A Guide to Modern Storage Architectures (1).pdf

8/15/2019 A Guide to Modern Storage Architectures (1).pdf

1/19

A GUIDE TO MODERN STORAGE ARCHITECTURES

w w w . i n f i n i o . c o m | c o n t a c t @ i n f i n i o . c o m | 6 1 7 - 3 7 4 - 6 5 0 0


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TRADITIONAL STORAGE ARCHITECTURES 2

MODERN COMPLEXITIES: 3

VIRTUALIZATION, SCALE OUT, AND CLOUD

HYBRID ARRAYS 9

ALL-FLASH ARRAYS 10

HYPER-CONVERGED INFRASTRUCTURES 13

STORAGE ACCELERATION 14

INFINIO’S STORAGE ACCELERATION PLATFORM 15


2

decade ago, the data center was a vastly different world. Traditional

storage arrays—configured as SAN or NAS—sat as centralized storage units

accessible by multiple physical servers. The rotational speed of the spinning

media created limitations in how fast data could be read and/or written and,

when a user needed better performance, they bought another tray of disks.

From an architectural standpoint, the major innovation at the time was whether

you had a native block device with file support layered on or a native file server

layered with block storage.

The storage industry was able to keep up—for a while. Spinning disks got

faster. Advances like unified block and file enabled users to achieve efficiencies

through centralized, common management and handle multiple hosts.

Tiering—although primitive and coarse-grained by today’s abstraction

standards—enabled improvements in speed and performance.

A


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BUT THE OLD WAYS JUST COULDN’T KEEP UP.

The demands placed on the data center continued to increase. Although memory

was getting more inexpensive, adding increasingly more trays of spinning disks

was taking up more space in the data center, which increased energy usage. With

10GbE access, the pipeline expanded further, and systems needed more processing

power to manage the flood of data in both primary and backup systems, or risk

slowing data access (and the applications it supports) to unacceptable levels.

Storage in particular began feeling the impact of these changes. Performance

and capacity began to emerge as separate storage resources shackled together

but with vastly different profiles with respect to both growth and economics.

Specifically, three trends in the data center began to put pressure on

traditional storage:

VIRTUALIZATION

consolidating more

I/O onto the same

storage resources

SCALE-OUT APPLICATION

ARCHITECTURESgenerating more work as

they scale-out into available

CPU and memory

FLASHsupporting orders

of magnitude greater

performance while

requiring special processing


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VIRTUALIZATION

Traditional SAN and NAS arrays were designed for a world without virtualization.

While not new, over the past few years virtualization has had a profound impact

on storage architectures and workloads.

Simply put, server virtualization means that a single physical server can be

shared by multiple, independent virtual machines. No longer are there dedicated

LUNs for each physical application; gone too are the optimizations built for that

architecture. It’s no longer efficient to employ simplistic mechanisms to improve

the ability of drive heads to access data from a specific location.

Most companies spend $2-3 onstorage for every dollar spent onserver virtualization projects.

“

” William Blair & Co.


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SERVER VIRTUALIZATION DRAMATICALLY

CHANGED THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THIS

APPROACH IN A RANGE OF WAYS:

• Generally, servers are running more

workloads on the same number of

drives, which negatively impacts

performance. This greater number of

VMs on a single system may compete

with one another for both storage

capacity and performance.

• However, VMs that share resources

can’t take advantage of optimizations

designed for individual access

patterns — all I/O is merged, causing

the so-called “Blender Effect.”

•

Multiple VMs may require the ability todynamically shift workload movement

an operation that adds further

complexity to the data center.

• Particularly in virtual desktop

environments, synchronization

peaks around time-oriented events

(like antivirus scans or workers’

morning log-in) may result in mass-

seek overload and dull the system’s

responsiveness.


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6

SCALE OUT APPLICATION

ARCHITECTURESSeveral trends around scalability and workload—

the advent of cloud storage and Big Data, in

particular—have imposed changes on the way

modern applications are built and how they

access storage.

From an architectural standpoint, this is a

fundamental change from overwriting datato appending it. Because these architectures

are distributed, they rely on copies for data

protection, rather than traditional RAID. As

a result, users have to contend with both

the explosion of storage, driven by machine-

generated data, along with a new multiplier:

copies used for data protection.

In the cloud, Amazon and others have found

ways to make storage outside the datacenter

economical and attractive. These web-scale

architectures, while most appropriate for the

Facebooks of the world, are finding their way into everyone’s datacenter at a smaller scale. For

example, VMware and Oracle both have scale-out designs that are well-known and familiar.

And those are the most traditional of applications.

