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![Page 1: A honey bee makes several trips from the hive to a flower garden. What is the total distance traveled by the bee? 200ft 100ft 700 feet 7.1 Integrals as.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ebc5503460f94bc586a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
ft
min
minutes
A honey bee makes several trips from the hive to a flower garden. What is the total distance traveled by the bee?
200ft
200ft
200ft
100ft
200 200 200 100 700
700 feet
7.1 Integrals as Net Change
![Page 2: A honey bee makes several trips from the hive to a flower garden. What is the total distance traveled by the bee? 200ft 100ft 700 feet 7.1 Integrals as.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ebc5503460f94bc586a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
ft
min
minutes
What is the displacement of the bee?
200ft
-200ft
200ft
-100ft
200 200 200 100 100 100 feet towards the hive
7.1 Integrals as Net Change
![Page 3: A honey bee makes several trips from the hive to a flower garden. What is the total distance traveled by the bee? 200ft 100ft 700 feet 7.1 Integrals as.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ebc5503460f94bc586a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
To find the displacement (position shift) from the velocity function, we just integrate the function. The negative areas below the x-axis subtract from the total displacement.
Displacementb
aV t dt
7.1 Integrals as Net Change
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Distance Traveledb
aV t dt
To find distance traveled we have to use absolute value.
Find the roots of the velocity equation and integrate in pieces, just like when we found the area between a curve and the x-axis. (Take the absolute value of each integral.)
Or you can use your calculator to integrate the absolute value of the velocity function.
7.1 Integrals as Net Change
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velocity graph
position graph
1
2
1
2
1
2
Displacement:1 1
1 2 12 2
Distance Traveled:1 1
1 2 42 2
7.1 Integrals as Net Change
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In the linear motion equation:
dSV t
dt V(t) is a function of time.
For a very small change in time, V(t) can be considered a constant.
dS V t dt
S V t t We add up all the small changes in S to get the total distance.
1 2 3S V t V t V t 1 2 3S V V V t
7.1 Integrals as Net Change
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S V t t We add up all the small changes in S to get the total distance.
1 2 3S V t V t V t
1 2 3S V V V t
1
k
nn
S V t
1n
n
S V t
S V t dt
As the number of subintervals becomes infinitely large (and the width becomes infinitely small), we have integration.
7.1 Integrals as Net Change
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7.1 Integrals as Net Change
Let v(t) = 2t3 – 14t2 + 20t, Determine when theparticle is moving to the right, left, and stopped. Find the particle’s distance and displacement after 3 seconds.
•v(t) = 2t3 – 14t2 + 20t•v(t) = 2t(t2 – 7t + 10)•v(t) = 2t(t – 2)(t – 5)
0 2 5
0 ++0 ------- 0 +++++
•Right (0,2) U (5, )•Left (2,5)•Stopped t = 0, 2s, 5s
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7.1 Integrals as Net Change
Let v(t) = 2t3 – 14t2 + 20t, Determine when theparticle is moving to the right, left, and stopped. Find the particle’s distance and displacement after 3 seconds.
2
0
23 )20142( dtttt 3
2
23 )20142( dtttt
6
37
3
32u
6
101
3
0
23 )20142( dtttt
u2
9
![Page 10: A honey bee makes several trips from the hive to a flower garden. What is the total distance traveled by the bee? 200ft 100ft 700 feet 7.1 Integrals as.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ebc5503460f94bc586a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
This same technique is used in many different real-life problems.
7.1 Integrals as Net Change
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National Potato ConsumptionThe rate of potato consumption for a particular country was:
2.2 1.1tC t
where t is the number of years since 1970 and C is in millions of bushels per year.
For a small , the rate of consumption is constant.tThe amount consumed during that short time is . C t t
7.1 Integrals as Net Change
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2.2 1.1tC t The amount consumed during that short time is . C t t
We add up all these small amounts to get the total consumption:
total consumption C t dt
4
22.2 1.1tdt
4
2
12.2 1.1
ln1.1tt
From the beginning of 1972 to the end of 1973:
7.066 million bushels
7.1 Integrals as Net Change
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Work:
work force distance
Calculating the work is easy when the force and distance are constant.
