A Hyper-Cellular Architecture for 5G and Beyond

Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

June 01, 2018 @ Waseda

Zhisheng Niu

1

“People always over-estimate things for

3 years scope, but under-estimate

things for 10 year scope” – Bill Gates

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• not just about data rate (throughput or spectrum-efficiency )

– Not a simple extension of 4G, as from 1G to 4G

• but more about connectivity, reliability (latency & security),

and energy-efficiency

5G for a Hyper-connected Society

3

eMBB

mMTC uRLLC

5G for Personalized Service

• Personal Comm Personalized Service (mG: my Generation)

• Diversified traffic requests personalized services & smart

networking

• From 3A to 3R: Right time, Right place, and Right service

Au

ton

om

ou

s C

on

tro

l

Understanding of Situation

Mobile/IM (2004)

Location

Presence

Self-X Infrastructure (2020)Self-Managing

Self-Configuring

Self-Organizing

Self-Optimizing

Self-Protecting

Self-Healing

Self-Adapting

X-Aware Service(2010)Location-Aware

Context-Aware

Power-Aware

Situation-Aware

Autonomous Infrastructure

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• What’s 5G?

In addition to SE, more about connectivity, latency, reliability, and EE

It’s EVERYTHING, like ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)!

5G: A Networking Hype?

5G4G3G2G1G

5G

5G

SE (data-rate)

EE

Latency

Reliability

Connectivity

Everything that 4G couldn’t provide

“Everything should be made as simple as

possible, but not simpler” (Albert Einstein)

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Everything is Nothing

• Nothing is Everything

5G (whatever can be done by 2020) can probably only be eMBB and MTC

mMTC/uRLLC and higher EE need a paradigm shift

1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G, 6G

Zhisheng NIU / Tsinghua University 6Super-Duper(eMBB, uRLLC)

Down-dirty(mMTC)

Probability of Success

Stuck in the middle(e.g., ATM)

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Capacity-oriented

2000Coverage-oriented

Tra

ffic V

olu

me o

r En

erg

y C

on

su

mp

tion

Time

2G

Energy Efficiency-oriented

2010

3G3G+

4G

Traffic

Volume

2020

Energy

Consumpti

on

5G5G+

？

Can we really SMILE?

(Send More Information bits with Less Energy)

Aren’t we too ambitious?

Can we have cake and eat it?

Looking back: What made today’s success?

• Cooper’s Law: “The data rate available to a wireless device

doubles roughly every 30 months” (Martin Cooper)

– This has held for over 50 yrs, leading to 1,000,000x increase

25x 5x 5x

1600x

0200400600800

10001200140016001800

wider spectrum dividing thespectrum intosmaller slices

bettermodulation

scheme

reduced cellsizes

Wireless Capacity…

Source: William Webb, Ofcom

(Spectrum Reuse,

Cell Densification)(Multiplexing)

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Cellular was invented for spectrum-efficiency

But, is it really energy-efficient? Is it smart enough to support massive M2M connections and uRLLC?

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Energy Waste in Existing Cellular

Traffic data from 319 HSPA cells in a European capital

city measured from Jan. 1-22 2009 (Ericsson)

80% of the BSs are quite lightly loaded for 80% of the

time, but still consume (waste) a lot of energy

P. Frenger and M. Ericson, “Assessment of alternatives for

reducing energy consumption in multi-RAT scenarios,” IEEE

VTC Spring, Seoul, Korea, May 2014

Existing cellular is neither smart nor green9

Hyper Cellular: Deal with the Dilemma

? Smaller cellsLarger cells

Less signaling overhead

Global optimization

Smart Coverage-on-demandDensely deployed

Green

decouple

C-plane Larger

D-plane Smaller

Hyper Cellular Architecture

Capacity-hungry Apps (e.g., mobile videos)

Higher SE

Higher EE

GREEN

Control-intensive Apps (e.g., M2M, IoT)

Faster Connectivity

Higher ReliabilitySMART

U-shape Traffic

Datarate

Vo

lum

e

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Hyper Cellular for Green and Smart

Data BS

UE with High-Rate

Requirement

Control Network Layer

Synchronization/Broadcast of System Information/Paging/Multicast

Data Network Layer

Syn./Unicast

Data Signaling, e.g. user data packet

Control Signaling, e.g. paging, system info., high-layer control info., etc.

Control

BS

Layered

RAN

Data BS

UE with Low-Rate

Requirement

For ubiquitours network

access provision

Dedicated for high-rate user

data transmission

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– 1G (’80s): Analog, Voice, FDMA, Macro (Coverage-oriented)

– 2G (’90s): Digital, Voice, TDMA, Macro (Coverage-oriented)

– 3G (’00s): Digital, Data, CDMA, Macro/Micro (SE-oriented)

– 4G (’10s): Digital, Video, OFDMA, Micro/Femto (SE-oriented)

– 5G (’20s): Digital, Video, OFDMA, Hyper (SE/EE-oriented)

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5G: A Paradigm Shift of Cellular Architecture

BDMA

SCMAM2M

Z. Niu, S. Zhou, S. Zhou, X. Zhong, J. Wang, “A Hyper-Cellular Paradigm for Globally Resource-

optimized and Energy-Efficient Networks (GREEN)”, Science in China, Sep. 2012 (in Chinese）

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From Dr. Wen Tong’s Talk at IEEE ICCC’16

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Highlights of the Research Progress

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National “973 Project” on GREEN (2012-16)- Tsinghua University (PI)- BUPT/UESTC/SEU/BUAA/ZJU/USTC- China Telecom- Huawei