When you have a lot of compute in a scale-out architecture (like you do with VMware and

Oracle, for example), storage is under significantly more pressure. The same spindles must

handle increased workload compared to when they were sized 1:1 for individual scale-up

applications. The goal of these systems is to evenly and automatically distribute the data

across multiple systems. However, this efficiency comes with a price: the cluster as a whole is

processing significantly more data, putting more performance pressure on storage. Similarly,

scale-out applications in the datacenter that are starting to use replicas rather than RAID for

data protection are driving a huge amount of data capacity requirements into storage.

Users have to

contend with both

the explosion of

storage, driven by

machine-generated

data, along with

a new multiplier:

copies used for

data protection.

“

”


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7

FLASH

Enter flash-based SSD devices. Flash is a core technology that can be deployed in several ways,

such as SSDs in hosts, PCI-e cards, and SSDs in arrays. Other new architectures like NV-based

DIMMS are also emerging in this space. Because it is orders of magnitude faster (without being

analogous orders of magnitude more expensive), flash is a huge disruption in the economics of

storage.

This puts pressure on existing storage systems in a few ways. First, flash’s additional

performance capabilities drive significantly more IOPS through existing controllers than

legacy systems were designed to handle. Equally impactful to existing platforms is that flash’s

architecture often needs special handling to address particular challenges.

In this illustration, we demonstrate the relative speed of different media in the data center.

1 MINUTE 2 WEEKS 1-2 MONTHS 10 YEARS

COMPLEXITIES TO CONSIDER

Like other technologies, individual flash devices (like SSDs) have some architectural

challenges that need to be addressed, either by storage controllers or by software.

For example:

Wear Balancing Over time, flash cells wear out. It’s desirable to have them wear out at about the same time, sosome storage controllers include the logic of special algorithms to spread wear evenly across cells.

Write AmplificationFlash only allows writes to an empty cell; if a cell has content, it must be erased before it can bere-written to. Further increasing overhead is that while writes might be at the block level, erasuresoccur at the page level.

Garbage CollectionBecause cells must be empty to be written to, a cycle of “clean-up” needs to occur in order todispose of outdated data. This background process can degrade both active read and writeperformance while it occurs.


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8

As is often the case in the lifecycle of technology, the drivers

of the challenges users face can also be the key to the

solution. Industry leaders have leveraged the disruptors that

inspired virtualization, flash and cloud—greater speed and

CPU—to develop several distinct, innovative approaches

to balancing cost and performance. We’ll discuss these

approaches in the sections that follow.

But first, let’s take a broad look at the ways in which users have

integrated flash into their systems.

In the early days before purpose-built hybrid arrays emerged, users

handled their need for speed and performance by adding SSDs to their

existing arrays, and developing tiering strategies (eventually these were

automated) to help them best use their mix based on the level/frequency

of data access.

Similarly, some users created “all-flash” arrays by purchasing legacy

architecture arrays filled with SSD drives. However, both of these

approaches fell short in delivering the promise of flash — they didn’tleverage flash in the most effective ways, and they fell victim to make of

the complexities of flash discussed earlier. The other critical thing about

both of these approaches is this: the architecture of the datacenter and of

the storage arrays stayed basically the same.

TRADITIONAL DATA CENTER ARCHITECTURE


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9

Hybrid arrays represent the next mainstream generation

of disk arrays, with controllers that are better-suited to

utilize flash resources. The latest hybrid arrays use flash for

more specific tasks: as a read cache and a write log buffer

for example.

These hybrid arrays access data from either flash or from its

disk pool, but flash is not exposed directly to applications.

The goal of this storage architecture is to present an optimal

mix of flash to optimize the array’s ability to handle increased

IOPS, and spinning drives to optimize capacity utilization.

Typically used in scenarios where there is a set of mixed

enterprise workloads, hybrid arrays offer mainstream users an

option for benefiting from flash when optimizing cost is more

important than occasional latency.

The hybrid landscape continues to rapidly expand and

develop. For now, the hybrid array approach of combining

SSDs and spinning drives seems to be the new “status quo”

for organizations purchasing new arrays.

HYBRID ARRAYS

WHY HYBRID ARRAYS?

Hybrid arrays are most effective in environments with amix of general workloads where a moderate price pointis more important that guaranteed performance for allapplications.

Many customers choosing hybrid arrays are doing sowhen their environments aren’t equipped to absorb majorchanges to datacenter architecture.


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ALL-FLASH ARRAYS

The all-flash trend began with putting SSDs into existing arrays, but a range of

the complexities sparked the emergence of a new generation of storage. As we

discussed earlier, controller functions like wear leveling become imperative in

arrays leveraging flash to avoid wearing the flash cells unevenly. Similarly, space

management can be a challenge, too, since flash only writes to empty cells.

And, cleaning up storage may incur slower cycles as multiple reads and writes

execute while blocks are being erased. The newest all-flash arrays are built with

controller logic that handle these technical challenges.