When the amount of force varies, we get to use calculus!
7.1 Integrals as Net Change
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Hooke’s law for springs: F kx
x = distance that the spring is extended beyond its natural length
k = spring constant
7.1 Integrals as Net Change
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Hooke’s law for springs: F kxIt takes 10 Newtons to stretch a spring 2 meters beyond its natural length.
F=10 N
x=2 M
10 2k
5 k 5F x
How much work is done stretching the spring to 4 meters beyond its natural length?
7.1 Integrals as Net Change
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F(x)
x=4 M
How much work is done stretching the spring to 4 meters beyond its natural length?For a very small change in x, the force is constant.
dw F x dx
5 dw x dx
5 dw x dx 4
05 W x dx
42
0
5
2W x
40W newton-meters
40W joules
5F x x
7.1 Integrals as Net Change
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21 2y x
2y x
How can we find the area between these two curves?
We could and figure it out, but there is split the area into several sections, use subtraction an easier way.
7.2 Areas in the Plane
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21 2y x
2y x
Consider a very thin vertical strip.
The length of the strip is:
1 2y y or 22 x x
Since the width of the strip is a very small change in x, we could call it dx.
7.2 Areas in the Plane
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21 2y x
2y x
1y
2y
1 2y ydx
Since the strip is a long thin rectangle, the area of the strip is:
2length width 2 x x dx
If we add all the strips, we get:2 2
12 x x dx
7.2 Areas in the Plane
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21 2y x
2y x
2 2
12 x x dx
23 2
1
1 12
3 2x x x
8 1 14 2 2
3 3 2
8 1 16 2
3 3 2
36 16 12 2 3
6
27
6
9
2
7.2 Areas in the Plane
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The formula for the area between curves is:
1 2Areab
af x f x dx
We will use this so much, that you won’t need to “memorize” the formula!
7.2 Areas in the Plane
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y x
2y x
y x
2y x
If we try vertical strips, we have to integrate in two parts:
dx
dx
2 4
0 2 2x dx x x dx
We can find the same area using a horizontal strip.
dy
Since the width of the strip is dy, we find the length of the
strip by solving for x in terms
of y.
y x 2y x2y x 2y x
7.2 Areas in the Plane
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y x
2y x
We can find the same area using a horizontal strip.
dySince the width of the strip is dy, we find the length of the
strip by solving for x in terms
of y.y x2y x
2y x
2y x
2 2
02 y y dy
length of strip width of strip
22 3
0
1 12
2 3y y y 8
2 43
10
3
7.2 Areas in the Plane
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1
Decide on vertical or horizontal strips. (Pick whichever is easier to write formulas for the length of the strip, and/or whichever will let you integrate fewer times.)
Sketch the curves.
2
3 Write an expression for the area of the strip.(If the width is dx,
the length must be in terms of x.If the width is dy, the length
must be in terms of y.
4 Find the limits of integration. (If using dx, the limits are x
values; if using dy, the limits are y values.)
5 Integrate to find area.
7.2 Areas in the Plane
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33
3
Find the volume of the pyramid:
Consider a horizontal slice through the pyramid.The volume of the slice is s2dh.
If we put zero at the top of the pyramid and make down the positive direction, then s=h.
7.3 Volumes
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sdh
0
3
h
2sliceV h dh
3 2
0V h dh
33
0
1
3h 9
This correlates with the formula:1
3V Bh
19 3
3 9
7.3 Volumes
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7.3 Volumes
Definition: Volume of a Solid
The volume of a solid with known integrable cross section area A(x) from x = a to x = b is the integral of A from a to b,
b
adxxAV )(
![Page 28: A honey bee makes several trips from the hive to a flower garden. What is the total distance traveled by the bee? 200ft 100ft 700 feet 7.1 Integrals as.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ebc5503460f94bc586a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Method of Slicing (p384):
1
Find a formula for V(x).(Note that V(x) is used instead of A(x).)
Sketch the solid and a typical cross section.
2
3 Find the limits of integration.
4 Integrate V(x) to find volume.
7.3 Volumes
![Page 29: A honey bee makes several trips from the hive to a flower garden. What is the total distance traveled by the bee? 200ft 100ft 700 feet 7.1 Integrals as.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ebc5503460f94bc586a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
xy
A 45o wedge is cut from a cylinder of radius 3 as shown.
