A Historical Overview of Rome - d3jc3ahdjad7x7.cloudfront.net€¦ · A Historical Overview of...

A Historical Overview of Rome

. • : •'•n uc «>Mi.< EMntE Br Ak. 117

Ancient Rome was located on the Tiber River in Italy, exactly whereRome, Italy, now stands today. It was a city, but at the height of theRoman Empire, it also controlled the countries of England, Spain,France, Germany, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Greece, Israel, Egypt, and parts ofAfrica and Asia.

The Alps Mountains to the north, the Appenine Mountains to theeast, as well as the Mediterranean Sea to the west protected Rome frominvaders. The people living along the Tiber River were the Latins, whowere conquered around 600 B.C. by the Etruscans. In 509 B.C. theRomans drove out the Etruscans and claimed the land as their own.

Ancient Roman history can be divided into two main time periods:the Roman Republic, dating from 509 B.C. to 44 B.C.; and the RomanEmpire, dating from 44 B.C. to A.D. 455. During the Republic, Romansset up a system of government where two consuls served a one-yearterm and were advised by the members of the Senate, a powerful

T.S. Denison & Co., Inc. Ancient Civilizations—Rome

Italy is a boot-shaped country and forms a peninsulainto the Mediterranean Sea. Ancient Rome was a citysurrounded by seven hills, located along the Tiber Riverin central Italy. The Tiber River provided a waterway tothe Mediterranean Sea.

Natural barriers helped protect Rome from its enemiesfor many years. The Alps Mountains to the north and theApennine Mountains to the east, running the length ofItaly, provided protection. Rome was located inland aboutfifteen miles and controlled the Tiber River, so it could notbe easily attacked by sea. The seven steep hills that ringedaround the city made it difficult for enemies to spring asurprise raid on Rome. (However, during the Punic Wars,fought between Rome and Carthage between 264 and 146B.C., a brilliant Carthaginian general named Hannibalattacked Rome by crossing the Alps on elephants.)

The northwest and central sections of Italy are roughand mountainous. The southern part is more level andfertile and was used for farming.

The eastern coastline of Italy has few good harbors.Most of the harbors used by ancient Romans to tradegoods with other parts of the Roman Empire lay on thewestern coast of the country.

Italy's mild climate was attractive to ancient settlers.Temperatures rarely dip below 60° F (15° C) or above 85°F (29° C). Rainfall amounts to about thirty inches (76 cm)per year.


Expansion of Rome 133 B.C. to A.D. 117

-C. TO A.D. 117

(N

goggSlLAKPS AbOCI> TO Kt»H£ BY

>4E Kart/m EMfiEE gr At>. 117

KMENiA

•o'.• o

1. Identify the following on your map (refer to a map of the Roman Empire in anencyclopedia):•Rome "Tiber River • Sardinia• Mediterranean Sea • Alps Mountains • Gaul (now France)

• Apennines Mountains • Sicily• Carthage (in Africa) • Iberia (now Spain)• Britain

• Adriatic Sea• Corsica• Atlantic Ocean

2. Make a compass in the lower left corner of your map. Label the directions.

3. Shade the water blue and the mountain ranges grey. Outline all the landsincluded in the Roman Empire by A.D. 117 in purple.

4. How did Hannibal attack Rome?

5. The harbors on Italy's western coast made it easy to trade with other countries.How did trade with other Mediterranean people help the early Romans?


The Roman Republic

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. In a dictionary, find the followingwords: fierce, government, republic, elect,consul, citizen, former, patrician, plebe-ian, tribune, tablet, and civil war. Defineeach word and use it in a sentence.

2. Make a flow chart of the governmentduring the Roman Republic. Show themost powerful group at the top, thenext most powerful under it, and soon, to the bottom of the chart.

3. Find out about the Punic Wars thatRome fought with Carthage duringthe Republic. Then imagine that youare the Carthaginian general, Hannibal,and explain your battle plan. HANNIBAL

PROJECTS

1. Write or discuss: What would be themost difficult part of a tribune's job?

2. Direct twelve cooperative learninggroups to each decide on one law thatwould be fair for all Romans. Thentake twelve shoe boxes and cover themwith white paper. Each group writestheir law on an upright shoe box (makesure no two laws are the same) anddisplays it. Vote on which laws theclass feels are "fair."

