A joint initiative of Australian, State and Territory and New Zealand Governments.

The E3 Program and Small Fan Units

Ian McNicol, Sustainability VictoriaOn behalf of the E3 Committee

Presentation Outline

1. E3 Program• Overview• Small Fan Units

2. Introduction to the Workshop3. Overview of Product Profile

• Discussion Points An Industry Perspective - FMAANZ

4. Where to From Here

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Workshop Agenda – Afternoon Session

1:00 pm Overview of E3 Program

1:15 pm Overview of Small Fan Profile

2:15 pm An Industry Perspective - FMAANZ

2:25 pm Where to from Here

2:45 pm Meeting end, tea/coffee

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1 a. E3 Program - Overview

• E3 = Equipment Energy Efficiency

• Jointly run by Aust federal, state & territory governments & NZ– Currently relies on state &

territory laws in Aust, and NZ legislation

• Mandatory measures: MEPS & Energy Labelling

• Voluntary measures: voluntary or endorsement labelling, training & support to promote best available products

• 10 year strategies: draft strategy - In From the Cold, Standby Power, Greenlight Australia, Switch on Gas, HVAC HESS

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MEPS & Labelling in Australia

Labelling MEPS

Refrigerators & Freezers Clothes Washers Clothes Dryers Dishwashers Air Conditioners - Single

Phase Televisions

• Electric Water Heaters Refrigerators & Freezers Three-Phase Electric Motors Three Phase Air Conditioners Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts Refrigeration Display Cabinets Linear Fluorescent Lamps Distribution Transformers Single Phase Air Conditioners External Power Supplies Set-Top Boxes Commercial Building Chillers Computer Room Air

Conditioners Televisions Lighting – CFL &

incandescent Gas water heaters** Approved but not yet implemented in all jurisdictions 5

E3 Program – Who’s Responsible in Australia

Select Council on Climate Change (SCCC)(Australian, State and Territory and New Zealand Climate Change

Ministers)

Senior Officials Management Group (SOMG)(Australian, State and Territory and New Zealand Senior Officials)

Energy Efficiency Working Group (E2WG)(Australian, State and Territory Senior Officials)

Equipment Energy Efficiency Committee (E3)(Australian, State and Territory, & NZ Govt officials – Chaired by

DCCEE)

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E3 Process to Develop Regulations

1. Product Profile

2. MEPS Proposal

3. RIS

4. SCCC ApprovalMEPS

Commence

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1 b. E3 Program & Small Fan Units

• This stakeholder workshop opens up discussion with government agencies and industry around possible policy options for improving the energy efficiency of small fan units– E3 is a regulatory program, so MEPS

and labelling are included in the options considered

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Draft strategy for Non-domestic Refrigeration – In From The Cold

• Report: In From the Cold - Strategies to Increase Energy Efficiency of Non-domestic Refrigeration in Australia and New Zealand recommends that:

– Minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) are introduced for fan motors used in non-domestic refrigeration applications, with an output power rating of between 5 Watts and 2,000 Watts

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European Union: energy efficiency regulations for fans

• EU regulations will place energy efficiency requirements on fans with motor input power 125W - 500kW, aimed at inefficient ventilation fans used in non-residential buildings. – First tier: from 1 January 2013 - targets least

efficient 10% of the market– Second tier: from 1 January 2015 - targets least

efficient 30% of the market

• More detail on the European Eco-design Directive in Product Profile: Non-domestic Fans

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Current E3 Motor and Fan Work Streams

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Small Fan UnitsProduct Profile

 covers fan units

with input power 5 W – <125 W.

Electric Motors

Product Profile

MEPS currently cover three-phase electric motors with output

power 0.73 kW to 185 kW

This forthcoming paper considers increasing MEPS

levels and extending MEPS to include

motors of larger and smaller sizes

Non-Domestic Fans Product Profile

Covers fan-units with input power 125 W to 500 kW.