Find the volume of the wedge.
You could slice this wedge shape several ways, but the simplest cross section is a rectangle.
7.3 Volumes
![Page 30: A honey bee makes several trips from the hive to a flower garden. What is the total distance traveled by the bee? 200ft 100ft 700 feet 7.1 Integrals as.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ebc5503460f94bc586a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
xy
If we let h equal the height of the slice then the volume of the slice is: 2V x y h dx
Since the wedge is cut at a 45o angle:x
h45o h x
Since 2 2 9x y 29y x
7.3 Volumes
![Page 31: A honey bee makes several trips from the hive to a flower garden. What is the total distance traveled by the bee? 200ft 100ft 700 feet 7.1 Integrals as.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ebc5503460f94bc586a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
xy
2V x y h dx h x
29y x
22 9V x x x dx
3 2
02 9V x x dx
29u x 2 du x dx
0 9u 3 0u
10
2
9V u du
93
2
0
2
3u
227
3 18
Even though we started with a cylinder, p does not enter the calculation!
7.3 Volumes
![Page 32: A honey bee makes several trips from the hive to a flower garden. What is the total distance traveled by the bee? 200ft 100ft 700 feet 7.1 Integrals as.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ebc5503460f94bc586a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Cavalieri’s Theorem: Two solids with equal altitudes and identical parallel cross sections have the same volume.
Identical Cross Sections
7.3 Volumes
![Page 33: A honey bee makes several trips from the hive to a flower garden. What is the total distance traveled by the bee? 200ft 100ft 700 feet 7.1 Integrals as.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ebc5503460f94bc586a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
y x Suppose I start with this curve.
My boss at the ACME Rocket Company has assigned me to build a nose cone in this shape.
So I put a piece of wood in a lathe and turn it to a shape to match the curve.
7.3 Volumes
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y x How could we find the volume of the cone?
One way would be to cut it into a series of thin slices (flat cylinders) and add their volumes.The volume of each flat cylinder (disk) is:
2 the thicknessr
r= the y value of the function
2
x dx
7.3 Volumes
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y x The volume of each flat cylinder (disk) is:
2 the thicknessr
If we add the volumes, we get:
24
0x dx
4
0 x dx
42
02x
8
2
x dx
7.3 Volumes
![Page 36: A honey bee makes several trips from the hive to a flower garden. What is the total distance traveled by the bee? 200ft 100ft 700 feet 7.1 Integrals as.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ebc5503460f94bc586a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
This application of the method of slicing is called the disk method. The shape of the slice is a disk, so we use the formula for the area of a circle to find the volume of the disk.
7.3 Volumes
A shape rotated about the x-axis would be: b
adxxfv 2)(
A shape rotated about the y-axis would be: d
cdyyfv 2)(
![Page 37: A honey bee makes several trips from the hive to a flower garden. What is the total distance traveled by the bee? 200ft 100ft 700 feet 7.1 Integrals as.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649ebc5503460f94bc586a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
The region between the curve , and the
y-axis is revolved about the y-axis. Find the volume.
1 4y
y x
1 1
2
3
4
1.707
2
1.577
3
1
2
We use a horizontal disk.
dy
The thickness is dy.The radius is the x value of the function .1
y
24
1
1 V dy
y
4
1
1 dy
y
4
1ln y ln 4 ln1
0 2ln 2 2 ln 2
7.3 Volumes
yx
1
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The region bounded by and is revolved about the y-axis.Find the volume.
2y x 2y x
The “disk” now has a hole in it, making it a “washer”.
If we use a horizontal slice:
The volume of the washer is: 2 2 thicknessR r
2y x
2
yx
2y x
y x
2y x
2y x
7.3 Volumes
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The volume of the washer is:
2 2 thicknessR r
2 2R r dy
outerradius
innerradius
2y x
2
yx
2y x
y x
2y x
2y x
2
24
0 2
yV y dy
4 2
0
1
4V y y dy
4 2
0
1
4V y y dy
42 3
0
1 1
2 12y y
168
3
8
3
7.3 Volumes
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This application of the method of slicing is called the washer method. The shape of the slice is a circle with a hole in it, so we subtract the area of the inner circle from the area of the outer circle.
