A Hybridized Power Panel to Simultaneously Generate ... · PDF fileA Hybridized Power Panel to...

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A Hybridized Power Panel to Simultaneously Generate Electricity from Sunlight, Raindrops, and Wind around the Clock

Li Zheng , Gang Cheng , Jun Chen , Long Lin , Jie Wang , Yongsheng Liu , Hexing Li , and Zhong Lin Wang *

Dr. L. Zheng, Dr. Y. S. Liu, Prof. H. X. Li School of Mathematics and Physics Shanghai University of Electric Power Shanghai 200090 , China Dr. L. Zheng, Dr. G. Cheng, J. Chen, Dr. L. Lin, Dr. J. Wang, Prof. Z. L. Wang School of Material Science and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA 30332-0245 , USA E-mail: [email protected] Dr. G. Cheng Key Lab of Special Functional Materials Henan University Kaifeng 475004 , China Prof. Z. L. Wang Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100083 , China

DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201501152

fuels have become serious issues over the past decades. [ 1 ] Under these concerns, harvesting energy from the natural envi-ronment such as sunlight, [ 2,3 ] wind, [ 4 ] and mechanical vibration [ 5–7 ] has attracted great attentions as part of efforts to realize sustainable development of the human civilization. Over the past decades, a growing research effort has been devoted to developing the renewable and green energy technologies. [ 8,9 ] Among them, solar energy harvesting is one of the well-developed and fruitful technologies due to the low cost and superior performance. [ 10 ] The only element lacking is that the solar cell can only work well under the full sun. On cloudy, rainy days, or at night, the output of solar cell panels is always largely suppressed or even vanished. [ 11 ]

Since the recently developed tribo-electric nanogenerator (TENG) has been widely studied to harvest various mechanical energies from the environ-

ment into electricity, [ 12–21 ] especially the water-related TENG has been experimentally demonstrated, [ 22,23 ] with the regards of solar cells being dysfunctional in bad weather conditions, here we reported a multifunctional solar cell panel by hybridi-zation with a transparent dual-mode TENG. Consequently, it can not only harvest energy from sunlight, but also from light wind and natural raindrops. Given no compromise of the solar energy harvesting, the presented hybrid cell holds a greatly expanded working time and provides good output compensation except for solar energy. In a windy day, the hybrid cell, harvesting energy from ambient wind, can deliver an average output of 8 mW m −2 at a wind speed of 2.7 m s −1 . On a rainy day, harvesting energy from the dripping water-drops, the hybrid cell can achieve an average output of 86 mW m −2 at a dripping rate of 13.6 mL s −1 . These functions render that the hybrid cell plays an important and compensa-tive role in the current fi eld of solar energy harvesting. Given a collection of advantages, such as being cost-effective, easy fabrication, greatly expanded working time without compro-mising the original solar energy harvesting, the presented hybrid cell is a unique and practical step toward a high effi -ciency ambient green energy harvesting with a lower produc-tion cost per watt.

With the solar panels quickly spreading across the rooftops worldwide, solar power is now very popular. However, the output of the solar cell panels is highly dependent on weather conditions, making it rather unstable. Here, a hybridized power panel that can simultaneously generate power from sunlight, raindrop, and wind is proposed and demonstrated, when any or all of them are available in ambient environment. Without compromising the output performance and conversion effi ciency of the solar cell itself, the pre-sented hybrid cell can deliver an average output of 86 mW m −2 from the water drops at a dripping rate of 13.6 mL s −1 , and an average output of 8 mW m −2 from wind at a speed of 2.7 m s −1 , which is an innovative energy compensa-tion to the common solar cells, especially in rainy seasons or at night. Given the compelling features, such as cost-effectiveness and a greatly expanded working time, the reported hybrid cell renders an innovative way to realize multiple kinds of energy harvesting and as an useful compensation to the currently widely used solar cells. The demonstrated concept here will possibly be adopted in a variety of circumstances and change the traditional way of solar energy harvesting.

