacco on its home turf,in America. It would form its U.S.headquarters in Richmond, Virginia.Soon after, faced with an impending,brutal trade war, the two companiesreached an agreement. Imperial wouldlimit itsAmericanoperations toleaf buyingfor its othermarkets, andAmericanTobaccosurrenderedits hold onthe British company, Ogden’s, andceased activities in Great Britain andIreland.The result was B.A.T., the British

American Tobacco company, whichformalized the understanding andcreated marketing and financialcooperation between the twobehemoths. According to the book SoldAmerican! The First Fifty Years, after theagreement was struck, James B. Dukecabled his father, Washington, from theCarlton Hotel in London’s Pall Mall.The message read: “I have justcompleted a great deal with the Britishmanufacturers, covering the world, tothe great benefit to our companies.” It was not good news for tobacco

growers. Tobacco historian NannieTilley wrote of the words uttered by atobacco association official in Virginia,upon hearing of the monumentalagreement. American and Imperial, theofficial stated, “had been strongcompetitors upon warehouse floors forthe raw material…producing acondition which was desirable andhighly satisfactory for the farmer.”The deal between the two giants,however, called off “competition and

caus[ed] abig declinein prices.”ImperialeventuallyboughtDurham-based Fallon& Martinoutright, and

installed William Fallon as the firstmanager of its Durham branch.In 1911, the American Tobacco

company was dissolved in an antitrustagreement and split into fourcompanies; a new, smaller entity wasallowed to continue marketing someImperial brands in the United States,and Imperial could sell its otherbrands here without restrictions.According to The First Sixty Years:

A History of the Imperial TobaccoCompany...in the United States of Americaby Sue V. Dickinson, the Durham plantbegan full-scale operations in 1918,and a second drying machine wasinstalled in 1919.

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Then, Dickinson wrote:

In 1955, Imperial developed anadvanced research lab in Durham,reportedly “the only full-scalelaboratory in the United States dealingwith the redrying of tobacco.”According to Dickinson’s companyhistory, researchers in Durham studied“operational techniques; processing, todetermine the various merits of re-drying techniques and equipment; thechemical and physical effects ofprocessing on the characteristics oftobacco; and statistical surveys ofoperations.”This research work was said to be

pioneering in the field at the time. For many years, Imperial would

also maintain plants in Wilson, RockyMount, Greenville, and Kinston, North

Carolina. Imperial eventuallydiversified far outside tobacco, withmajor interests in food, hotels, plastics,packaging, and electronics. In 1965, Imperial sold its building

in Durham to the D.C. May company.In the century’s early years, Mr. Maylaunched the company as a paintingand decorating contractor and dis-tributor of paints and sundry items.D.C. May, according to W.C. Dula

in the book Durham and Her People, hadstarted serving an apprenticeship as apainter at age 16, in 1899. His firstsignificant work in the paintingindustry was on the Golden Belt plant. According to Dula, May eventually

“developed a contracting businessgenerally considered one of the largestin the South. The finest homes inDurham, as well as the largestindustrial and commercial plants, werepainted and appointed by his firm.They included the Washington Dukehotel, Duke University and manybuildings at the University of NorthCarolina.”Dula wrote of May: “[I]n 1903 he

painted the spire of the old TrinityMethodist Church, using noequipment other than a ropesupporting his body.” Dula alsoreported that May was well known asa lay leader and preacher active inwell-attended revival meetings acrossthe area.After a merger with another

company in 2003, D.C. May nowoperates under the name Trimaco and is headquartered at the Meridian

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Since 1948, when the plantbegan repairing burlapsheets for all the Com-pany’s branches, it hasoperated throughout theyear. The manufacture ofnew sheets and waterprooflinings for hogsheads wasadded to these operationsin 1950. New super jetdrying machines wereinstalled in 1956 and 1958,respectively.

Business campus in southeasternDurham. It is run by one of D.C. May’sgrandsons, David May.

There is another intriguing piece ofinformation about the ImperialBuilding. In 1987, the makers of thegreat baseball film Bull Durham shotlocker-room scenes inside. For weeks,cables snaked out of the cavernousstructure as actors Kevin Costner, TimRobbins, Susan Sarandon, and othersplied the acting trade in the same areaswhere tobacco workers had oncepracticed their art and produced theirproduct.

But those stars were not the onlypeople getting their faces on film;scores of MI employees also appearedin crowd shots during the movie. Themovie, set mostly at the old DurhamAthletic Park, adds another dose ofhistory to a place now open for a newround of accomplishment.