The washer method formula is: 2 2 b
aV R r dx
7.3 Volumes
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2y xIf the same region is rotated about the line x=2:
2y x
The outer radius is:
22
yR
R The inner radius is:
2r y
r
2y x
2
yx
2y x
y x
7.3 Volumes
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2y x
2y x
R
r
2y x
2
yx
2y x
y x
4 2 2
0V R r dy
2
24
02 2
2
yy dy
24
04 2 4 4
4
yy y y dy
24
04 2 4 4
4
yy y y dy
14 2 2
0
13 4
4y y y dy
432 3 2
0
3 1 8
2 12 3y y y
16 6424
3 3
8
3
7.3 Volumes
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Find the volume of the region bounded by , , and revolved about the y-axis.
2 1y x 2x 0y 2 1y x
We can use the washer method if we split it into two parts:
25 2 2
12 1 2 1y dy
21y x
1x y
outerradius
innerradius
thicknessof slice
cylinder
5
14 1 4y dy
5
15 4y dy
52
1
15 4
2y y
25 125 5 4
2 2
25 94
2 2
164
2
8 4 12
7.3 Volumes
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If we take a vertical slice and revolve it about the y-axiswe get a cylinder.
cross section
If we add all of the cylinders together, we can reconstruct the original object.
2 1y x Here is another way we could approach this problem:
7.3 Volumes
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cross section
The volume of a thin, hollow cylinder is given by:Lateral surface area of cylinder thickness
r is the x value of the function.
circumference height thickness
h is the y value of the function.
thickness is dx.
2 1y x
7.3 Volumes
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=2 thicknessr h
2=2 1 x x dx
r hthicknesscircumference
If we add all the cylinders from the smallest to the largest:
2 2
02 1 x x dx
2 3
02 x x dx
24 2
0
1 12
4 2x x
2 4 2 12
This is called the shell method because we use cylindrical shells.
2 1y x
7.3 Volumes
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Definition: Volume of a Solid Shell MethodThe volume of a solid rotated about the y-axis is
b
adxxfxV )(2
7.3 Volumes
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Definition: Volume of a Solid Shell MethodThe volume of a solid rotated about the x-axis is
b
adyyfyV )(2
7.3 Volumes
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2410 16
9y x x
Find the volume generated when this shape is revolved about the y-axis.
We can’t solve for x, so we can’t use a horizontal slice directly.
7.3 Volumes
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2410 16
9y x x
Shell method:
Lateral surface area of cylinder=circumference height=2 r h
Volume of thin cylinder 2 r h dx
If we take a vertical sliceand revolve it about the y-axiswe get a cylinder.
7.3 Volumes
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2410 16
9y x x Volume of thin cylinder 2 r h dx
8 2
2
42 10 16
9x x x dx r
h thickness
160
3502.655 cmcircumference
7.3 Volumes
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When the strip is parallel to the axis of rotation, use the shell method.
When the strip is perpendicular to the axis of rotation, use the washer method.
7.3 Volumes
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ds
dx
dy By the Pythagorean Theorem:
2 2 2ds dx dy
2 2ds dx dy
2 2ds dx dy We need to get dx out from under the radical.
2 22
2 2
dx dyS dx
dx dx
2
21
dyL dx
dx
2
1 b
a
dyL dx
dx
Length of Curve (Cartesian)
7.4 Lengths of Curves
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2
1 b
a
dyL dx
dx
d
cdy
dy
dxL
2
1
if y is a smooth function on [a,b]
if x is a smooth function on [c,d]
Definition Arc Length: Length of a Smooth CurveIf a smooth curve begins at (a,c) and ends at (b,d), a < cand b < d, then the length (arc length) of the curve is
7.4 Lengths of Curves
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2 9y x 0 3x
2 9y x
2dy
xdx
23
01
dyL dx
dx
3 2
01 2 L x dx
3 2
01 4 L x dx
ln 37 6 3 37
4 2L
9.74708875861
7.4 Lengths of Curves
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ln 37 6 3 37
4 2L
9.74708875861
2 2 29 3 C 281 9 C
290 C
9.49C
The curve should be a little longer than the straight line, so our answer seems reasonable.
