A HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES · 2018. 4. 25. · Contract with America and the Election of 1996...
Transcript of A HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES · 2018. 4. 25. · Contract with America and the Election of 1996...
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
THE AMERICAN JOURNEYA HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES
Brief Sixth Edition
Chapter
Complacency, Crisis, and
Global Reengagement
1993-2010
31
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Complacency, Crisis, and Global
Reengagement 1993-2010
• Politics of the Center
• A New Economy?
• Broadening Democracy
• Edging into a New Century
• Paradoxes of Power
• Conclusion
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Learning Objectives
• How did Bill Clinton try to capture the
political center?
• What role did new information
technologies play in the economic boom of
the 1990s?
• What gains did women and minorities
make in national politics in the 1990s?
• What were the key elements of George W.
Bush’s agenda?
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Learning Objectives (cont'd)
• What were the causes of the Great
Recession?
• How did the government and the American
people respond to the enormous
challenges of the first decade of the
twenty-first century?
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Politics of the Center
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The Election of 1992:
A New Generation
• The mid-1990s witnessed the coming of
age of Generation X. The generational
change contributed to the volatility of the
1990s.
• Democrat Bill Clinton faced George Bush
and independent Ross Perot in the 1992
election.
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The Election of 1992:
A New Generation (cont’d)
• Bush campaigned as a foreign policy
expert while Clinton hammered away at
economic issues and Perot’s erratic
behavior reduced his appeal.
• Clinton won the 1992 election.
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MAP 31–1 The Election of 1992
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Policing the World
• Clinton reluctantly committed the United
States to a multinational effort to end the
bloody civil war in Bosnia in 1995.
• In 1999, the U.S. joined a NATO
intervention in Kosovo.
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Policing the World (cont'd)
• The new Europe changed NATO. A key
step was expansion into the former Soviet
sphere in eastern Europe. Poland,
Hungary, and the Czech Republic joined
NATO in 1992.
• In 1995, Russia was given a formal role in
discussion of NATO policy issues.
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Clinton’s Neoliberalism
• Clinton envisioned a partnership between
a leaner government and a dynamic
private sector.
• The 1994 crime bill included money to hire
more police, funded anticrime programs,
and banned certain kinds of assault rifles.
• Clinton’s major failure was an inability to
pass comprehensive healthcare
legislation.
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Clinton’s Neoliberalism (cont’d)
Neoliberal
- Advocate of or participant in the effort to reshape
the Democratic Party for the 1990s around a
policy emphasizing economic growth and
competitiveness in the world economy.
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Contract with America and the Election
of 1996
• The official Republican campaign platform
of the 1994 election was the “Contract with
America” that called for a revolutionary
reduction in federal responsibilities.
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Contract with America and the Election
of 1996 (cont'd)
• A battle over the budget between Clinton
and the Republican Congress shut down
the government for three weeks. Speaker
of the House Newt Gingrich and his
congressional allies were painted by
Democrats and in the media as a radical
fringe.
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Contract with America and the Election
of 1996 (cont'd)
• In 1996, Congress passed the Temporary
Assistance Needy Families program to
end welfare as it had been.
• Clinton was reelected in 1996.
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Contract with America and the Election
of 1996 (cont'd)
Contract with America
- Platform on which many Republican candidates
ran for Congress in 1994. Associated with House
Speaker Newt Gingrich, it proposed a sweeping
reduction in the role and activities of the federal
government.
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Contract with America and the Election
of 1996 (cont'd)
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
(TANF)
- Federal program created in 1996 to replace
earlier welfare programs to aid families and
children; it involves explicit work requirements for
receiving aid and places a time limit on benefits.
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The Dangers of Everyday Life
• Random violence, including murders in
schools and the capture of the
“Unabomber,” shocked Americans.
• The FBI raid in Waco, Texas killed over 80
people.
• The bombing of the federal office building
in Oklahoma City killed 169 people and
raised the specter of domestic terrorism.
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The Dangers of Everyday Life (cont'd)
• The Brady Handgun Violence Prevent Act
or Brady Bill set up a waiting period and
background checks on gun purchases.
Gun control was political dynamite.
• The prison boom was stimulated by the
drug war and caused diversion of state
funds from education and healthcare.
• The crime rate fell steadily after 1991.
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Morality and Partisanship
• President Clinton’s personal life was the
hot news of the late 1990s.
• Questions about Whitewater and sexual
indiscretions plagued Clinton from 1994
until he left office.
• In 1998, Republican House leaders
impeached Clinton but the Senate did not
convict him.
