A hydrostatic skeleton would be found in a(an) _____.

1 2 3 4

12% 10%

69%

10%

1. lizard

2. cockroach

3. earthworm

4. fish

10

Which of the following is not one of the three basic types of skeletons?

1 2 3 4

0%6%

94%

0%

1. endoskeleton

2. exoskeleton

3. hydrocarbon skeleton

4. hydrostatic skeleton

10

Which of the following is not one of the three basic types of skeletons?

1. endoskeleton

2. exoskeleton

3. hydrocarbon skeleton

4. hydrostatic skeleton

All vertebrates have a(an) _____.

1 2 3 4

0% 0%0%

100%1. exoskeleton

2. endoskeleton

3. bony skeleton

4. cartilaginous skeleton

10

Bone-forming cells that secrete matrix minerals are _____.

1 2 3 4

0% 0%0%

100%

1. osteoblasts

2. osteoclasts

3. osteocytes

4. osteopores

Yellow marrow contains mostly _____.

1 2 3 4

8%

67%

10%14%

1. blood cells

2. osteoblasts

3. compact bone

4. fat cells

When osteoblast activity decreases and bone density severely declines, the result is

_____.

1 2 3 4

5% 2%

12%

81%1. osteocytes

2. osteoporosis

3. spongy bone

4. rickets

The dense connective tissues that strap the bones of joints together and permit

movement are _____.

1 2 3 4

33%

0%2%

65%

1. tendons

2. ligaments

3. matrix

4. marrow

A degenerative disorder in which the cartilage in joints wears away is _____.

1 2 3 4

20%

2%

67%

10%

1. osteoporosis

2. osteoblastitis

3. osteoarthritis

4. osteocystitis

Biceps and triceps are an example of _____.

1 2 3 4

0% 2%

16%

82%

1. leg muscles

2. opposing muscle groups

3. smooth muscle

4. cardiac muscle

In order for skeletal muscles to produce body movement, they _____.

1 2 3 4

4%

96%

0%0%

1. must contract

2. must be near joints

3. must be attached to bones

4. all of the choices

How do skeletal muscles contract?

1 2 3 4

67%

4%6%

24%

1. tendons pull on muscles and shorten them

2. nerves pull on muscles and shorten them

3. proteins shorten individual muscle cells

4. the outer sheath pulls on the tendons

Muscle bundles, fibers and filaments all run in the same parallel direction because

_____.

1 2 3 4

60%

13%

26%

2%

1. contraction pulls a bone in one particular direction

2. they form flat sheets

3. it allows them to connect to bones and tendons

4. the muscle sheath is long and thin

During exercise, _____ provides the energy for muscle contraction.

1 2 3 4

0%4%

0%

96%1. ADP

2. ATP

3. phosphate

4. lactic acid

A muscle twitch _____.

1 2 3 4

0%

88%

5%7%

1. is produced by a motor unit

2. consists of a brief contraction and relaxation

3. is stimulated by a motor neuron

4. all of the choices

A temporary decrease in a muscle's ability to generate force is called _____.

1 2 3 4

82%

2%0%

16%

1. muscle fatigue

2. cramp

3. tetanus

4. twitch

Muscular dystrophy _____.

1 2 3 4

2%

94%

0%4%

1. is a genetic disorder

2. causes muscles to weaken and degenerate

3. cannot be cured

4. all of the choices

The vertebrae of the vertebral column _____.

1 2 3 4

2%

94%

0%4%

1. surround the spinal cord

2. are cushioned by cartilaginous disks

3. are attached to paired muscles

4. all of the choices

The circulatory system _____.

1 2 3 4

2%

96%

0%2%

1. consists of the heart and blood vessels

2. circulates blood through the body

3. maintains the body's internal environment

4. all of the choices

Which of the following has a two-chambered heart?

1 2 3 4

10%

14%

37%39%

1. amphibians

2. birds

3. fish

4. mammals

In blood, oxygen is carried primarily by _____.

