A Hodge-podge of Texts !

(Additional 4th Grade Texts)

A Hodge-podge of Texts !

(Additional 4th Grade Texts) !

Table!of!Contents!!The!Fate!of!Steerage! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !!1!

Daily!Mail!Reporter:!Firsthand*Account*of*Titanic*

Disaster*! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !!2!

Building!a!Campfire! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!7!

Almost!in!America! ! ! ! ! ! ! 12!

Ellis!Island! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 13!

The!New!Colossus! ! ! ! ! ! ! 15!

Civil!Rights!Movement!Timeline! ! ! ! 16!

Facts!About!Volcanoes!for!Kids! ! ! ! 17!

The!Story!of!a!Strike! ! ! ! ! ! ! 18!

A!Wild!Ride!During!a!Flash!Flood! ! ! ! 20!

Midas! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 21!

Pandora’s!Box! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 22!

The Fate of Steerage

When the steerage passengers came aboard the Titanic, they only wanted to cross the Atlantic.

These people had sold everything but their soul, to reach America, the ultimate goal.

They were thankful for a room below,

never suspecting the danger of being that low. And on the dreadful night, fifteenth of April,

The great ship met the iceberg’s peril.

No one thought it necessary that the poor be warned, for no one in first class should have to mourn.

Those below were assured nothing was wrong – yet all the lifeboats had already gone.

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Common Core Appendix B: Lazarus, Emma. “The New Colossus.” Favorite Poems Old and New. Edited by Helen Ferris. New York: Doubleday, 1957. (1883)

The New Colossus By Emma Lazarus

Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame

With conquering limbs astride from land to land; Here at our sea-

washed, sunset gates shall stand

A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame

Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name

Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand

Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command The air-bridged

harbor that twin cities frame.

“Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!” cries she With silent lips.

“Give me your tired, your poor,

Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,

The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.

Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me,

I lift my lamp beside the golden door!”

Civil%Rights%Movement%Timeline%%%

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Facts about Volcanoes for Kids 5/17/15 7:54 AM!

Facts about Volcanoes for Kids What is a Volcano? A volcano is a landform (usually a mountain) where molten rock erupts through the surface of the planet. In simple terms, it is a hole in the Earth from which molten rock and gas erupt.

What is the difference between lava and Magma? Magma is liquid rock inside a volcano. Lava is liquid rock (magma) that flows out of a volcano. Fresh lava ranges from 1,300° to 2,200° F (700° to 1,200° C) in temperature and glows red hot to white hot as it flows. How many volcanoes are there in the world? There are around 1,510 active volcanoes in the world. We currently know of 80 or more which are under the oceans. What are the three layers the Earth is made of?

1. Crust – The crust is the outer layer of Earth. It is about 18 miles thick. It is the part we live on.

2. Mantle – The second layer is called the mantle. It is about 1,800 miles thick. 3. Core – The inner layer is called the core.

What causes volcanoes to erupt? The Earth's crust is made up of huge slabs called plates, which fit together like a jigsaw puzzle. These plates sometimes move. Between the Earth's crust and the mantle is a substance called magma which is made of rock and gases. When two plates collide, one section slides on top of the other; the one beneath is pushed down. Magma is squeezed up between two plates. When magma erupts through the earth's surface it is called lava.

What is the Ring of Fire? Over half of the world’s volcanoes arise in a belt around the Pacific Ocean called the Ring of Fire.

http://www.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=4913 Page 3 of 3

The Story of a Strike By Laura Allen | March , 1989 PRINT

One bolt of lightning has enough energy to flash on every lightbulb in your town. How did one strike victim live to tell her story? Thunder rumbled overhead as Gretel Ehrlich crossed her ranch that afternoon, but she wasn't worried. The black stormclouds were a mile away. When a thunderclap scared one of her dogs, she patted him and said everything would be OK. Next thing she knew, Gretel woke up, scratched and bleeding. "I couldn't swallow or talk, and I couldn't move my legs, " she remembers. "The dogs were gone. What had happened? I lifted my head and saw flashes of lightning striking the ground. Then I knew — I had been struck by lightning." Power and Speed Zooming in at more than 160,000 km (100,000 mi) per second, lightning is a speeding stream of electricity in the sky. Lightning gets hotter than the sun, and has the power to cut through steel, start forest fires, and crack trees in half. So how could anyone survive a strike? "Lightning is not good at killing you because it flashes so fast," says Dr. Mary Ann Cooper. "It may not even have time to burn you." Most of the electricity flashes over the skin. Some finds its way into the body -- probably through the eyes, ears, nose, and mouth. "The electricity races in and out faster than you can blink," says Mary Ann. Victims rarely feel the full power of a bolt. Most people who are "struck" actually feel electricity that has passed through the ground or another object. A Shock to the System Still, a split second of electricity, sent through the ground, can do a lot of damage. Here's what lightning did to Gretel:

• THREW HER FAR — "Muscles tighten suddenly and make your body fling itself upward," says Mary Ann. A hard landing gave Gretel cuts, bruises, and broken ribs.