3. If you were a consul (and you knewthat next year you would be in theSenate), would you vote against theSenate's wishes? Why or why not?

T.S. Denison & Co., Inc. 11 Ancient Civilizations—Rome

Julius Caesar

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. In a dictionary, find the followingwords: grammar, literature, astronomy,rhetoric, persuade, conquer, popularity,seize, dictator, disrespectful and conspire.Define each word and use it in a sen-tence.

2. The name Caesar has been usedthroughout history as a title for a ruler,such as Czar in Russia and Kaiser inGermany. Find out about at least onefamous czar and kaiser and share yourfindings with the group.

CAESARCALPURNIA

-ft

PROJECTS

Caesar's wife, Calpurnia, dreamed sheheard the words, "Beware the Ides ofMarch!" (ides means "middle"). Caesarignored her warning and was killed onthe Ides of March. Write about a timeyou had a hunch that came true.

2. Brainstorm and list all the optionsBrutus and the senators could haveconsidered besides killing Caesar.

You are Julius Caesar. The Senate hasordered you to come back to Romealone. You know that:• if you go alone, you might be a war

hero.• if you go alone, the Senate might

imprison you.• if you go with your army and win,

you could rule the city.• if you go with your army and lose,

you could also lose your life.

What will you do? Explain why.


The Roman Empire

After Julius Caesar's death in 44 B.C., many men vied for control ofRome. The winner was Julius Caesar's great-nephew and adopted son,Octavian. The Senate gave him the title of Augustus, and he became thesole leader of Rome.

Augustus governed Rome for more than forty years, from 27 B.C. toA.D. 14. He used his power to stabilize the government of Rome, addmany new provinces to the Empire, and rebuild the city of Rome afterone hundred years of civil war.

The time between 27 B.C. and A.D. 200 is called the Pax Romana, orRoman peace. For almost two hundred years Rome did not fight anymajor wars. The Romans concentrated their efforts on building roadsand aqueducts and reconstructing the buildings in the Forum. To keepthe people amused, the Romans built huge amphitheaters, such as theColosseum, where gladiators would fight each other in hand-to-handcombat. Sometimes the floor of the Colosseum was flooded so that mocknaval battles could be presented. Romans also enjoyed watching chariotraces in the Circus Maximus.

The Roman Empire came to an end because it was too large to control.In A.D. 395, it was split into the Western Empire (based in Rome) and theEastern Empire (based in Constantinople, Turkey). In A.D. 455, barbar-ians destroyed Rome, and the Roman Empire ended.

THEOLOSSEUM


Roman Empire Crossword

ACROSS:H A huge open-air arena in which contests were held.3E River which flows through Rome."21 Two-wheeled cart pulled by horses.IX A man forced to fight other men in hand-to-hand combat.X Gave Octavian the title of Augustus..21 Ruler of an empire.

Center of Rome which contained buildings, temples, and shops.

DOWN:J Invaders who destroyed Rome in A.D. 455.JJ Arena where chariot races were held.]J Boot-shaped; Rome is located in it.

"VTI First emperor of the Roman Empire.Most famous amphitheater where gladiator fights occurred.


Daily Life of Plebeians

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. In a dictionary, find the followingwords: represent, meager, educate, por-ridge, tenement, privacy, constant andquarters. Define each word and use it ina sentence.

2. Find out about Rome's "middle class"—the Roman Army. What weapons didthey use? What was a legion? Why wasthe Praetorian Guard important?

3. Find out what plebeian clothing lookedlike. Make a plebeian's costume for adoll and explain it.

PROJECTS

1. You are a soldier in the Roman Army.(You can write because your parentssaved enough money to send you toschool.) Write about a typical day inyour journal.

2. Find a description of the plebeian'sporridge. Make it and taste it.

3. You are a plebeian child. Where doyou live—in the city or in the country?What does your home look like? Doyou feel safe in your home? What kindof work does your family do? What doyou dream will happen for you in thefuture? Write a short story about yourlife.

T.S. Denison & Co., Inc. 19 Ancient Ciwliiations—Rome

Daily Life of Patricians

The patricians were the upper class of ancient Rome. They made uponly 10 percent of the population, but they were the most powerfulpeople in Rome. Patricians owned much land and belonged to the oldestfamilies of the city.