If we check the length of a straight line:
7.4 Lengths of Curves
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2 2 1x y 2 21y x
21y x
21
11
dyL dx
dx
3.1415926536
7.4 Lengths of Curves
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If you have an equation that is easier to solve for x than for y, the length of the curve can be found the same way.
2x y 0 3y
23
01
dxL dy
dy
9.74708875861
Notice that x and y are reversed.
7.4 Lengths of Curves
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Surface Area:
ds
r
Consider a curve rotated about the x-axis:
The surface area of this band is: 2 r ds
The radius is the y-value of the function, so the whole area is given by:
2 b
ay ds
This is the same ds that we had in the “length of curve” formula, so the formula becomes:
7.4 Lengths of Curves
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Surface Area:
ds
r
Surface Area about x-axis (Cartesian):
2
2 1 b
a
dyS y dx
dx
To rotate about the y-axis, just reverse x and y in the formula!
7.4 Lengths of Curves
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44
3y x
Rotate about the y-axis.
44
3y x
33
4y x
33
4x y
3
4
dx
dy
7.4 Lengths of Curves
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3
4
dx
dy
24
0
3 32 3 1
4 4S y dy
4
0
3 252 3
4 16y dy
4
0
3 52 3
4 4y dy
4
2
0
5 33
2 8y y
56 12
2
56
2 15
33
4x y
7.4 Lengths of Curves
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44
3y x Rotate
about the y-axis.
3
4
dx
dy
15s . .S A rs
3 5
15
From geometry:
7.4 Lengths of Curves
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Example: y x rotated about x-axis.
29
02 1
dyS y dx
dx
117.319
7.4 Lengths of Curves
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Example:
2 21y x 21y x
12.5663706144
Check:
rotated about x-axis.2 2 1x y 2
1
12 1
dyS y dx
dx
3. . 4S A r4
12.5663706144
7.4 Lengths of Curves
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A spring has a natural length of 1 m.
A force of 24 N stretches the spring to
1.8 m.
a Find k: F kx 24 .8k
30 k 30F x
b How much work would be needed to stretch the spring 3m beyond its natural length?
b
aW F x dx
3
030 W x dx
32
015W x
135 newton-metersW
7.5 Applications
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Over a very short distance, even a non-constant force
doesn’t change much, so work becomes: F x dx
If we add up all these small bits of work we get:
b
aW F x dx
7.5 Applications
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A leaky 5 lb bucket is raised 20 feet
The rope weights 0.08 lb/ft.
The bucket starts with 2 gal (16 lb) of water and is empty when it just reaches the top.
At 0, 16x F At 20, 0x F
Check:
0
20
7.5 Applications
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Work:
Bucket: 5 lb 20 ft 100 ft-lb Water: The force is proportional to
remaining rope.
2016
20
xF x
5
4 416
5x
At 0, 16x F At 20, 0x F
Check:
0
20
b
aW F x dx
20
0
416 x
5dx
7.5 Applications
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Work:
Bucket:
5 lb 20 ft 100 ft-lb Water:
0
20
20
0
416 x
5W dx
202
0
216
5W x x
22 2016 20
5W
160 ft-lb
7.5 Applications
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Work:
Bucket: 5 lb 20 ft 100 ft-lb Water:
0
20
160 ft-lbW
Rope: 20 0.08F x x
At 0, 1.6 lbx F At 20, 0x F
Check:
20
01.6 .08 W x dx
202
01.6 .04W x x 16 ft-lb
Total: 100 160 16 276 ft-lb
7.5 Applications
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5 ft
10 ft
4 ftI want to pump the water out of this tank. How much work is done?
w FdThe force is the weight of the water. The water at the bottom of the tank must be moved further than the water at the top.