Another commercial and culturaltale involving MI’s triangle of historyon and around Morris Street bears anindirect connection to tobacco. Rightaround the time American Tobaccowas achieving great sales success andsocietal influence, in the decade beforethe anti-trust breakup in 1911, a smalldrug company in the heart ofDurham’s Five Points was creating itsown legend.It started quietly and humbly, but

things would change.A certain pain-relieving product

coming out of the cozy Bernard andCouncil drug store was swelling insales during the early 20th century, asmore and more workers raced toDurham to take advantage of thetobacco money train. In time, GermainBernard and Commodore T. Councilused the initials from their last namesto form BC. The BC headache powderthe pair manufactured and marketedbecame a savior for the hundreds ofmen toiling for steady, steamy hours inthe Durham tobacco factories.The powder would become famous

around the South, almost as much apart of everyday living as the cigarette.Soldiers returning home from WorldWar I also tried BC and beganspreading the word. BC was becomingnot only a populist pain reliever but aphenomenon.In response to the exponential

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Original DC May sign on the Imperial Building

growth, in 1928 BC built a brand newheadquarters building at 423 MorrisStreet, the building MeasurementIncorporated occupies today as itsofficial headquarters.Tom Council, grandson of BC

Remedy co-founder Commodore“C.T.” Council,fondly rememberedthe man he called“Pop” and thebuilding where hisfamily membersadvanced thefortunes of thecompany. “Pop wasquite a guy,”Council said.

“Straightforward,blunt, and very benevolent. Up until Iwas 10, I’d visit the building onMorris, with Pop’s office on one side atthe top of the stairs, and my dad...working on the other side. I used torampage through the place. The ladiesthere would coo and cuddle me.” Tom Council said that around the

time of the Great Depression, localkids would often gather under Pop’soffice window during baseball gamesat the DAP. His grandfather could seethe ballgame from his office, and he’doften yell to the kids what the scorewas or tell them about a big play. The grandson said Commodore

Council had a curious nickname. “Alot of his friends called him ‘Commie.’ ”In the 1950s, at the onset of the ColdWar, the nickname would sometimesearn Council a glance or two from a

stranger who might have overheard.“But it was a name used totally out ofaffection,” Tom Council said. He alsopointed out, “Employees, of course,called him Mr. Council.”Tom Council’s recollection is that

BC’s lone lab stood high in thebuilding, like the turret at the top of acastle. When asked about the head-ache powder formula that wouldbecome so popular, Council’s grand-son said, “I really don’t know exactlywhat was in it. But people sure lovedit, especially with a six-ounce coke.”

BC would eventually beginmanufacturing tablets, too. At thecompany’s 50th anniversary, TomCouncil said, BC distributed apromotional cigar box with a claimsaying the firm had produced enoughtablets “to go around the earth, thenup and around the moon and backagain. Touching tablet to tablet.”

Writer Jim Wise fondlyremembered BC’s ability to impress,especially the attention it oftenengendered from some of his northerncollege mates while Wise matriculatedat Duke.

“I still remember having thisheadache all nightlong one night,”Wise commented,“and going downto… the StudentUnion on WestCampus. I askedwhat they had fora headache. Theygave me some BC.

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C.T. Council

Germain Bernard

Boy, it knocked out the headache rightaway and I was sold. I took BC andnothing else for years after that.” In his reminiscence, Wise added

this anecdote: “There was somethingso ‘uncool’ about that wrapper, thatpowder, and the way you’d have tohurry a swig of whatever was handyto wash down the taste as fast as youcould. I could feel some of thesupposedly more sophisticated Dukekids around me saying, ‘Who the heckis that hillbilly?’”A “hillbilly” favorite or not, BC

knocked down a headache south,north, east, and west. And for so many,BC still does—countless peoplecontinue to swear by it.

Bernard and Council rightfullyreceived much acclaim for making BCpowder famous, but the actual originsof the product launched from the FivePoints Drug Company appear to besomewhat more complex. A 1967 story in the Herald-Sun

carried this headline: “THEHEADACHE BUSINESS—And TheMan Who Created a Remedy.” Thearticle quoted C.T. Council’s wifesaying that her husband always hadsuffered bad headaches and had, inpart, become learned in pharmacy tofind a cure for them.This was during the period when

Dr. Isaac Manning, dean of the UNCMedical School, had reportedlydeveloped one of the most popularheadache remedies around. Since therewas no patent, other druggistsinformally adapted the product to

serve theirpurposes, but thebasic remedy wasbelieved to be aconcoction ofsodium bromide,aspirin, anti-pyrine, andacetanilide.In the early

1900s, Bernardand Council beganworking togetherin Durham, andresidents began tohear that the pairhad come up witha very effective,Durham-bredform of thepowder. Customers came in droves.Together, Bernard and Council werewell trained, poised to make theirunexpected mark in pharmacy andpain relief around the world.As with any monumental

enterprise, there are often varyingclaims to credit. In this case, somepeople believe that a portion of thecredit for the BC formula should go toa country doctor named Archibald C.Jordan, or “A.C.,” as he was oftencalled when he wasn’t called Doc.After years as a physician who rode

his horse over ten square miles inCaldwell, North Carolina, dispensingmedical care and delivering hundredsof babies, Dr. Archibald Jordandecided to move his family toDurham. In 1904, he set up shop as a

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physician in the offices above thedrugstore operated by GermainBernard and Commodore Council.