Rome was a male-dominated society. The father was the head of thefamily and was called the paterfamilias. A typical day for a male patricianwould involve business in the morning; the public baths in the latemorning for exercise, a massage, and the latest news; and home to hisluxurious villa for the main meal of the day, which started between twoand three in the afternoon and lasted for four hours.

A patrician woman was expected to be efficient and dignified. Sheusually had little schooling and was in charge of the servants. Her dayswere spent with servants dressing her and arranging her elaboratehairstyle; preparing the day's menu and shopping list for the slaves;overseeing the children; and performing as a gracious hostess for theevening meal.

Both patrician boys and girls were sent to school to learn to read andwrite Latin from ages five to twelve. After that, girls were taught at hometo run a household, and boys were taught literature, history, math,geometry, and astronomy.

T.S. Denison fc Co., Inc. 21 Ancient Civilizations—Rome

Please Pass the Wild Boar!

You are an artist in ancient Rome. You have received a very strangerequest. You were summoned to the villa of Marcus Portlius this evening,not to draw his portrait, but to draw the foods on his table before hisguests arrive! Marcus Portlius is heavily into food (the man is huge) andhe wants to remember this evening by the foods that were served. SinceMarcus is a big tipper, you don't want to forget the platters of wild boarand peacock, the platter of fruits, the bowl of figs, the baskets of breads,the plate of cheeses, the wine jug, and anything else you see.


Gods and Goddesses

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. In a dictionary, find the followingwords: aspect, deity, temple, worship,appoint, ceremony, tend, respected, su-preme, govern, messenger, emperor, andunderworld. Define each word and useit in a sentence.

2. Many of the planets are named afterRoman gods. Make a chart of the solarsystem. Label each planet. Identifywhich ones were named for Romangods (example: Jupiter, ruler of thegods).

THE

N

/ u/ q' / / / \S

1. It was a great honor to be chosen as aVestal Virgin. Find out more aboutVestal Virgins. Present a puppet showentitled "A Day in the Life of a VestalVirgin."

2. The Romans were superstitious andbelieved in magic, which they thoughtwas performed only by the gods. Learnat least one magic trick and perform itfor the group.

3. The month of June was named forJuno, Jupiter's wife who looked afterwomen—even today June is the mostpopularmonthfor weddings. List othermonths named for Roman gods andgoddesses.

T.S. Denison & Co.. Inc. 25 Ancient Civilizations—Rome

The Forum

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. In a dictionary, find the followingwords: similar, agora, dedicate, summit,thoroughfare, platform, original, remains,column, amid, and rubble. Define eachword and use it in a sentence.

2. There was a major temple in the Fo-rum dedicated to Castor and Pollux.Find out the Roman myth about themand draw a picture from the story.

3. Make a picture map of the ancient cityof Rome. Locate and label the Forum,the Colosseum, the Baths ofCaracalla, theCircus Maximus, the Capitol, the TiberRiver, and the Seven Hills of Rome. (Labeleach hill by name.)

PROJECTS

1. Make a diorama of the Forum. Includethe major buildings and place them intheir correct locations.

2. Design a stamp for your favorite build-ing in the Forum. Find a picture of it,then draw and color your own pictureof it on a white 8 1/2" x 11" sheet ofpaper. On a separate sheet of paper,write at least five facts you found outabout the building.


Achievements

The ancient Romans were famous for their construction abilities.Bridges, arches, roads, buildings, aqueducts—the Romans built themall! Once the Romans invented concrete by mixing gravel, sand, andcrushed limestone, they just kept on building. Soldiers and merchantsneeded roads to travel throughout the vast Roman Empire safely andquickly. As soon as Roman soldiers conquered another country, thesoldiers built more roads. The Appian Way, a famous road built by theRoman soldiers, is still in use today. To travel over water, Romans builtbridges. To carry water to all parts of the Empire, they built aqueducts.To honor the Roman gods in the newly conquered lands, they builttemples of marble and created arches over the doorways.

The Romans also invented the Latin language. Some people say thatLatin is a dead language, but you speak Latin words every day becausethe English language came from Latin!

We use Roman numerals today in clock faces, outlines, beginningpages in books, and copyright dates. We borrowed these numbers, aswell as our present calendar, from the Romans.

Many great writers were ancient Romans. People today study thewritings of Julius Caesar, Cicero, and Livi, to name a few.