1 2 3 4

2% 4%

77%

17%

1. plasma

2. platelets

3. red blood cells

4. white blood cells

In the human cardiovascular system, _____ carry blood away from the heart and _____

carry blood toward the heart.

1 2 3 4

2%

87%

11%

0%

1. arteries, capillaries

2. coronary arteries, veins

3. veins, arteries

4. arteries, veins

The heart chamber that pumps blood to the systemic circulation is the _____.

1 2 3 4

22% 22%

27%29%1. left ventricle

2. right ventricle

3. left atrium

4. right atrium

What is the function of a heart valve?

1 2 3 4

5% 8%

76%

11%

1. to supply the heart muscle with oxygen

2. to separate the heart into left and right chambers

3. to keep blood moving in one direction

4. to make the heart contract

Which type of blood vessel has the strongest, thickest walls?

1 2 3 4

88%

4%4%4%

1. artery

2. arteriole

3. capillary

4. vein

Which process would tend to lower blood pressure?

1 2 3 4

71%

6%2%

22%

1. vasodilation

2. vasoconstriction

3. atherosclerosis

4. stress

Most exchange of materials between blood and tissues occurs through _____.

1 2 3 4

2%

25%

71%

2%

1. arteries

2. arterioles

3. capillaries

4. veins

Which types of blood vessels have valves?

1 2 3 4

33%

27%

0%

41%1. arteries

2. arterioles

3. capillaries

4. veins

The main function of the respiratory system is _____.

1 2 3 4

29%

23%

4%

44%

1. gas exchange

2. breathing

3. energy production

4. transportation of oxygen to tissues

To supply their higher metabolic needs, the respiratory system of _____ provides a constant flow of fresh air across the respiratory surfaces.

1 2 3 4

8%

52%

6%

35%

1. reptiles

2. birds

3. mammals

4. amphibians

Lungs are the only respiratory organs in all of the following animals, except _____.

1 2 3 4

8%

79%

8%6%

1. reptiles

2. birds

3. mammals

4. amphibians

In addition to gas exchange, the respiratory system also _____.

1 2 3 4

0%

85%

2%

13%

1. helps blood in veins return to the heart

2. helps dispose of excess heat and water

3. helps maintain acid-base balance

4. all of the choices

The vocal cords are located in the _____.

1 2 3 4

13%7%

13%

67%

1. pharynx

2. larynx

3. trachea

4. oral cavity

In the respiratory cycle, the main muscles used are the _____.

1 2 3 4

79%

0%

10%12%

1. intercostal and diaphragm

2. pharynx and larynx

3. bronchiole and alveoli

4. oral and pleural

Oxygen that enters the pulmonary capillaries of the lungs is bound and transported by

_____.

1 2 3 4

64%

4%

17%15%

1. hemoglobin

2. platelets

3. plasma

4. carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide is mostly produced in _____ and transported to the lungs as ____.

1 2 3 4

43%

16%14%

27%

1. cells of body tissues, bicarbonate

2. alveoli, gas

3. blood, carbohydrates

4. veins, hemoglobin

Red marrow _____.

1 2 3 4

0%

88%

4%8%

1. is found in long bones

2. fills spaces in spongy bones

3. produces red blood cells

4. all of the choices

The cells that secrete substances that dissolve matrix and break down bone are

_____.

1 2 3 4

0% 0%0%0%

1. osteoblasts

2. osteoclasts

3. osteocytes

4. osteopores

10

What factor increases the risk of osteoporosis?

1 2 3 4

0% 0%0%0%

1. menopause

2. smoking

3. alcohol or steroid use

4. all of the choices

10

A sprain is the result of a torn or broken _____.

1 2 3 4

0% 0%0%0%

1. long bone

2. ligament

3. matrix

4. cartilage

10

In paired, opposing muscle groups _____.