1. Introduction

The ongoing worldwide energy crisis and severe environ-mental problems caused by the rampant consumption of fossil

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2. Results and Discussion

The reported hybridized power panel is mainly consisted of three parts: an acrylic backboard, a silicon-based solar cell, and a dual-mode TENG, as schematically depicted in Figure 1 a. As the bottom part, acrylic is selected to be the backbone of the whole device owing to its decent strength, light weight, good machina-bility, and low cost. The middle part is a silicon-based solar cell ordinally consists of an Al fi lm electrode, a p + back fi eld layer, a p-type Si bulk layer, an n + emitter layer, SiN fi lm, Ag grids, and an indium tin oxide (ITO) fi lm electrode. [ 10 ] Micropyramidal morphology was created on the surface of the Si-based solar cell to enhance light absorption and suppress light refl ectance so as to improve the light-electricity conversion effi ciency of the solar cell. The top part is a dual-mode TENG which is an integration of a water TENG and a contact TENG using a spacer of PET, and the specifi c corresponding structure and electric output of this dual-mode TENG is schematically shown in Figure 1 b. The detailed fabrication process of the Si solar cell and the hybrid-ized power panel is described in the Experimental Section. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of the Si solar cell surface is exhibited in Figure 1 c, indicating that the surface is micropyramidal with a size range of 1–10 µm. The superhydro-phobic polytetrafl uoroethylene (PTFE) thin fi lm was fabricated by using a homemade porous anodic Al oxide (AAO) template. Figure 1 d shows an SEM image of the prepared PTFE fi lm, where the surface of the PTFE fi lm is composed of high-density nanorods, which will contain trapped air to reduce the actual contact area between the surface and water, contributing to the superhydrophobicity. [ 24 ] An apparent contact angle of 155° of the fabricated PTFE fi lm is shown in Figure 1 e, confi rming that the surface is superhydrophobic (>150°). [ 25 ]

To examine the feasibility of the dual-mode TENG as a pro-tection layer on solar cell surface, we fi rst test the spectra trans-mittance of the dual-mode TENG. Figure S1a (Supporting Information) shows the spectra transmittance comparison of the dual-mode TENG with a 3 mm thick conventional glass, indicating that the fabricated dual-mode TENG is slightly more transparent than the conventional glass that is commercially used in industry in the visible light region. The J – V curves of fabricated Si solar cell integrated with the dual-mode TENG and conventional glass are also measured, respectively, as displayed in Figure S1b (Supporting Information). Under a solar light irradiation (100 mW cm −2 ), the short-circuit current density ( J sc ) of the hybrid cell is slightly higher than that of the traditional solar cell panel, revealing that the dual-mode TENG will not affect the function of the solar cell compared with the traditional ones. Moreover, the superhydrophobicity of PTFE thin fi lm in water TENG can also render a self-cleaning property of the solar cell surface, which could keep the surface from dust in the air and always provide a transparent protection layer, maintaining the standard working effi ciency of the hybridized power panel.

The fundamental working principle of dual-mode TENG is based on a sequential process of contact electrifi cation and elec-trostatic induction, [ 26 ] which can be depicted separately as a water TENG ( Figure 2 a) and a contact TENG (Figure 2 b). To apply this technique in real life and achieve high energy conversion effi ciency, the water TENG and contact TENG are operated in single-electrode and dual-electrode mode, respectively. Previous studies have pointed out that contact electrifi cation of water with pipe/air can cause triboelectric charges in water, [ 27,28 ] and the polarity of the triboelectric charge in water depends on the mate-rial that the water contact with. [ 22 ] For simplifi cation, several ran-domly falling water drops carrying positive charges are chosen



Figure 1. a) Schematic diagram of the as-fabricated hybridized power panel. b) An enlarged view to illustrate the dual-mode TENG in detail. A PET spacer was used to maintain the gap distance between the nether PTFE fi lm and nylon fi lm, integrating all the parts into a dual-mode TENG. The electricity generated from water TENG and contact TENG can be collected through the output 1 and output 2 of the dual-mode TENG. c) SEM image of the fabricated silicon-based solar cell surface with micro/nanostructured pyramids taken from a tilted view of 20°. d) SEM image of the PTFE thin fi lm with hierarchical micro/nanostructures. e) The apparent contact angle of the PTFE thin fi lm, indicating the fi lm is superhydrophobic.

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here to illustrate the dynamic process of energy transformation. When these randomly positively charged water drops reach the PTFE surface (ii), a positive electric potential difference (EPD) will be established between the ITO electrode of PTFE fi lm and the ground. This causes the electrons to fl ow from the ground to the ITO electrode till the EPD is balanced (iii). Once the charged water drops leave the PTFE fi lm surface, a negative EPD will be formed, forcing the electrons to fl ow from the ITO electrode to the ground (iv), until achieving equilibrium. When charged water drops contact and leave the PTFE fi lm periodically, con-tinuous electric output can be generated from output 1 of this dual-mode TENG. It is worth noting that the magnitude of elec-tric output from output 1 is determined by the charge density on water drop surface, while charge density on water drop surface is affected by different weather conditions.