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Morality and Partisanship (cont'd)
Whitewater
- Arkansas real estate development in which Bill
and Hillary Clinton were investors; several fraud
convictions resulted from investigations into
Whitewater, but evidence was not found that the
Clintons were involved in wrongdoing.
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A New Economy?
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A New Economy?
• The Y2K problem illustrated how much the
American economy had changed in the
preceding decade. The electronic
revolution had transformed it into a global
economy that depended on computing to
manage and transmit vast quantities of
data.
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The Prosperous 1990s
• From 1992 to 2000, American enjoyed
nine years of continuous economic
expansion. Unemployment dropped, the
stock market soared, and the number of
Americans living in poverty dropped.
• The economic boom turned government
deficits into surpluses.
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The Prosperous 1990s (cont’d)
• Substantial gains in the efficiency of the
American economy stood behind the rosy
statistics.
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Politics of the Center (cont'd)
Internet
- The system of interconnected computers and
servers that allows the exchange of e-mail,
posting of websites, and other means of instant
communication.
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Presidential Impeachment
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The Service Economy
• At the beginning of the 21st century,
America was a service economy. The
information service economy flourished in
academies, hospitals, and business.
• The rise of the service economy had
political implications.
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The High-Tech Sector
• Invention of the microprocessor in 1971
stimulated the computer industry. Local
regions such as Silicon Valley emerged as
centers of high technology.
• Extraordinary capacity in computer
capacity drove the electronic boom by
vastly increasing the capacities and
portability of computers.
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The High-Tech Sector (cont'd)
• The computer industry generated an
accompanying software industry.
• Personal computers and consumer
electronics became part of everyday life.
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Politics of the Center (cont'd)
Silicon Valley
- The region of California between San Jose and
San Francisco that holds the nation’s greatest
concentration of electronics firms.
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An Instant Society
• Cable television reflected the
fragmentation of American society and the
increasing dependence on instant
communication. Americans had dozens of
cable channels to choose from for
entertainment, information, and sports.
• The electronic society in the 1990s
learned to use e-mail for communication
and access information via the Internet.
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An Instant Society (cont'd)
• Dotcom businesses experienced a boom
in the late 1990s.
• Cellphones also transformed
communications.
World Wide Web
- Since 1991, the Web has expanded the use of the
Internet by allowing organizations and companies
to create websites that place political and
commercial information only a few clicks away
from wired consumers.
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In the World Market
• Instant access to business and financial
information accelerated the globalization
of the American economy.
• The North American Free Trade
Agreement in 1993 and the General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in
1994 aimed to expand foreign trade by
cutting tariffs and creating a free trade
zone.
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In the World Market (cont'd)
• The World Trade Organization replaced
GATT in 1996 and became the target of a
global protest movement.
North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA)
- Agreement reached in 1993 by Canada, Mexico,
and the United States to substantially reduce
barriers to trade.
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In the World Market (cont'd)
World Trade Organization
- International organization that sets standards and
practices for global trade, and the focus of
international protests over world economic policy
in the late 1990s.
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Broadening Democracy
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Americans in 2000
• The American population increased by
13.2 percent in the 1990s.
• The West grew the fastest with Nevada,
Arizona, Colorado, and Idaho recorded the
highest percentage rates. Las Vegas was
the fastest growing city.
• Rural counties in the Great Plains and
Appalachia continued to empty out.
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Americans in 2000 (cont'd)
• Increasing ethnic and racial diversity was
another trend. Hispanics were the fastest
growing group.
• A multi-ethnic baby boom began.
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TABLE 31–1
Immigrants 1991–2007,
by Continent and by
Twenty
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TABLE 31–2 States with
Highest Proportions of
Minority
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Women from the Grass Roots to
Congress
• The increasing prominence of women and
family in national politics bore fruit in the
1990s.
• Women became much more prominent in
federal government positions, reflecting
their growing importance in grassroots
politics.
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Women from the Grass Roots to
Congress (cont’d)
• Regional difference have affected
women’s political gains. The West has
long been more open to women in state
and local government.
• Minorities at the Ballot Box
The growing diversity helped black and Latino
candidates for office.
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MAP 31–2 Women in Professional and
Managerial Occupations, 2001
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Minorities at the Ballot Box
• The growing diversity helped black and
Latino candidates for office.
• By 1983, three of the nation’s four largest
cities had an African American mayor and
in 1989 Virginia elected the first African
American governor.
• Political rebalancing to voting by districts
often helped minority candidates.
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Minorities at the Ballot Box (cont’d)
• At the national level, minorities gradually
increased their representation in
Congress.
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FIGURE 31–1 Minorities and Women in
Congress, 1869–2009
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Rights and Opportunities
• Illegal immigration has had an economic
impact because illegal immigrants fill jobs
nobody else wants.