2. Introduction to Small Fan Workshop

• Product Profiles are discussion papers which consider options for driving improvements to the efficiency of certain products:

– Market assessment– Efficiency of products currently sold– Local and international standards– Possible policy options to increase

efficiency

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3. Overview of Small Fan Product Profile

• Scope of Product Profile• Market characteristics• Energy consumption, energy

efficiency improvement and GHG emissions

• Policy options• Standards• Regulatory considerations

13

Scope of the Product Profile

• Scope of Product Profile is motor-driven fan units with input power 5 to <125 W

• ‘Fan unit’ = fan and motor combination

• also includes integral fan-motor assemblies which are constructed such that it is not possible to separate the fan blade from the motor without losing the function of the fan 14

Applications of Small Fans

• Some small fan units are a stand-alone product:

fans for human comfort cooling extractor and extractor/heater combination fans

• Some small fan units are embedded in appliances:

computers refrigerators freezers room heaters with a fan clothes dryers hair dryers dishwashers room air conditioners ovens microwaves rangehoods

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Discussion Points – Scope of Small Fans

1 Input power range 5 to <125W – is this appropriate?

2 Input power versus output power for defining the scope for

small fan units?

3 Efficiency of fan-motor assembly (fan unit) versus

efficiency of fan as a stand-alone item. What should we

focus on?

4 Should the scope cover all fan units in this size range or

should it exclude some types of fan units?

5 Additional applications of small fan units not listed in the

Profile?

6 Market breakdown by small fans by application – is data

available on installed stock and annual sales?

7 Feedback on terminology used when discussing small fan

unit

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Types of Motors Driving Small Fans

Motor Type Motor Characteristics

Shaded-pole, single-phase

Common motor, cheap to purchase and reliable but very inefficient – 5 to 70 Watt output. Are type of AC single-phase induction motor. Has a low starting torque so best used for fans that are easy to start.

External rotor fan assembly: single & three phase

Another common type of motor used with small fans. Version of AC induction motor where rotor rotates around the stator. Rotor is integrated into the fan blade. Has improved efficiency.

Permanent split capacitor

Mainly used in residential aircons and household appliances. Usually more efficient than same size shaded pole motors, but often operate below full load.

Electronically commutated

Synchronous electric motor which uses permanent magnets which rotate around a static armature. Require speed controllers and these are often integrated into small units. High efficiency, low noise and long life.

Universal Commonly used in hand tools, hair dryers, and vacuum cleaners. High starting torque, generally run at high speed and are noisy. Have short life and best suited to intermittent uses.

Discussion points – Types of Motors

8 Proportions of small fan units driven by each type of motor?

9 Market for small fan motors, broken down by

application?

10 Cost differences between types of small fan

motors?

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Fan Power and Efficiency

Table 1: Typical shaft efficiency ranges for fan motor types, single phase power

*Shaft power efficiency rating without blade

Discussion point:11 Typical energy efficiency and expected life-time of small fan units driven by particular motors?

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Fan Motor TypeOutput Capacity Range

(Watts) Efficiency (%)*

Shaded-pole (SP) 5 to 70 20% to 30%Electronically commutated (EC): small 5 to 70 60% to 70%

Permanent split capacitor (PSC) 3 to 100 40% to 60%Electronically commutated (EC): medium 70 to 770 90% to 95%

External rotor (ER) 70 to 770 40% to 60%

Universal motor 5 to 2000 60% to 70%

Market Characteristics – Est. Sales (Table 2)

Appliance Est. Annual Sales

Motor Type Typical Motor Input Power (W)

No of Fans

Est Fan Sales

Clothes dryer 294,866 Split Phase Induction

313 1 May be out of scope

Res. Fan Heater 340,000 Shaded Pole 30 1 340,000

Res. Fridge / Freezer 1,098,644 Shaded Pole 6 1 1,098,644

Refrigerated Disp. Cabinet 97,000 Shaded Pole / PSC

30 2 194,000

Room Refrig. A/C - cond 1,209,629 Split phase / PSC / EC

84 1 1,209,629

Room Refrig. A/C - evap 1,209,629 Split phase / PSC / EC

40 1 1,209,629

Cooling fans 401,648 197 1 Some may be out of scope

Dishwasher 360,090

Computer

Total* 4,051,902

* Where we have data. Excludes gas room heaters, extractor fans, rangehoods, oven, microwave, hair dryers

Estimated Stock of Motors – Non-Domestic Refrigeration Fans (Aust 2008)

Motor Type Estimate from MEA, 2009

Estimate from AREMA, 2009

Installed stock

% of Total Installed stock

% of Total

Shaded-pole, single phase 2,446,200 37% 2,500,000 82%

External rotor, single phase 2,002,300 30% 350,000 11%

External rotor, three-phase* 2,190,880 33% 200,000 7%

Total 6,639,380 100% 3,050,000 100%

* External rotor, 3-phase likely to be larger than 125 W input, so would be outside the scope of small fans. Around 67% of non-domestic refrigeration fan-units are likely to have an input power < 125 W.