Meanwhile, the impact force from a water drop as it falls down onto the dual-mode TENG also drives the contact TENG to generate electricity. The impact force will bring the PTFE fi lm into contact with the nylon fi lm, and then surface charge transfer takes place at the contact area due to triboelec-tric effect. According to the triboelectric series, electrons are injected from nylon to PTFE fi lm, resulting in net negative charges at PTFE surface and net positive charges at nylon sur-face. [ 29–31 ] Since they are only confi ned at the surfaces, charges with opposite signs coincide at almost the same plane, gener-ating no EPD between the two corresponding ITO electrodes. [ 26 ] As the water drop leaves the dual-mode TENG, the contacted surfaces are separated due to their own elastic resilience, then a negative EPD between the ITO electrode 1 and ITO electrode 2 (vii). This causes the electrons to fl ow from the ITO electrode 1 to ITO electrode 2, fi nally reaching equilibrium (viii). Once another charged water drop falls on the dual-mode TENG and makes the PTFE fi lm contact with nylon fi lm again, a negative

EPD between ITO electrode 1 and ITO electrode 2 will be estab-lished, driving electrons fl ow from ITO electrode 2 to ITO elec-trode 1 (ix), until reaching another equilibrium (vi). [ 22 ] When water drops fall down and leave the dual-mode TENG periodi-cally, an AC output will be generated from the contact TENG. As for wind contact TENG working mechanism, it is exactly the same with water contact TENG except for the driving force, i.e., one is the impact force from water drops, and the other is the impact force from wind.

It is essential to investigate the performance of dual-mode TENG for harvesting energy from natural raindrop and ambient wind. Here, we used water drops sprayed from a shower which is connected to a household faucet to simulate raindrops. The distance between the outlet of water drops and the dual-mode TENG surface is around 40 cm, and the water dripping rate was controlled at a rate of 13.6 mL s −1 . The incident angle between water dripping direction and TENG surface was set at 45°. [ 11 ] The typical output of J sc and V oc curves generated from output 1 and output 2 of dual-mode TENG impacted by water drops is dis-played in Figure 3 , where the values of J sc and V oc of water TENG and water contact TENG are 3.5 (Figure 3 a) and 9.8 mA m −2 (Figure 3 d) and 17.5 (Figure 3 b) and 27.2 V (Figure 3 e), respec-tively. Due to the fact that when countless water drops fall ran-domly on the PTFE fi lm surface, not all the drops can reach or leave the PTFE fi lm simultaneously, thus the curves of output voltage and current exhibit random fl uctuating characteristics. Under the same experimental conditions, when we used a hydrophilic nylon fi lm to replace the nanostructured PTFE fi lm, the output J sc of water TENG decreased sharply (Figure S2, Supporting Information), indicating that the superhydro-phobic surface of PTFE fi lm plays a critical role in prompting the removal of the water drops from TENG surface and can enhance the electric output of water TENG.



Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the working mechanism of the a) water TENG and b) contact TENG for rain and wind energy harvesting. (ii) When several positively charged water drops contact the hydrophobic PTFE surface, (iii) a positive electric potential difference will be formed and causes the electron to fl ow from the ground to the ITO electrode, fi nally reaching equilibrium. (iv) Once the charged water drops leave the PTFE surface, a negative electric potential difference will be formed and forces the electrons to fl ow from the ITO electrode to the ground, until reaching another equilibrium. (vi) On the other hand, the impact force from the water drops also makes the nether PTFE fi lm contact with nylon fi lm, causing the PTFE and nylon fi lm charged surfaces. (vii) As the water drops leave, the contacted surfaces are separated due to their own elastic resilience, then a negative electric potential difference between the upper and nether ITO electrodes will be established. (viii) This causes the electrons to fl ow from the nether ITO elec-trode to upper ITO electrode, fi nally reaching equilibrium. (ix) When water drops fall again and make the PTFE fi lm contact the nylon fi lm, a positive EPD will be established and forces the electrons to fl ow from the upper ITO electrode to the ITO electrode, (vi) until reaching another equilibrium. As for wind contact TENG working mechanism, it is exactly the same with water contact TENG except for the driving force.