• STOPPED HER HEART AND MADE IT HARD TO BREATHE — Electricity can affect the parts of your brain that control your heart and lungs. "Doctors think my heart stopped, and landing hard started it again," says Gretel. "Being thrown saved my life!"

• TEMPORARILY PARALYZED SOME MUSCLES — When she finally managed to pull herself up, Gretel walked back to her house by lifting up her thighs with her hands.

• BURNED HER — Electricity makes heat — and that heat burned Gretel's skin. The burns ran up and down her body. "Electricity followed the path of her sweat," says Mary Ann. Gretel also felt a painful burn on her back, though there was no mark. Doctors think electricity left her body in that spot, and burned her under the skin.

http://www.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=4913 Page 3 of 3

After the Flash Once home, Gretel just managed to call 911 before she passed out. "I felt terrible — a hundred times worse than if I had the worst flu in the world," she says. Her dogs had been struck too, and had minor cuts and scrapes. "At first they were so spooked that when they smelled my burned skin they ran away from me!" she says. It took a few years for Gretel to recover. Even now, five years later, effects of the accident remain. "Loud, unexpected sounds still frighten me," she says. She's back to riding horses, climbing mountains, and doing ranch work as usual — but now Gretel is extra cautious. "I still climb mountains," says Gretel. "But now I always look out for storms!" Leaping Electricity! Static electricity is the key to any kind of lightning. Static can have two charges: negative and positive. When negative charges build up in one area, and positive charges build up in another, a beam of electricity may shoot across to even things out. ZAP — It's lightning. Here's how static makes both natural, and human-made, lightning: During a storm, water drops in a cloud rub against each other. This friction charges the cloud with static. Negative drops fall to the bottom of the cloud, and positive drops rise. The ground takes on a positive charge. That's enough to send a bolt flying: from cloud to cloud or from cloud to ground. Stop and Think Lightning victims often don't remember being struck. If you were a doctor, how would you be sure that a patient had been struck? !

Adapted from https://eo.ucar.edu/kids/dangerwx/tstorm8.htm

A Wild Ride During a Flash Flood

Story by Susan, Ben, Catie, and Lizzie Foster !!How$would$you$feel$if$you$were$in$this$weather$event?$$Would$you$do$anything$differently$to$make$sure$you$stay$safe?$$!We!saw!a!flash!flood!one!July!when!we!were!on!a!river!trip!with!our!kids,!Catie,!age!12,!and!Lizzie,!age!8,!on!the!Colorado!River.!The!day!started!out!sunny!and!warm.!We!adjusted!our!life!jackets.!Then,!with!two!other!families,!we!launched!two!rafts!and!a!pretty!green!wooden!boat!called!a!dory.!The!morning!hours!were!filled!with!swimming,!water!fights,!and!lazy!floating!on!the!brown!river.!!!Around!noon,!we!stopped!for!a!picnic!lunch.!As!usual,!the!kids!gathered!to!make!mud!castles!on!the!shore.!Clouds!gathered!in!the!sky!overhead.!Thunder!rumbled!along!the!beautiful!red!canyon!walls.!Such!storms!are!common!in!Western!Colorado!on!summer!afternoons.!But!this!one!became!something!to!remember!!!!First,!we!felt!the!sting!of!marble!sized!hailstones!on!our!skin.!We!especially!felt!it!on!the!tops!of!our!bare!feet.!We!huddled!together!beneath!the!few!shrubs!growing!on!the!riverbank.!Next,!the!rain!came!down!heavily!for!about!a!half!hour.!We!looked!up!in!wonder!as!the!dry!canyon!walls!all!around!us!began!to!stream!with!long!silver!waterfalls!!In!time,!the!rain!tapered!off!a!little!and!we!got!back!in!the!boats.!We!needed!to!float!downstream!and!ride!the!rapids!to!reach!our!campsite.!!!And!what!a!site!we!saw!!Little!side!canyons,!almost!always!bone!dry,!were!flash!flooding.!They!were!releasing!jets!of!water!into!the!river!as!we!floated!by.!The!rapid!turned!out!to!be!a!wild!ride.!!

!Quickly,!the!rapids!were!behind!us.!The!sun!appeared!and!a!rainbow!bridged!from!canyon!rim!to!rim.!How!good!the!sunshine!felt!on!our!skin!as!we!removed!our!rain!jackets.!The!campsite!was!just!around!the!next!river!bend.!!!!!!!!

Over!supper,!people!of!all!ages!recalled!details!of!what!we!had!seen.!More!stories!followed!of!other!river!trips!full!of!surprises.!As!we!laid!out!our!sleeping!bags!and!snuggled!up!under!the!stars,!we!saw!a!great!blue!heron!roosting!on!a!cliff!above!us.!We!wondered!if!it,!too,!was!thinking!about!the!storm!and!flashflood!it!saw!that!day.!Go!to!higher!ground!!Climb!to!safety!!!FLASH FLOOD SAFETY: (From NOAA) !