T.S. Deriison & Co., Inc. 29 Ancient Civilizations—Rome

Roman Achievements Word Search

sFCQHNPTYICEWIVOLRM

SYOJQFQLIVIAKPB6ICU

AHNKMORUUsCPzITXWXs

UAQUEDUCTSEPXXTVPSY

BUUTPQOOIBRIDGES0HV

IYEFOXRLNSOAULMXXRG

ANRDKTMOZLANKSPMLIA

SIQQCAESARDXYOLRQFF

NKMVITQSCPsCALENDAR

UTPXLGKEZMBHRDSLBFO

YU0SCFFUJCUPCILFAOG

KDWUORAMPHITHEATERZ

LATINUMERALSERLCEUD

RZNHCXDFHRDKSSRBZMD

VV0PRWCCQiiMRNDCMID

FNLIETHAHONVHKMCZPS

HHDNTXSQMTGVJHGLTPO

WEASECKKWMSPZVQBGGF

Can you find these words?

AMPHITHEATER COLOSSEUM AQUEDUCTSBUILDINGS SOLDIERS CALENDARNUMERALS CONCRETE CONQUERCHARIOT TEMPLES BRIDGESAPPIAN CICERO CAESARARCHES FORUM LATINROADS LIVT


Timeline of Ancient Roman History

753 B.C.

680 B.C.

600 B.C.

509 B.C.-44 B.C.

31 B.C.-29 B.C.

27 B.C.-A.D. 455

Legend says Rome was founded byRomulus.

Latins were living along Tiber River.

Latins were conquered by Etruscans.

Roman RepublicRomans throw out Etruscan kingsand rule themselves; Carthage Wars264-146 B.C.; Julius Caesar conquersGaul and invades Britain 59-49 B.C.;Caesar becomes Dictator for Life andis murdered 44 B.C.

Octavian and Marc Antony battle forcontrol of Rome; Octavian defeatsAntony, who commits suicide withCleopatra; Octavian declares peace.

Roman EmpireOctavian is crowned Augustus Cae-sar; the Pax Romana, during whichmany provinces were added to Rome27 B.C.-A.D. 200; invaders attack theouter provinces of Rome A.D. 200-350; Roman Empire split into the East-ern and Western Empires A.D. 352;Vandals raid Rome A.D. 455.


Achievements

2.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

In a dictionary, find the followingwords: construction, ability, arch, con-crete, gravel, limestone, merchant, vast,and marble. Define each word and useit in a sentence.

Find a list of words in English thatwere derived from Latin. Make a chartof English words with their Latin roots.

ROMAN ARCH

3. Find out more about the Roman arch.Draw a diagram of the arch and writea short report about how the Romansconstructed it.

&SS=-«555*

>,vv ^" -I - ""

PROJECTS

1. "All roads lead to Rome" is a famousLatin saying. In A.D. 117, why was thisa true statement?

2. Imagine you work for a travel agencythat can travel back in time. Design atravel poster for ancient Rome, illus-trating a great achievement by theRomans.

3. Find out what numbers the Romannumerals I, V, X, C, and M stand for.Invent your own number system.


Name that Temple

You have been selected to name and design the newest temple in theForum. You may choose to look in books at other temples for designideas. In the space below:

1. Write the name of the new temple at the top.2. Draw what the temple looks like from the outside.3. Write at least two sentences about the temple, such as for whom it

was built and why.


The Forum

If you wanted to know what was going on in ancient Rome, theForum was the place to find out. Similar to the agora in Greece, theForum was the main business center of Rome. In addition, templesdedicated to emperors and gods, the Senate building, the Hall ofRecords, and the open-air marketplace were located in the Forum.

Within the city of Rome, the Forum was found east of the capitol,north of the Circus Maximus, and northwest of the Colosseum. It was inthe center of the Seven Hills of Rome. On the highest summit of the city,the Romans built a temple to the supreme god, Jupiter. Leading from theTemple of Jupiter was the Sacra Via, or Sacred Way, which was the mainthoroughfare running through the Forum. It wound around past the

Temple of Saturn, past the Speaker'sPlatform, through the marketplace, andbetween the Temple of Castor and Pol-lux and the Temple of Julius Caesar.Every Roman city had a forum, but theoriginal Forum was in Rome.

The remains of the Forum still existtoday in Rome. Three columns fromthe Temple of Castor and Pollux, a wallfrom the Temple of Vesta, and the Archof Titus are still standing amid therubble.