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On the other hand, when the dual-mode TENG is blown by the natural wind, it will also cause the random contact and sep-aration of the PTFE fi lm with nylon fi lm, which then generate continuous electrical output. To reveal the relationship between the output of wind contact TENG and wind speed numeri-cally and perform this experiment in an easy way, we used a wind faucet in our lab to simulate the natural wind and fan the dual-mode TENG, where the wind speed can be controlled by a rotary knob and can be tested by an anemometer (Figure S3, Supporting Information). Under a speed of 2.7 m s −1 which is a very usual wind speed in our daily life, the basic output J sc and V oc values of wind contact TENG are 3.1 mA m −2 and 10.7 V, respectively, as shown in Figure 3 g,h. With the increase of wind speed, the output of wind contact TENG will also increase, which will be investigated in detail in the following part of this paper.

To comprehensively characterize the demonstrated dual-mode TENG as a power source, resistors were utilized as external loads to measure the output voltage, current, and power

of the dual-mode TENG. As displayed in Figure S4 (Supporting Information), the current amplitude drops with increasing load resistance owing to the ohmic loss, while the voltage follows a reverse trend. As a result, the average power density gener-ated from output 1 and output 2 of dual-mode TENG remains small with the resistance below 0.01 MΩ and achieves the max-imum values of 6 mW m −2 (Figure 3 c), 86 mW m −2 (Figure 3 f), and 8 mW m −2 (Figure 3 i) at a resistance of 5, 0.2, and 1 MΩ, respectively.

The reported hybridized power panel can harvest solar, rain, and wind energy simultaneously or individually when either of them is available in the ambient environment, and this is a very benefi cial compensation for solar energy harvesting itself. In sunny or cloudy days, the as-fabricated hybrid cell can harvest solar and wind energy simultaneously. Figure 4 a shows that the output voltage of the Si solar cell under a light intensity of 100 mW cm −2 is around 0.6 V, while the output voltage of hybrid cell driven by sunlight and wind at speed of 2.7 m s −1 reaches nearly 11 V, where the solar cell and wind



Figure 3. Generated a) J sc and b) V oc from output 1 of dual-mode TENG by water-PTFE electrifi cation effects. Generated d) J sc and e) V oc from output 2 of dual-mode TENG under the impact of water drops from a shower connected with household faucet, where the dripping rate of water was set at 13.6 mL s −1 , and the distance between the dual-mode TENG and the shower was 40 cm. Generated g) J sc and h) V oc from output 2 of dual-mode TENG under the impact of wind blew from a wind faucet, where the wind speed is at 2.7 m s −1 . c,f,i) Dependence of average power density from output 1 and output 2 of dual-mode TENG on the resistance of the external load.

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contact TENG are connected in series after rectifi ed by a full wave bridge circuit. The output current density of wind con-tact TENG is 3.1 mA m −2 , while the J sc of hybrid cell where the solar cell and wind contact TENG are connected in parallel is 25.9 mA cm −2 (see Figure 4 b), respectively. Compared with the J sc from solar cell under a full sun condition, although the J sc from wind contact TENG is relatively small, it is a good com-pensation for solar energy harvesting. However, always under a full sun is a realistic case because all of the solar cell panels have to be under normal sunlight at various weather conditions. In cloudy days, due to the great decrease of sunlight, the J sc from wind contact TENG is approaching to the value of J sc from solar cell and probably surpass it at night. And in addition, wind con-tact TENG can provide much higher output voltage than solar cell, and this is also useful in some real applications.

In rainy days, due to the dimness of sunlight, the function-ality of solar cell is greatly depressed. But there are countless raindrops, and more importantly, the raindrops carry energies, i.e., the electrostatic energy gained from the contact with air/particles and the mechanical energy gained from gravitational force when falling in sky. In such circumstance, though the output of solar cell part is relatively small, our hybridized power panel can harvest both the raindrop electrostatic and mechan-ical energy using a dual-mode TENG, which is very meaningful for natural energy harvesting, especially in raining seasons. [ 32 ] In this experiment, we used water drops sprayed from a house-hold shower to measure the output voltage and output current

of the water TENG, water contact TENG, and dual-mode TENG driven by water drops at a dripping rate of 13.6 mL s −1 . From Figure 4 c,d, we can see that both the output voltage and output current density of the water contact TENG are much higher than the water TENG itself, and this is due to a fact that the traditional contact electrifi cation between two different dry materials is much stronger than water–solid triboelectric effect. By integrating the two outputs together, the hybridized power panel provides much higher output voltage and current density than either of the two working modes of the dual-mode TENG (Figure 4 c,d), indicating a higher effi ciency in harvesting rain-drop energy.