• Avoid!areas!that!are!already!flooded.!!• Do!not!try!to!cross!streams,!even!if!they!look!small!and!shallow.!!• Tell!your!family!members!not!to!drive!through!flooded!roadways!!!• Playing!around!high!water,!storm!drains,!viaducts,!or!arroyos!can!be!very!dangerous.!!

Adapted'from'Adapted'from:'King'Midas'and'the'Golden'Touch'and'King'Midas'

Midas The expression, “the Midas touch,” comes from the myth of Midas. It means that a person is successful at anything they try. Read the myth below to better understand this expression.

Clipart: Phillip Martin

The Myth of Midas Midas was a king of Phrygia, which is now part of Turkey. He loved life’s pleasures. He spent much of his time admiring the many bounties of his rich kingdom, especially his beautiful roses.

One day, some of his farmhands brought him a satyr. A satyr is a creature made of part man and part goat. They had caught this creature napping in the vineyard. He was still groggy and much the worse for wear. He had been thoroughly tied when captured so he wouldn’t escape. Midas immediately recognized him. It was Silenus. He was the right-hand satyr to the god Dionysus. So, he ordered him to be set free.

Silenus was grateful to the king for treating him with dignity, and so was Dionysus. The god was so pleased that he offered to grant whatever Midas should wish for. Dionysus warned the king that the wish would ultimately cause him sorrow. But Midas insisted on the wish. And so it was.

Midas rushed back home to try it out. Tentatively at first, he laid a trembling fingertip upon a bowl of fruit and then a stool. And when each of these had been turned into purest gold, the king was delighted.

King Midas touched the beautiful flowers as they turned toward the sun for light. Suddenly, they stood rigid and gold. Statues in the garden were transformed into gleaming gold figures. Even the rocks in the garden turned to gold as King Midas touched them.

"Just look at this!" he crowed, turning his chariot into a glittering mass of priceless-though-worthless transportation. He couldn’t wait to show his young daughter. "Look what I can do!" he cried. He took her by the hand to lead her into the garden to demonstrate his new power.

King Midas decided to hold a banquet to celebrate his new prosperous power. As he picked up his food to eat it, the food turned to gold. When he tried to quench his thirst, his drink turned to liquid gold. He called for his daughter to comfort him, but when he reached for her, she turned hard and fast to gold. The king grew hungry and thin. Eventually the king’s bed, clothes, friends, and the whole palace were gold. King Midas begged Dionysus to turn everything back to the way it had been and take back his golden touch. Dionysus instructed the king to wash his hands in the river to be rid of this terrible power. The king did as he was told, giving his gift to the river. Instantly, King Midas was poorer than he had been, but richer, he felt, in the things that really count. For years to come, shimmering deposits of gold could be found in that river.

http://greece.mrdonn.org/greekgods/pandora.html Page 2 of 2

Pandora's Box Ancient Greek Myths for Kids As the story goes ... Once up a time, a long time ago, there were two brothers named Epimetheus and Prometheus. They were good gods. They had good hearts. They were good friends. One day, Prometheus got in trouble with Zeus. Angry over something or other, Zeus had declared that man did not deserve fire. Because he had a kind heart, and he knew how much man needed fire for food and warmth, Prometheus gave man the secret of fire even though Zeus had told all the gods not to do that. Zeus was furious that his order had been ignored. As punishment, Zeus chained Prometheus to a rock for many years. But that was not enough punishment, not for Zeus. Once Prometheus was chained to a rock, Zeus went after Prometheus' brother, the gentle, kind-hearted Epimetheus. Zeus did not chain Epimetheus to a rock. Zeus had a more sneaky punishment in mind. First, Zeus ordered the gods' handyman, the maker of things - Hephaestus - to make Zeus a daughter. Hephaestus made a woman out of clay, a beautiful woman. He brought her to life, and then brought her to Zeus. Zeus named his lovely new daughter Pandora. Zeus knew that Epimetheus was lonely. Zeus told Epimetheus that his brother had to be punished and that's why he was chained to a rock. But Zeus felt sorry that this punishment left Epimetheus without the company of his brother. That's why Zeus had decided to give Pandora in marriage to Epimetheus. Epimetheus was kind-hearted and gentle and thoughtful, but he was no fool. He knew Zeus was up to something. But he loved Pandora at first sight. Zeus gave the newlyweds a gift. Some say it was a jar. Some say it was a box. Whatever it was, it was locked. It came with a note. The note said: "DO NOT OPEN." Attached to the note was a key. It was all very curious. You can guess what happened next. It was Pandora whose curiosity got the better of her. One day, she used the key to open the box. As she raised the lid, out flew all the bad things in the world today - envy, sickness, hate, disease. Pandora slammed the lid closed, but it was too late. Epimetheus heard her weeping. He came running. Pandora opened the lid to show him it was empty. Quickly, before she could slam the lid shut, one tiny bug flew out. He gave Pandora a big buggy smile in thanks for his freedom and flew away. That tiny bug was named Hope. And Hope made all the difference in the world.