7.5 Applications
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5 ft
10 ft
10
0
4 ft
dx
Consider the work to move one “slab” of water:
weight of slab density volume 262.5 5 dx
1562.5 dx
distance 4x
7.5 Applications
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5 ft
10 ft
10
0
4 ft
dx
w Fd weight of slab density volume 262.5 5 dx
1562.5 dx
distance 4x
work 4 1562.5 x dx
forcedistance
10
04 1562.5 W x dx
7.5 Applications
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5 ft
10 ft
4 ft
10
04 1562.5 W x dx
102
0
11562.5 4
2W x x
1562.5 50 40W
441,786 ft-lbW
A 1 horsepower pump, rated at 550 ft-lb/sec, could empty the tank in just under 14 minutes!
work 4 1562.5 x dx
forcedistance
7.5 Applications
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10 ft
2 ft
10 ftA conical tank is filled to within 2 ft of the top with salad oil weighing 57 lb/ft3.
How much work is required to pump the oil to the rim?
7.5 Applications
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Consider one slice (slab) first:
1
2x y
5,10
10 y
y
x
yW F d
density volume distanceyW
8 2
0
110 57
4W y y dy
yW 572
1
2y dy
10 y2y x
7.5 Applications
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A conical tank if filled to within 2 ft of the top with salad oil weighing 57 lb/ft3.How much work is required to pump the oil to the rim?
1
2x y
5,10
10 y
y
x
8 2
0
110 57
4W y y dy
yW 572
1
2y dy
10 y
2y x8 2 3
0
5710
4W y y dy
843
0
57 10
4 3 4
yW y
7.5 Applications
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10 ft
2 ft
10 ftA conical tank if filled to within 2 ft of the top with salad oil weighing 57 lb/ft3.
How much work is required to pump the oil to the rim?
8 2 3
0
5710
4W y y dy
843
0
57 10
4 3 4
yW y
57 5120 4096
4 3 4W
30,561 ft-lbW
7.5 Applications
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What is the force on the bottom of the aquarium?
3 ft
2 ft
1 ft
Force weight of waterdensity volume
3
lb62.5 2 ft 3 ft 1 ft
ft
375 lb
7.5 Applications
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If we had a 1 ft x 3 ft plate on the bottom of a 2 ft deep wading pool, the force on the plate is equal to the weight of the water above the plate.
3
lb62.5
ft
density
2 ft
depth
pressure
3 ft 1 ft
area
375 lb
All the other water in the pool doesn’t affect the answer!
7.5 Applications
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What is the force on the front face of the aquarium?
3 ft
2 ft
1 ft
Depth (and pressure) are not constant.
If we consider a very thin horizontal strip, the depth doesn’t change much, and neither does the pressure.
7.5 Applications
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3 ft
2 ft1 ft
Depth (and pressure) are not constant.
If we consider a very thin horizontal strip, the depth doesn’t change much, and neither does the pressure.
3 ft
2 ft
2
0
y
dy
62.5 3 yF y dy
densitydepth
area2
062.5 3 F y dy
22
0
187.5
2F y 375 lb
7.5 Applications
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6 ft
3 ft
2 ft
A flat plate is submerged vertically as shown. (It is a window in the shark pool at the city aquarium.)
Find the force on one side of the plate.
Depth of strip: 5 y
Length of strip:
y xx y
2 2x y
Area of strip: 2 y dy
We could have put the origin at the surface, but the math was easier this way.
7.5 Applications
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6 ft
3 ft
2 ftDepth of strip: 5 y
Length of strip:
y xx y
2 2x y
Area of strip: 2 y dy
62.5 5 2 yF y y dy
density depth area
3
062.5 5 2 F y y dy
3 2
0125 5 F y y dy
32 3
0
5 1125
2 3F y y
1687.5 lbF
7.5 Applications
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2 323
68%
95%
99.7%
34%
13.5%
2.35%
Normal Distribution: For many real-life events, a frequency distribution plot appears in the shape of a “normal curve”.
Examples:
heights of 18 yr. old men
standardized test scores
lengths of pregnancies
time for corn to pop
The mean (or ) is in the middle of the curve. The shape of the curve is determined by the standard deviation .
x
“68, 95, 99.7 rule”
7.5 Applications
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2 323
34%
13.5%
2.35%
Normal Distribution:
“68, 95, 99.7 rule”
The area under the curve from a to b represents the probability of an event occurring within that range.
2 2/ 21
2
xf x e
Normal Probability Density Function:(Gaussian curve)
7.5 Applications