Essentially, an all-flash array is like tacking a single, high performance/high

cost tier onto your existing data center. It’s not just fast, but it’s a guarantee of

fast for everything connected to it – an SLA no other architecture has yet to

promise. But while the approach is ideal for handle a high level of mission-

critical applications, it may be too expensive for many organizations. The

deduplication that all-flash array vendors tout as the key to delivering spinning-

drive economics may represent a false promise: that same deduplication can be

applied to spinning drives as well to once again separate the costs of flash and

spinning drives.

Economics aside, the reality is that many organizations do not demand that

much speed for every application.

WHY ALL-FLASH ARRAYS? All-flash-arrays are best-suited for environments where a significant chunk of applicationsneed a guaranteed level of performance — and there is a budget to support this.

While hybrid arrays may offer low-latency access for 95% of workloads, AFAs guarantee thatlevel of performance for all workloads.


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11

One of the most disruptive—and wildly successful—innovations to

the data center architecture is the shift to a model where storage is

processed using resources on the server-side. Server-side storage has

been implemented in multiple ways: hyper-converged, software-defined,

software services, but of these, hyper-converged Infrastructure is the first to

be gaining mainstream acceptance in the marketplace.

The key point from a storage perspective is that processing is done on the

server side. Why? Because the server is loaded with memory and processor

cores; exploiting existing, underutilized resources is IT’s holy grail.

By contrast to the dedicated storage arrays we’ve just discussed,

server-side storage processes storage across one or more servers and

is co-located with the applications it services.

The forms of server side storage vary in presentation—although not really

in the technology itself. In hyper-converged infrastructure, customers

purchase integrated hardware and software building blocks that deliver

compute, memory, storage and network capacity as an integrated unit for

a specific workload. In software-defined solutions, the software that runs

those same functions in the hyper-converged model, is typically available

separately to run on any choice of hardware platform.

ARCHITECTING A NEW DATACENTER


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Architecturally, a hyper-converged system binds hardware—

typically a server with direct-attached storage and flash

cards—with the software needed to run virtual workloads,

including: a hypervisor, system management, configuration

and virtual networking tools. These technologies do not

connect to traditional storage stacks and instead offer next

generation storage services such as scale-out performance,

caching, encryption, deduplication.

But hyper-converged infrastructure has its limitations, not

the least of which is the reality that users have to change

their whole data center to implement it. While all-flash

and hybrid arrays have unique attributes, users still buy

and manage networking and servers the same way as they

always have, having a lesser impact on the architecture of

the data center. By contrast, hyper-converged infrastructure

requires users to buy into a new “building block” for their

environments, changing their management tools and

processes. Thus, these are typically deployed in small and

medium businesses or remote office environments.

OTHER CONSIDERATIONS INCLUDE:

• Storage Efficiency: The scale-out architecture of hyper-convergedinfrastructure has driven a data protection scheme based onreplication, rather than traditional RAID. While RAID for dataprotection might have a 10-20% overhead for capacity, thereplicas necessary to protect hyper-converged infrastructure

might see a capacity overhead closer to 300-400%.• Pre-defined Scaling: Compared to traditional IT, there is less

flexibility to throttle pieces of the infrastructure that you needmore or less of—expansion is done by buying another predefinedblock of all the resources.

• Multiple User Management Experience: In a hyper-convergedenvironment, silos of IT personnel may need to be reorganized tostreamline management. Familiar server and storage monitoring

tools are often replaced with different interfaces.

HYPER-CONVERGEDINFRASTRUCTURE

WHYHYPER-CONVERGED?

Enables simplified, unifieddesign, managementdeployment and support byintegrating the componentsof the IT infrastructure.

Provides predictablebuilding blocks that canbe aggregated together tomeet growth needs.


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13

Many organizations who understand the benefits of

leveraging server-side resources to improve storage

performance seek a solution that enables this without

massive disruption to datacenter architecture.

Enter storage acceleration.

Storage acceleration enables IT managers to improve

storage performance by aggregating server-side

resources. This approach creates a low-latency

performance layer, enabling organizations to purchaseor use lower-cost storage for capacity purposes. Whether

organizations are looking to improve existing storage or

design a new datacenter, storage acceleration enables

organizations to manage the resources of performance

and capacity separately without changing the

architecture or the operations of the storage side.

This architecture can deliver the lowest cost/IOPS by

using less expensive commodity-based resources on the

server side, and the lowest cost/GB by focusing sharedarrays on being optimized for capacity.

From a technology standpoint, this approach

enables organizations to separate the acquisition and

management of performance resources from that of

capacity resources.

From a business standpoint, it provides a way to add

performance to an existing infrastructure without a

rip-and-replace and its inherent cost—in hardware,software, IT time investment and downtime. These

resources can also be significantly less expensive than the

same hardware deployed within a proprietary package.

STORAGE ACCELERATION

WHY STORAGEACCELERATION?