1 2 3 4

0% 0%0%0%

1. forces are equalized so the joint cannot move

2. the action of one reverses the action of the other

3. one group is smooth muscle and the other striated muscle

4. pairs are mirror images on the left and right sides of the body

10

The purpose of a tendon is to _____.

1 2 3 4

0% 0%0%0%

1. attach bone to bone

2. attach skin to bone

3. attach muscle to bone

4. all of the choices

10

The molecules that work together to shorten muscles are _____.

1 2 3 4

0% 0%0%0%

1. myofibrils and fibers

2. sarcomeres and Z bands

3. actin and myosin

4. filaments and the outer sheath

10

Actin is _____, and myosin is _____.

1 2 3 4

0% 0%0%0%

1. a globular protein, a motor protein

2. part of a thin filament, part of a thick filament

3. formed into a coiled strand, formed into a club shape

4. all of the choices

10

The sliding-filament model for contraction of a sarcomere requires _____.

1 2 3 4

0% 0%0%0%

1. formation of cross-bridges between actin and myosin filaments

2. energy

3. calcium ions released form the sarcoplasmic reticulum

4. all of the choices

10

ATP that provides energy for muscle contraction is produced by _____.

1 2 3 4

0% 0%0%0%

1. motor neurons

2. aerobic respiration

3. regular exercise

4. sunlight

10

Brief stimulation of muscle fibers by a motor neuron produces _____.

1 2 3 4

0% 0%0%0%

1. a muscle twitch

2. muscle fatigue

3. muscle cramp

4. tetanus

10

Tetanus _____.

1 2 3 4

0% 0%0%0%

1. results from rapidly repeated muscle stimulation

2. is a sustained contraction

3. is a disease caused by a bacterial toxin

4. all of the choices

10

Blood mixes with interstitial fluid in _____.

1 2 3 4

0% 0%0%0%

1. animals with open circulatory systems

2. the heart

3. capillaries

4. all vertebrates

10

In blood, the _____ defend the body against pathogens.

1 2 3 4

0% 0%0%0%

1. plasma

2. platelets

3. red blood cells

4. white blood cells

10

In the human cardiovascular system, which blood vessel carries the most oxygen?

1 2 3 4

0% 0%0%0%

1. aorta

2. vein

3. pulmonary artery

4. capillary

10

As the cardiovascular system regulates blood flow throughout the body, which organ

requires an unvarying blood supply?

1 2 3 4

0% 0%0%0%

1. heart

2. liver

3. lungs

4. brain

10

Systolic blood pressure is defined as _____.

1 2 3 4

0% 0%0%0%

1. the blood pressure in capillaries

2. the average systemic blood pressure

3. the highest pressure contracting ventricles exert against the wall of the artery

4. the lowest arterial blood pressure of a cardiac cycle

10

If fluid from capillaries accumulates in interstitial spaces, the result is called _____.

1 2 3 4

0% 0%0%0%

1. osmosis

2. edema

3. diffusion

4. interstitial fluid

10

Atherosclerotic plaque that can cause thrombus, embolus or stroke is the result of

_____ in arteries.

1 2 3 4

0% 0%0%0%

1. hypertension

2. buildup of lipids and tissues

3. hemostasis

4. angioplasty

10

Gas exchange across the respiratory surface requires rapid diffusion, which is

increased by _____.

1 2 3 4

0% 0%0%0%

1. increasing the area of the respiratory surface

2. decreasing the partial pressure

3. increasing the metabolic activity

4. decreasing ventilation

10

Gas exchange in the lungs occurs in the _____.

1 2 3 4

0% 0%0%0%

1. pharynx

2. trachea

3. bronchioles

4. alveoli

10

In the respiratory cycle, _____ is active and _____ is passive.

1 2 3 4

0% 0%0%0%

1. inhalation, exhalation

2. breathing, speech

3. exhalation, inhalation

4. speech, breathing

10