For practical applications in driving LEDs or charging a capacitor, the electrical outputs of the water TENG and the water contact TENG are connected in parallel through a full-wave bridge. As the dual-mode TENG is driven by water drops at a dripping rate of 20 mL s −1 , ten commercial green LEDs are lighted up by the water TENG and 20 LEDs are lighted up by water contact TENG, respectively, as shown in Figure 5 a. Com-bined with solar cell, 50 LEDs can be lighted up by the hybrid-ized power panel driven by water drops under room light con-ditions. The dual-mode TENG is also demonstrated to charge a capacitor of 3.3 µF at a water dripping rate of 20 mL s −1 . As shown in Figure 5 b, it takes 59 and 6.5 s to charge the capacitor to a voltage of 7 V by the water TENG and water contact TENG, respectively. The output power of contact TENG is much more effi cient compared with the single water TENG under the same



Figure 4. a) Output voltage of solar cell, and the hybridized power panel driven by wind at a speed of 2.7 m s −1 (solar cell and wind contact TENG in series) under a full sun condition. Inset shows the corresponding magnifi ed curve of output voltage of solar cell. b) Output current density of wind contact TENG driven by wind at a speed of 2.7 m s −1 and the hybridized power panel (solar cell and wind contact TENG in parallel). Insets show the corresponding magnifi ed curve of J sc of wind contact TENG. c) Output voltage of water TENG, water contact TENG, and dual-mode TENG driven by water drops (output 1 and output 2 in series). d) Output current density of water TENG, water contact TENG, and dual-mode TENG impacted by water drops at a dripping rate of 13.6 mL s −1 (output 1 and output 2 in parallel).

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experimental conditions. When using the dual-mode TENG, it takes 4.5 s to charge the capacitor to a voltage of 7 V. As for the comparison of the output voltage performance between solar cell and dual-mode TENG, the fabricated solar cell under a light illumination of 100 mW cm −2 was fi rst used to charge the capacitor to a maximum of 0.6 V due to its upper voltage limit. Then the rectifi ed dual-mode TENG was used to charge the same capacitor, it took 39 s to charge the capacitor to a voltage of 19 V and the corresponding curves are displayed in Figure 5 c. The comparison results indicate that the hybridized power panel can compensate the lower voltage output of the solar cell itself.

Since the contact mode of TENG can also be driven by wind, the hybridized power panel can generate electricity from nat-ural wind in the environment, which will further expand its applications. Here, we used the wind from a faucet with various speeds to drive the contact TENG, and the measured J sc curve of the dual-mode TENG driven by wind at different speeds is shown in Figure 6 a. Driven by the wind at a speed of 1.7 m s −1 , a common speed in our daily life, the output J sc of dual-mode TENG reaches 1.3 mA m −2 . With the increase of the wind speeds, the output J sc values were remarkably increased. The dependences of J sc values of the dual-mode TENG on the wind speed are shown in Figure 6 b, in which the J sc values increase

almost linearly with the wind speed till a saturated value of 9.2 mA m −2 is reached under a speed of 4.9 m s −1 . This linear increasing trend can also be calibrated as a self-powered sensor for natural wind speed monitoring.

3. Conclusion

In summary, we reported a hybridized power panel to generate electricity from solar, raindrops, and wind. By hybridizing a transparent dual-mode TENG with a common solar cell, the hybridized power panel can simultaneously/individually harvest solar, raindrop, and wind energy in various weather conditions around the clock. Without compromising the output perfor-mance of the original solar cell itself, the presented hybrid cell can, respectively, deliver an average output of 86 mW m −2 from the dripping water drops at a rate of 13.6 mL s −1 , and an average output of 8 mW m −2 at a wind speed of 2.7 m s −1 . This creative hybridization greatly expanded the device working time com-pared with the commonly used solar cell, playing an important and compensative role in the current fi eld of solar energy har-vesting. Given its exceptional properties of being cost-effective, easy fabrication, greatly expanded working time, and unique applicability resulting from distinctive device structure, the



Figure 5. a) The photograph of 50 commercial LED bulbs driven by the hybridized power panel (10 LEDs lighted by water TENG, 20 LEDs by water contact TENG at a dripping rate of 20 mL s −1 , and 20 LEDs by solar cell). b) The measured voltage curves of a 3.3 µF capacitor charged by water TENG, water contact TENG, and dual-mode TENG, separately. c) The measured voltage curve of a 3.3 µF capacitor charged by the solar cell and dual-mode TENG impacted by water drops consequently.