Jordan was also an alchemist.According to his daughter, Octavia,who wrote a book about her family,Jordan’s prescription for headaches“was so effective and so much indemand that these two druggistsasked permission of Dr. Jordan to startmarketing.” Dr. Jordan is said to have willingly

given his permission, and immediately“the prescription was placed on themarket for sale…under the name B.C.Headache Powders.”

Historian Jean Anderson alsoreported in her book that Dr. Jordan’sson, who also had the initials A.C.,once confirmed his father’s connectionto the origins of BC Powder. Theyounger Jordan would later become avery popular English professor atDuke and a nationally prominent

grammarian who urged citizens andbusiness professionals to learn how towrite better.

Professor Jordan’s wife, Jane, still aDurham resident, was contacted aboutthe BC “bloodlines.” She said: “Oh,yes, we all know my father-in-law A.C.whipped up a remedy in his doctor’soffice, and then said it was okay forthe pharmacists to patent it and sell it.He didn’t ask for anything. That’s justhow he was.”

She added, good-naturedly, “Sure,we wish maybe we’d been able toenjoy some of the fruits of thatinvention!”Tom Council indicated he had not

heard the story about Jordan’s possibleinvolvement in the creation of BC’sheadache remedy. “But it wouldn’tsurprise me,” he said.Dr. Jordan’s home in Little River,

off Highway 57, is also a landmarktoday. It is known as the Olive BranchInn, a bed and breakfast. The house,according to the National Historic

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The BC Remedy building, circa 1960s, now the siteof Measurement Incorporated’s headquarters

Register, is “the best-preserved andmost stylish example of the Italianatearchitecture style in rural OrangeCounty.”During Dr. Jordan’s time, the house

was the central social institution of thelocal Presbyterian Church. Dr. Jordanand his brother also had a pharmacyacross the road from his house. Onewonders whether the “miracle”headache remedy that came to beknown as BC Powder may have firstbeen tinkered over and offered topatients by a first-rate country doctornamed Archibald Jordan, well before itmade its debut in Durham.

Upon Dr. Jordan’s death on June 7,1922, a cousin wrote, “I have nevermet a truer Christian than Dr. Arch C.Jordan. He was plain spoken, but anuncommon good man.”

For his part, C. T. Council wouldrise to become not only the highlyrespected, nationally known presidentof the BC Remedy Company, but also apresident of the Durham Chamber ofCommerce and the DepositorsNational Bank, which became theNorth Carolina National Bank.

His grandson, Tom, said Councilwas also a key member of the areaBoard of Education, a very activeKiwanian, and was instrumental in thedevelopment of the Durham YMCA.Council was also an active member ofthe Watts Street Baptist Church.

Germain Bernard may hold therecord for being the longest-standingpharmacist in Durham’s history. ThePitt County native was a registered

druggist for 60years, gaining hisfirst exposure byworking in drugstores as a child in1888. He spentyears as the owner-operator of theDurham DrugStore.

Bernard alsoserved as a long-time vice-president of BC Remedy.He died on March 28th, 1954, just twodays before his 80th birthday. BothGermain Bernard and C.T. Councilwere reportedly generous benefactorsto the School of Pharmacy at theUniversity of North Carolina - ChapelHill.In 1967, Block Drug of New Jersey

purchased the BC Remedy Company.The famed brand has, in a roundaboutway, returned to the area of its roots: itis now owned by GlaxoSmithKline,which has a major research anddevelopment center in ResearchTriangle Park.In the mid-1970s, a few years after

BC changed hands, its headquartersbuilding was used by CCB bank as anoperations center. According to RonPerkins, who worked at the bank’soffice on Morris Street, the nature ofthe business inside was not obvious toroutine passersby.

“We were counting and processingmillions of dollars a day,” Perkins said.And this was going on right next tothe ballpark. “That’s not something

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Archibald C. Jordan

you wanted to advertise,” Perkinssaid.