• High immigration can strain local
government budgets and led to
Proposition 187 in 1994 that cut off access
to programs serving illegal immigrants.
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Rights and Opportunities (cont'd)
• A symbolic issue was the degree to which
American institutions should
accommodate non-English speakers.
Twenty-six states declared English their
official language.
• Established in the 1960s, affirmative
action came under heavy criticism leading
to actions that reduced minority enrollment
in higher education institutions.
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Rights and Opportunities (cont'd)
Proposition 187
- California legislation adopted by popular vote in
California in 1994, which cuts off state-funded
health and education benefits to undocumented or
illegal immigrants.
Affirmative Action
- A set of policies to open opportunities in business
and education for members of minority groups
and women by allowing race and sex to be factors
included in decisions to hire, award contracts, or
admit students to higher education programs.
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Rights and Opportunities (cont'd)
University of California v. Bakke
- U.S. Supreme Court case in 1978 that allowed
race to be used as one of several factors in
college and university admission decisions but
made rigid quotas unacceptable.
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Edging Into a New Century
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The 2000 Election
• The election of 2000 ended with a series
of legal actions that affirmed Republican
George W. Bush as the victor over
Democrat Al Gore.
• The disputed outcome showed the nation
was divided around a strong center.
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MAP 31–3 The Election of 2000
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Reaganomics Revisited
• Bush introduced massive tax cuts and
deregulation.
• Education legislation represented a
compromise that called for national
testing.
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TABLE 31–3 Economic Inequality: 2008
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Downsized Diplomacy
• The Bush administration discarded
negotiation for adoption of unilateral or
bilateral policies.
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Downsized Diplomacy (cont’d)
• Bush opted out of a series of treaties and
negotiations on global issues. The
administration undercut efforts to
implement the Convention on Biological
Warfare and refused to sign efforts to
reduce the international trade in
armaments.
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Downsized Diplomacy (cont’d)
• Bush also decided not to implement the
START II treaty, a major accomplishment
of his father’s administration.
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Paradoxes of Power
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September 11, 2001
• The Al-Qaeda network planned and
implemented the terrorist attack on the
World Trade Center and the Pentagon.
• The events of September 11 were an
enormous shock to Americans.
• Worries about terrorism were not new.
Detailed warnings had been given in the
report of the U.S. National Commission on
National Security in the 21st Century.
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Flames shoot from the
South Tower of the World
Trade Center in New York
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Security and Conflict
• Bush called the terrorist attacks acts of
war and launched the war on terrorism.
• Congress gave the president sweeping
powers and later passed the PATRIOT Act
and approved the reorganization of the
government.
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Security and Conflict (cont'd)
PATRIOT Act
- Federal legislation adopted in 2001, in response
to the terrorist attacks of September 11, intended
to facilitate antiterror actions by federal law
enforcement and intelligence agencies.
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Iraq and Conflicts in the Middle East
• Bush named Iraq, North Korea, and Iran
an “axis of evil.”
• The United States watched as the Israeli-
Palestinian agreements for transition to a
Palestinian state collapsed.
• In spring and summer of 2002, the Bush
administration began preparations for war
against Iraq.
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MAP 31–4 U.S. Military Involvement in Western
Asia
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Hurricane and Financial Storm
• After Bush’s solid re-election in 2004,
American commitment to its presence to
Iraq was reaffirmed, eventually leading to
the creation of a functioning government.
• Hurricane Katrina devastated the Gulf
Coast at the end of 2005, as the slowness
and inadequacy of the emergency
response raised serious doubts about the
government’s effectiveness.
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Hurricane and Financial Storm (cont'd)
• Financial disaster struck in 2008 in a
cascading effect led by the collapse of the
real estate market and the subprime
mortgage crisis. A huge influx of
government bailout funds was deployed to
stabilize critical sectors of the economy.
Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP)
- Federal program in 2008 to purchase or
guarantee shaky bank assets to protect the
economy from widespread bank failures.
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The Obama Phenomenon
• With the election of Barack Obama in
2008, the United States passed an
important step in its national maturity by
electing an African American as president.
• The enthusiasm of Obama’s campaign
quickly gave way to political realities. By
2010, the American people no longer
trusted either party to deliver the change
they desired.
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MAP 31–5 The Election of 2008
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All rights reserved.
The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Core Support for Republicans and Democrats in 2008
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Conclusion
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Conclusion
• Interconnection was a major theme of the
1990s and early 2000s.
• Closely connected to the internationalized
economy was the nation’s growing
diversity.
• The events of September 11 sparked a
renewed sense of national unity.
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
FIGURE 31–2 The United States in the Global
Economy