T.S. Denison & Co., Inc. 26 Ancient Civilization*—Rome

Gods and Goddesses

The ancient Romans believed there were many gods and goddesseswho had power over all aspects of life. As time went on, the Greek godsappealed to the Romans, and several Greek deities were given Romannames and temples of worship.

The government controlled the religion in ancient Rome. Priests wereelected or appointed by government officials. Religious leaders per-formed public ceremonies to please the gods and goddesses. A fewtemples were tended by priestesses, such as the Temple of Vesta. Womencalled Vestal Virgins guarded the holy flame of the goddess, Vestal, andwere highly respected in Rome.

Jupiter was the supreme god who gov-erned the sky and the weather. Juno, Jupiter'swife, was a special goddess for women.Mars was the god of farmers and war. Vulcanwas the fire-god, Saturn was the wine-god,and Mercury was the messenger of the gods.

When an emperor died, the Romans be-lieved he became a god. This was importantbecause they thought only gods could haveeternal life. The Romans believed that therest of the dead went to live in the under-world.

JUPITER


Daily Life of Patricians

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. In a dictionary, find the followingwords: population, dominate, typical,massage, luxurious, villa, efficient, digni-fied, elaborate, gracious, hostess, and ge-ometry. Define each word and use it ina sentence.

2. Find out about patrician clothing andhairstyles. Draw costume sketches fora man, a woman, a boy, and a girl.

3. Plan the food and entertainment for aRoman banquet. Remember, the mealhas to last for four hours!

PROJECTS

1. Did patrician women have many rightsin Rome? Find out and then write apoem about women's rights in Rome.Use rhythm instruments to chant yourpoem.

2. Find out what kind of toys patricianchildren had. Make one.

3. Make a model of a Roman villa. Insidea box, create Roman-style walls usingcardboard partitions. Include Roman-style furniture. If possible, add dollsdressed in togas.

T.S. Denison & Co.. Inc. 22 Ancient Civilizations—Rome

A Day in the Life of a Plebeian Family

Young Paulo and his sister, Penelope, are plebeians in ancient Rome.They live in a tenement apartment house in the city along with many otherfamilies who also had to give up their farms and find work closer to Rome.Here is a typical day for Paulo and his family, but the sentences are out oforder. Number the sentences correctly and find out what a day in the lifeof a plebeian family was like.

In the middle of the afternoon, Paulo and his father headed forhome.

When Paulo and his father left for work, Penelope cleared thetable.

In the evening, the family relaxed together while Father toldstories about the Roman gods and goddesses.

After she had cleared the table,Penelope helped her mother shopfor food in the Forum.

Paulo woke up at dawn.

As soon as Paulo and his fatherarrived, Mother served wheat por-ridge and turnips for supper.

The entire family ate a bread andwater breakfast.

At noon, Paulo took a break fromhoeing and ate a crust of bread.

After breakfast, Paulo and his fa-ther worked in the fields of Rome.

PAULO &, PENELOPE


Daily Life of Plebeians

Ninety percent of the people living in ancient Rome did not belong tothe wealthy patrician class. These were the plebeians, or working classof Rome, as well as soldiers and slaves.

Plebeians were workers, farmers, and shopkeepers. They could nothold important government offices or marry into the patrician class.Since they did not own land, they were not citizens and could not votein the Senate until tribunes were elected to represent them in 494 B.C.

for plebeians was not easy. Up at dawn, the entire family ate ameager breakfast of bread and water and then went to work in the shopor fields. Only the wealthy could afford to educate their children, soplebeian boys learned a trade from their fathers and girls learnedhousehold skills from their mothers. They worked until mid-afternoonand went home to a simple meal of wheat porridge with vegetables orfruits.

Plebeians lived in crowded tenements, or apartments, above shops inthe city. Entire families were forced to live in one room, with no privacyor running water. Fire was a constant danger because so many peoplelived and cooked their foods in such crowded quarters.


The Roman Empire

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. In a dictionary, find the followingwords: vie, sole, stabilize, province, con-centrate, aqueduct, reconstruct, amuse,amphitheater, gladiator, combat, mock,naval, chariot, and barbarian. Define eachword and use it in a sentence.