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hybridized power panel is a practical approach for higher effi -ciency ambient energy harvesting with lower production cost per watt. Additionally, the concepts and demonstrations in this work can be immediately and extensively adopted in the real industrial fi eld of solar energy harvesting, and come into effect in improving our way of living.

4. Experimental Section Fabrication of Si Solar Cell with Micropyramids : A 300 µm thick, single-

crystal, p-type fl oat-zone substrate was used as Si substrate, then the Si wafer was etched by KOH solution to form textured surface. After cleaning, the wafer was followed by POCl 3 diffusion to form n + emitters, where a diffusion temperature of 1133 K was used to obtain a 65 Ω sq –1 emitter. Via a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition reactor, the wafer was then coated with 80 nm SiN fi lm, which serves as a passivation and antirefl ection coating layer. After that, an Al paste was screen-printed on the backside of the Si substrate and dried at 473 K. Ag grids were then screen-printed on top of the Si substrate, followed by cofi ring of both the Ag and Al contacts. At last, an ITO top electrode was coated by PVD 75 RF sputter.

Fabrication of the Hydrophobic PTFE Film : First, microstructures were fabricated by blasting an Al foil with sand particles using compressed air. The sand-blasted Al foil was further anodized in a 0.3 M oxalic acid solution to obtain an AAO template with nanometer-sized holes. Then after using a self-assembled monolayer of an HDFS to lower the surface energy of the AAO template, PTFE solution was poured into the AAO template, and a conventional vacuum process was applied to remove the air remaining in the nanoholes. After curing at the ambient temperature for a whole day, the solvent was evaporated and left a PTFE thin fi lm with hierarchical nanostructures. Finally, the PTFE thin fi lm was peeled off from the AAO template by using a transparent double-sided tape.

Fabrication of Hybrid Cell : A thin layer of ITO was deposited on the fabricated superhydrophobic PTFE fi lm as electrode by the e-beam evaporation to form a water TENG. Meanwhile, a piece of commercial PTFE fi lm with thickness of 25 µm and a piece of nylon fi lm was deposited with ITO by e-beam evaporation as electrodes, respectively. Then the PTFE and nylon fi lm with ITO electrodes outside are integrated by a PET spacer to form a contact TENG. A thin layer of PDMS mixture with elastomer and cross-linker (Sylgard 184, Dow Corning) mixed in a 10:1 mass ratio was used to agglutinate the water TENG and contact TENG together to form a dual-mode TENG. Then the fabricated dual-mode TENG was put on the surface of Si-based solar cell. Finally, some PDMS mixture and epoxy was used to seal all the electrodes of the device to prevent the device from water and natural corrosions.

Measurement of Hybrid Cell : The solar cell effi ciency was characterized under the light illumination intensity of 100 mW cm −2 . The J – V curves of Si-based solar cell integrated with conventional glass and dual-mode TENG were measured by using a Keithley 4200 semiconductor characterization system, respectively. The spectra transmittance of 3 mm thick glass and dual-mode TENG were measured by a UV–vis spectrophotometer (V-630). The current meter (SR570 low noise current amplifi er, Stanford Research System) and voltage meter (Keithley 6514 System Electrometer) were used to measure the electric outputs of the water TENG, water contact TENG, and wind contact TENG.

Supporting Information Supporting Information is available from the Wiley Online Library or from the author.

Acknowledgements L.Z., G.C., and J.C. contributed equally to this work. This work was supported by U.S. Department of Energy, Offi ce of Basic Energy Sciences (Award No. DE-FG02-07ER46394), the Hightower Chair foundation, Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (13YZ104), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 11204172, 11374204), and the “Thousands Talents” program for pioneer researcher and his innovation team, China, Beijing City Committee of Science and Technology (Z131100006013004, Z131100006013005).

Received: June 10, 2015 Published online:

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