Provides low-latency server-side

access to the fastest storageresources, at a low $/IOPS

Enables organizations tomaintain their existinginfrastructure investment inshared storage platforms,even reducing $/GB on newer

platforms


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Storage acceleration is still an emerging field,

but Infinio has been providing a solution in

this space since 2013. The Infinio solution is

highly efficient with resources, transparent to

existing storage operations, and non-disruptive.

All of these qualities enhance the benefits of

separating storage into its atomic qualities —

capacity and performance — including:

• 10x improvement in latency

• SSD-class performance withoutadditional hardware

• Reduced performance costs ($/IOPS)

• Scale-out I/O with application growth

• Reduced capacity costs for any array ($/GB)

INFINIO’S STORAGEACCELERATION PLATFORM


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INFINIO

STORAGE ACCELERATION FORTHE VIRTUALIZED DATACENTER.

At the core of Infinio’s solution to deliver storage performance separately from storage

capacity is an architecture built on the understanding that most datacenters contain

significant amounts of duplicate data, especially across VMware clusters. Infinio’s content-

based architecture exploits this fact, tracking content (rather than location) which results in

a performance layer with inline deduplication. It is this deduplication that enables Infinio

to deliver high performance (10X improvement in latency) on just small amounts of RAM -

starting at just 8GB per host. When this deduplication is combined with Infinio’s scale-out

global architecture, just 5 nodes of Infinio can have access to hundreds of GB of effective cache.

And it’s not just the efficiency that makes Infinio different. Core to the design of the product

has always been a commitment to seamless integration into an existing environment. As such,

Infinio can be installed in under 30 minutes with no downtime, disruption, guest agents, or

changes to storage configuration. Turning acceleration on or off is a single click, as is removing

Infinio entirely at the end of an evaluation.

Once implemented, Infinio enables you to continue using your familiar storage tools, like

snapshots, replication, and thin provisioning, as well as customizations you’ve made in your

environment around backup system integration or reporting.


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INFINIO ELIMINATES BOTTLENECKS ANDENABLES YOU TO SCALE-OUT TO ACHIEVE

THE PERFORMANCE YOU NEED WITHINYOUR EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE.WITH INFINIO, YOU ENJOY:

WHAT YOUCAN EXPECT

• 10x improved response time

• 65-85% reduction of reads from storage

• Extended life for storage systems

• Lower TCO for new storage acquisition

“

• Deduplication to drive

high resource utilization

• Simple installation,

enabling you to evaluate

without downtime,

disruption, or changes

• Investment preservation,

since it co-exists with

your existing storage

system tools and reports

We noticed the results almost instantly, with a

visible reduction of storage latency on the VDIdesktops and decreased workload on our lers.Nathan Manzi, Systems Engineerat Minara Resources ”


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Attivio, one of Infinio’s earliest customers, has seen significant storage performance

improvements over the long term, including:

• Improved storage performance with no added hardware

• Sustained read offload of 88%; 93% of bandwidth offloaded

• Sustained 5x performance improvement over 16 weeks

• Installed with no downtime or service interruption

Why spend a lot of money on oneisolated shelf of SSDs when youcan get that benet across theenvironment for less with Innio?

Sean Lutner, VP of IT at Attivio

REAL-WORLD SUCCESS

“

”


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REAL-WORLD SUCCESS

When mobile workers complained about slow response and poor application

performance, Budd Van Lines deployed Infinio get business moving, achieving:

• Improved VDI performance (read response times decreased by 2.5x;

75% of requests offloaded)

• Eased network bandwidth by offloading storage requests

• Installed quickly without affecting production or users

“ If we had installed Innio earlier, we would nothave had to purchase 10Gb switches to supportour growth and prepare for busy season. Innio’s

read ofoad saves us enough bandwidth trafcthat we could have saved signicant money bynot buying those pricey switches.

Doug Soltez, Budd Van Lines, VP and CIO ”


19/19


Storage architectures—and their users—have had to respond to

wave-after-wave of disruptive innovations over the past ten years.

Cloud. Virtualization. Scale Out Applications. From spinning disksto solid state, a mash-up of hybridized approaches that leverage

a mix of more than one—including server resources—the goal has

always been to simplify, to speed and to maintain predictable

performance. The moving target: the right size, for the right cost—

and never paying too much.

Storage acceleration may be the latest approach—but we don’tthink it’s just a passing trend. Infinio’s system obtains the ability

to accelerate I/O (with an average of 10X improvement in latency)

with just small amounts of RAM. And, what’s more, it provides

that kind of performance with your current architecture and

operations. Whether you are improving performance in an

existing environment or building a new one—that is a

game changer.

FOR MORE ON INFINIO’S APPROACH TO ACCELERATING

THE PERFORMANCE OF YOUR DATA CENTER,

CALL US AT 617-374-6500, OR VISIT WWW.INFINIO.COM.

© 2015 Infinio Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

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