Discussion points – Market Profile

12 Australia market characteristics and trends for small fan units

– existing stock

– annual sales

– industry sector breakdowns

13 Estimated sales and stock numbers for:

– Small fan units imported for integration into products, or as

replacement parts

– Small fan units imported as components already integrated into

appliances

– Small fan units manufactured within Australia/New Zealand

14 Main countries for importing small fan units

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Barriers to Energy Efficiency Improvement

• Split incentives - the fan unit is often chosen by the

appliance designer/manufacturer yet the energy bill is

paid by the end-user.

• Information failures - the end-consumer is unlikely to

take account of the energy efficiency of small fan units.

• Bounded rationality - incomplete consideration of the

costs and benefits of efficient small fan unit

technologies

Discussion point:15 Market failures affecting uptake of high efficiency small

fan units?

Estimated Energy Use of Small Fans

Appliance Est. Annual Sales

Est. Annual Operation (Hrs/Yr)

Est. Unit Energy Use

(kWh/Yr)

Est Total Energy Use

(MWh/Yr)

Clothes dryer 294,866 156 48.8 14,389

Res. Fan Heater 340,000 1,120 33.6 11,424

Res. Fridge / Freezer 1,098,644 8,736 52.9 58,118

Refrigerated Disp. Cabinet 97,000 8,736 529.5 51,362

Room Refrig. A/C - cond 1,209,629 1,400 117.6 142,252

Room Refrig. A/C - evap 1,209,629 1,400 56.0 67,739

Cooling fans 401,648 1,400 275.8 Some may be out of scope

Dishwasher 360,090

Computer

Total* 345,282

* Where we have data. Excludes gas room heaters, extractor fans, rangehoods, oven, microwave, hair dryers

Note that this is est. energy use of new stock sold each year.

Est. Energy Use of Motors – Non-Domestic Refrigeration Fans

Fan Motor Type Est. Installed Stock

Est. Energy Use (GWh/Yr)

% of Energy Use

Shaded-pole, single phase 2,446,200 385 9%

External rotor, single phase 2,002,300 2,185 50%

External rotor, three-phase 2,190,880 1,790 41%

Total 6,639,380 4,360 100%

* External rotor, 3-phase likely to be larger than 125 W input, so would be outside the scope of small fans. Around 67% of non-domestic refrigeration fan-units are likely to have an input power < 125 W.

Discussion points – Energy Consumption Greenhouse Emissions

16 Energy use and greenhouse gas emissions

from existing stock of small fan units, including:

- total stock by end-use applications and size

- typical power consumption and annual operating hours of

small fan units

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Opportunities to Improve Efficiency

• Efficiency improvements for small fan units from improvements to:– Fan motor– Motor – fan coupling– Fan

• The different types of motors used to drive small fans have different efficiency characteristics

ExistingMotor Type

Output (W) Efficiency New Motor Type (1-ph)

Efficiency Av. Energy Saving

Shaded-pole 5 – 70 20 – 30% Elec commutated

60 – 70% 58%

External Rotor

70 - 770 40 – 60% Elec commutated

90 – 95% 58%

Discussion Points – Efficiency Opportunity

17 What opportunities for improving energy efficiency

of small fan units?

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International Situation

• US Energy Star certification– Ventilating fans (2001)– Ceiling fans (2002)

• European Union– EuP Lot 30 study which includes small

motors has just started– Have been considering regulating

ventilation hoods

Possible Policy Options

• Mandatory minimum energy performance standards (MEPS)

• High efficiency performance standards (HEPS)

• Ban the least efficient types of motors that drive small fan units

• Labelling or certification schemes

• Training and education

• Codes of best practice, benchmarking programs

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Discussion Points – Policy Options

18 Greatest potential for improvements in energy

efficiency:

- Focus on the motor, the fan, or both?