2. Draw a map of the Roman Empire andall of its provinces, or conquered coun-tries.

3. Make a timeline of ancient Rome. (Becareful—Rome began in the time ofB.C. and reached its height in A.D.time.) At the bottom of your chart,explain the meanings of B.C. and A.D.

4. Find out more about the Eastern Ro-man Empire. Why was it also calledthe Byzantine Empire? Who wasJustinian and why was he famous?Report your findings to the group.

CIRCUS MJBOMUS

2.

PROJECTS

Make a model of the Colosseum. Ex-plain where the gladiators and wildanimals were kept before combat andhow the arena was flooded for navalbattles.

Make a diagram of the Circus Maxi-mus. Show how the chariot races wereset up and run.

3. Design and draw an authentic gladia-tor uniform. Be creative.


The Caesar Cipher

Did you know that Julius Caesar invented a famous code? When hewas a general, he needed to send coded messages to his men in battle.He used many complex codes in case one of his messages fell into enemyhands, but his most famous cipher is easy to read—once you know thetrick! It's called a shift code, and it works like this:

1. Write all the letters of the alphabet in order.

2. Underneath it, shift the beginning letter A over however many placesyou want. Caesar shifted three letters, so Abecame D, B became E, andso on to the end of the alphabet.

RegularA B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V V X Y ZCipher

DEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSrUVWXYZABCDecipher the following messages.

FDQ BRX UHDG WKLV FRGH ?

L WKLQN BRX FDQ!

Write your own message in code and see if a friend can decipher it.


Julius Caesar

One of the greatest rulers of Romewas Julius Caesar, who was borninto a patrician family around 100B.C. As a boy, Gaius Julius Caesarstudied Latin and Greek grammar,literature, math, music, and as-tronomy. When he was fourteen,Caesar studied rhetoric, which isthe ability to speak in public andpersuade listeners to your way ofthinking.

In 58 B.C., Caesar led an armythat conquered Gaul, now known as France. In 49 B.C., the Senate inRome became afraid of Caesar's power and popularity with the com-mon people. The Senate ordered him to return to Rome without hisarmy. Instead, Caesar marched his army into Rome and seized controlof the government himself. The people made him "Dictator for Life."

As Rome's ruler, Caesar made many improvements. He put honestmen in government positions. He made taxes fairer and gave land to thepoor. He also improved the calendar into what was named the JulianCalendar—a calendar used throughout the world for over fifteen hun-dred years.

Many senators felt Caesar was disrespectful toward them and that hewas wrong to take the title of dictator. They feared he wanted to makehimself king. On March 15,44 B.C., Julius Caesar was stabbed to deathin the Forum by his friend Brutus, who had been conspiring with twentysenators.


The Roman Republic

The earliest rulers of Rome were the Etruscans, a fierce tribe whocontrolled the Latins for about one hundred years. After the Etruscanrule ended, the Romans set up a form of government called a republic.In this system the people elect their own leaders.

The government in Rome was headed by two consuls who explainedand carried out the laws. They were chosen for a one-year term by theAssembly of Centuries. All male citizens who had served in the armywere members of the Assembly, and they elected the governmentofficials. The most powerful group in government was the Senate. Thisgroup was made up of former consuls and anyone else the consulschose. All senators were patricians, or upper-class Romans.

In time, the plebeians, or lower-class workers, gained more power inthe government. Around 494 B.C., they elected tribunes to speak up forthem in the Senate and protect their interests. The plebeians also wantedthe laws of Rome written down so that everyone would know theirrights. In 450 B.C., the laws were carved on bronze tablets, known as theTwelve Tables, and were placed in the Forum.

A struggle for power in Rome between the Senate and the plebeiansled to almost one hundred years of civil war. The fighting ended whenJulius Caesar became dictator, but after his death in 44 B.C. the RomanRepublic ended.


Geography

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

In a dictionary, find the followingwords: peninsula, surround, waterway,barrier, protection, inland, raid, brilliant,fertile, harbor, and settler. Define eachword and use it in a sentence.

In an encyclopedia or a world atlas,find out the average temperature bymonth for Rome. How would know-ing each month's temperature help theRomans? Make a chart of Rome'smonthly temperatures and report yourfindings to the group.

PROJECTS

1. You are an ancient Latin who hassettled in the western part of Italy on aflat plain south of the Tiber River. Whatkinds of foods do you eat? Find outand draw a picture illustrating yourfindings. (Remember to label thefoods.)