Frank De Pasquale, who designedmany properties for George Watts Hillof CCB, spoke about the 18-inchsecurity walls in the vault. The giantdoor that protected all the cash,checks, and securities in the basementarea reportedly cost some $16,000 tomanufacture. It was serious security.

Perkins said the work that went onin the operations center was central toCCB’s everyday functioning, and therewas plenty of pressure. He added, “BCmay have manufactured headachepowder, but we manufacturedheadaches!”De Pasquale would eventually do

some early design work for significantchanges to the Morris Street building,but CCB decided in 1989 to movethose office functions to anotherlocation. The building at 423 MorrisStreet sat idle for four years, until oneday in 1993 when MeasurementIncorporated president Hank Scherichstood outside one of the old Liggett &Myers buildings he had beenconsidering as a new center for hiscompany.The deal had just fallen through,

and as Scherich tells it, “The fellow Iwas standing with pointed down thehill toward the old bank operationscenter. He said, ‘Have you everthought about that building? It mightbe just what you’re looking fordowntown.’”

Scherich decided to take a look.Soon after, he bought the old BCbuilding from CCB, and MI laid its

first anchor in the old tobacco district,where so much big business had beenconducted for so long. The movewould help generate additionalconfidence in the neighborhood andserve as a leading edge in an ongoingresurgence, which now includes WestVillage, a sprawling, stylish residentialand restaurant development. Thedeveloper, Blue Devil Ventures, hasdone wonders with giant, historictobacco structures in the immediatearea. A sharply rising demand for space

eventually led Scherich and MI toacquire and renovate the Brodie Dukewarehouse, then the Imperial Buildinga short distance away.It was almost by chance, then, that

MI’s headquarters and warren ofoffices would wind up where they aredowntown, in a position to greatlyinfluence the commercial comeback ofthe neighborhood.

“I’m proud of what we’ve done,”Dr. Scherich said. “It’s great for MIemployees to work in such ameaningful environment, and weknow our expanding presence here hasalso helped make the area attractiveand vibrant once again. It’s certainly aspecial feeling to have around theoffices.”

Leaders seize the key opportunitiesthat sometimes arise serendipitously,and they make the most of them.Measurement Incorporated has doneexactly that in its corner of downtownDurham, surrounded and enriched byso much history in its midst.

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Acknowledgements:

Many people were instrumental in helpingHistory in our Midst come to fruition. I thoroughlyenjoyed the various collaborations, and I thank allof you.

Particular recognition should go to: NikkiWilliams and Jason Caselli for graphic design;Johnnie Cozart and Jason Caselli for photography;Mike Bunch, Steve Heavner, Margie McKelvy, andAmy Olson for editing; and Kirk Ridge, LynnRichardson, Jim Wise, Dale Coates, and TomMiller for research assistance, review, andperspective.

Lynn Roundtree, a Durham area historianand writer, offered personal support with a steadyhand throughout.

It is my great pleasure to be associated withMeasurement Incorporated and to tell some of itsunique and unfolding story in these pages.

Tom Gasparoli, Writer

Photo Credits:

• Hank Scherich - John Elkins Photography• Robert F. Morris - Duke Special Collections• Bartlett Durham - Duke Special Collections• Bull Durham Ads - Duke Homestead State Historical Site

• Brodie Duke Home - Duke Homestead State Historical Site

• Brodie L. Duke - Duke Special Collections• Early Imperial Building - Durham County Library, North Carolina Collection

• C.T. Council, Germain Barnard - Durham County Library

• BC Remedy Building, Ads - GlaxoSmithKline• Archibald Jordan - State Library of North Carolina

• Imperial Building Construction - Duke Homestead State Historical Site

Bibliography:

• American Tobacco Company, Sold American! The first fifty years, 1954

• Anderson, Jean Bradley, Durham County, Duke University Press, 1991

• Boyd, William K., The story of Durham: city of the new South, Duke University Press, 1925

• Dickinson, Sue V., The first sixty years: A history of the Imperial Tobacco Company (of Great Britain and Ireland), Limited, in the United States of America, 1902-1962,Whittet and Shepperson, 1965

• Dula, W.C., Durham and Her People, Seeman Printery, 1951

• Roberts, B.W.C and Snow L., Bull Durham Business Bonanza, Genuine Durham Press, 2002

• Wise, Jim, Durham: A Bull City Story, Arcadia Publishing, 2002

• Perry, Octavia Jordan, These Jordans Were Here,J. G. Stevenson, 1969

History in our Midst: Published 2005Revised 2010

423 Morris Street • Durham, NC 27701(919) 683-2413 • www.measinc.com

Workers pose on smokestack during constructionof the Imperial Building, circa 1918