19 Suitability of different policy measures to achieve

improvements in energy efficiency of small fan units:

- potential for savings in economic costs, energy, and

greenhouse gas emissions

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Standards – Test Method

• AS ISO 5801 sets out methods for determining performance of industrial fans of all sizes and types, except those designed for air circulation (ceiling and table fans).

• It may be possible to apply this method to products in the 5 to <125 W size range.

• There is an Energy Star specification for ceiling fans - this suggests a test method exists for these products.

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Standards – Efficiency Levels

• ISO 12759 sets out Fan Motor Efficiency Grade curves, which specify minimum required efficiency at “best efficiency point” and can be used as the basis for setting MEPS levels for fan units of input power 125 W to 500 kW.

• Introducing MEPS for small fan units in Aust and NZ would require developing efficiency level classifications for products below 125 W input power.

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Discussion Points - Standards

20 Appropriate efficiency levels for small fan units?

21 Testing facilities capable of AS

ISO 5801, and appropriateness

of this standard for small fans?

22 Other standards issues?

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Regulatory Considerations

• If regulatory action was deemed appropriate - a consultation Regulatory Impact Statement (RIS) for small fan units would be released for consultation.

• MEPS regulations in the EU will be applied to the fan+motor combination. While this approach has some drawbacks, it would allow Aust and NZ to align - and EU is a major source of fan imports.

• It may be practical to introduce regulations for certain sectors (such as fan units used in non-domestic refrigeration)– although MEPS normally apply to generic equipment

categories.35

Regulatory Considerations

Key challenges for regulating small fan units:1. Most enter Australia and New Zealand as a part

integrated into another product:- Potentially difficult to identify products which are

subject to regulation, and to enforce compliance.

2. Many small fan units are components within a product that is already regulated for energy efficiency:- Regulatory options include regulating the small fan

unit separately, or increasing the MEPS levels for the whole appliance to drive improvements in fan efficiency.

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Discussion points – Regulatory Considerations

23 Regulations targeting the fan only vs regulating the fan-motor combination?

24 Voluntary/non-regulatory approaches to improve small fan unit efficiency, complimentary to, or in absence of, MEPS/HEPS

25 MEPS for small fan embedded inside larger appliances that already have MEPS?

26 Situations where the lower efficiency produces a useful by-product such as heat?

27 Certain appliances incorporating small fans where regulations would not be effective at improving efficiency

28 Possibly consider domestic and industrial small fan units separately?

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Discussion Points – Regulatory Considerations

29 Extra costs for manufacturers and users to measure the efficiencies of small fan blades and motors

30 Impact of regulations on different suppliers e.g. appliance manufacturer, fan blade manufacturer?

31 Impact of requiring more efficient small fan blades and motors on the appliance cost? Effect on product competition?

32 Compliance and enforcement issues of MEPS for small fan units

33 Categories of small fan unit applications that offer more potential for MEPS

An Industry Perspective - FMAANZ

Where to From Here?

• Written submissions on Product Profile close Friday 6 July, 2012– Feedback from industry stakeholders welcome– Feedback will be compiled and presented to

E3 Committee– E3 Committee will decide whether or not to

proceed to prepare a Regulatory Impact Statement to test feasibility, cost effectiveness, and benefit to society of implementing proposed policy options

– May require some standards development work

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Information We Need to Take Further

• Better understanding of installed stock and sales– by main applications and type of fan-unit

• Better understanding of the energy and efficiency characteristics of small fan-units– Av elec input and annual operating hours– Av efficiency and spread of efficiencies– Typical lifetime of products

• Whether there are market barriers and failures which lead to a less than optimal outcome

• Opinions on the feasibility of regulating small fan units

• Typical cost differential for installing more efficient fan-units in key applications

Submissions

• Please email submissions on the Product Profile with the subject line ‘Product Profile: Small Fan Units’ to:

energyrating@climatechange.gov.au

• Submissions close Friday 6 July, 2012.

• Call to discuss– Bonn Maguire, DCCEE, Ph 02 6159-6875– Ian McNicol, Sustainability Victoria, Ph 03

8626-8772

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