2. Where would you want to live in an-cient Italy if you were a farmer? Asailor? A senator? A shepherd? A mer-chant?

3. Would you feel safe from invaders inancient Rome? Why or why not?

4. The city of Rome was named after amyth about twin brothers, Romulusand Remus. Find out more about thismyth and draw a picture of it.


decision-making body made up exclusively of wealthy patricians. Allmale citizens serving in the army were members of the Assembly. Therest of the Roman population were either poor plebeians or slaves. Only10 percent of the population in Rome were patricians, while the plebe-ians and slaves comprised the other 90 percent. The plebeians revoltedagainst the powerful patricians, and civil war broke out for nearly onehundred years. A general named Julius Caesar took control of thegovernment in 49 B.C. Caesar brought stability to Rome, but his enemiesfeared he would make himself king, so they killed him in 44 B .C. This ledto more fighting over the control of Rome, and the Republic ended.

In 27 B.C., Julius Caesar'sgreat-nephew, Augustus, be-came the first ruler of the Ro-man Empire. This was the be-ginning of the Pax Romana, orRoman peace. Augustusadded many provinces to theEmpire at this time. Roads,buildings, bridges, and aque-ducts were built to connectthe lands conquered by Rome.The Empire became too largeto control, and in A.D. 352 itwas divided into the Easternand Western Empires. Invad-ers were constantly breakingdown Rome's empire, whichended in A.D. 455 when Van-dals from the north raidedRome.


IDEAS FOR USING THE TIME-PERIOD STICKERS

The time-period stickers in each of the Time-Travelers books can beused in a multitude of creative ways:

• Motivational — Use the stickers to praise and reward achieve-ments as the children complete sections of the instructional unit.

• Rebus Stories — Give each of the children several stickers andencourage them to use the stickers as part of a rebus story.

• Game Pieces — The stickers work well in creating bingo games,matching and sorting games, as well as game pieces for use onteacher/student gameboards.

• Story Starters—Provide the students with one or two stickers. Tellthe children to write a creative short story using the pictures on thestickers as their starting point.

• Time-Lines — Add the stickers to decorate and enhance a class-room time-line.

• Creative Illustration — Give each of the students several stickers.Ask the children to draw a creative time-period illustration andinclude the stickers as part of the illustration.

-ANSWER KEY —ROME

Roman Empire Crossword (page 17)

ACROSS:3. AMPHITHEATER5. TIBER6. CHARIOT9. SENATE

11. EMPEROR12. FORUM

DOWN:1. BARBARIANS2. CIRCUS MAXIMUS4. ITALY7. AUGUSTUS8. COLOSSEUM

Answers to A Day in the Life of a Plebeian (page 20)

749518263

Roman Achievements Word Search (page 31)R S O M (fS B H WP Z J UZ I L ON X G PS C Y (X~M B P HY X O VQ <£ O UR HWJFW (£l £ IRY O C Jf>1 t> D IEG V V ST T O TJ 0 A \g/I R Z J

isHBRME

vNj

A R M E R S) X CC J K K PQ Z J V BQ G U V (CTB F (C\ HM Y) U G FK Y G E BB E IA! j (R~s E IL; o Tt i

K V Q 1 WIT H"F Zs rjT G_

X CK R

Q R Y X W K

A'fePLNTE

N TG GY PO WL TOF CA R

I (S 'r ]D 1: i

R /A CC I

: j Mi A D: N E: T BC 1 B

: Y Y: 'cTIT

> A

3 T/ T

L) E

ML E: IN^J M

OUSEHOy

B I W R W KW R Q I N M t g ^ W Y P J S T

Printed in the

E B TM B SL B ER A LP K IH N V

ft.IGGURA£

K 0

C E /F\ J A

B Y MD S IN G LR W IO Z E

JLJE_/£LT SD P !G ML VV NK NO Y

T N DM K GG X TT B JW X J

USA

0 | N ~ CMj N RT Q Id w BS P EE R S,& Q TR G GO K IV R KN X R

A Historical Overview of Rome - d3jc3ahdjad7x7.cloudfront.net€¦ · A Historical Overview of...

Documents

Transcript of A Historical Overview of Rome - d3jc3ahdjad7x7.cloudfront.net€¦ · A Historical Overview of...