A Guide to Managing Social Media for News Sites: eModeration White Paper
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Transcript of A Guide to Managing Social Media for News Sites: eModeration White Paper
Authored by
Date
26
2012
For more information call Tamara Littleton on +44 (0)20 3178 5050 www.emoderation.com
eModeration Ltd :: The Media Village :: 131-151 Great Titchfield St :: London :: W1W 5BB :: UK
A white paper examining how media organisations use and manage online
communities, the legal implications, and how best to engage users within 'owned' communities
Sept 2011 Authored by Tamara Littleton
A guide to
managing
social media
for news sites
and media
organisations
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eModeration: The Guide to Social Media Engagement for Financial Organisations
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eModeration: A guide to managing social media for news sites and media organisations
These days, news breaks on Twitter. MSNBC’s Breaking News Twitter feed
has (at the time of writing) just over three million followers; BBC Breaking has 1.5 million and
CNN has 2.2 million. These are in addition to the myriad of newsroom feeds, channel-specific
feeds and, of course, journalists’ own feeds.
This paper looks at how media organisations use and manage online communities. It’s worth
stating that it doesn’t specifically address how news organisations use social campaigns to
market themselves, but focuses on how best to engage and manage users within ‘owned’
communities (forums, comment sections, Facebook pages and Twitter feeds).
When Hurricane Irene hit the US in 2011, she had her own Twitter account (borrowed for the
duration of the hurricane from a woman of the same name). Mobile phones have played a
huge part in communicating the uprisings in the Middle East. When a US Airways plan landed
on the Hudson River in early 2009, pictures were uploaded to Twitter from mobile phones
during the rescue operation, before news teams had reached the scene. Twitter has
published a ‘Twitter for newsrooms’ guide, to ‘help creative professionals in news, TV, sports
and entertainment use Twitter effectively’ with details of publishing tools, using Twitter to
source information, and even examples of journalists using Twitter to engage with audiences
(Katie Couric and the Washington Post’s Melissa Bell are cited). At the time of writing, The
Guardian is experimenting with opening the doors of its newsroom
to the public to let us see a live account of their plans in the form
of the daily newslist kept by their editors, and had just launched
the @GuardianTagBot to help readers search for content.
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eModeration: The Guide to Social Media Engagement for Financial Organisations
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eModeration: A guide to managing social media for news sites and media organisations
As consumers, we don’t just receive news passively any more. We expect to comment on the
big stories of the day, interact with journalists and share our thoughts with a community of
other readers. Journalists are also bloggers, and bloggers journalists. The big publishers all
accept user-generated content on their sites, whether on blogs, articles, videos, or forums,
and with or without involvement from journalists or community managers. According to a
study of Nielsen audience stats by the Pew Research Center’s Project for Excellence in
Journalism, Facebook is the third biggest referrer of traffic to newsrooms (interestingly, Twitter
still barely registers – it seems we want topline information from Twitter only).
Of course, audience participation in media goes beyond the newsroom. Text-to-screen
technologies mean that we can air our opinions on TV via a mobile phone, from the comfort
of the sofa. New TV shows regularly get their own Twitter hashtags (the Apprentice has
become a multi-channel series) and Facebook discussions grow around breaking stories or
news based events, such as the Royal Wedding, or the Obama Town Hall debate on MTV. In
Sweden, one regional newspaper has gone so far as to open up its editorial decisions to
consumers, creating an ‘online open newsroom’ where readers can suggest and discuss
stories via a tool called ‘eEditor’, created by CoverItLive.
Traditional approaches to restricting access to news don’t work anymore, either, as a certain
UK footballer found out when his legal team tried to apply conventional privacy injunction
laws to Twitter – newspapers were
left unable to report what millions
of consumers had worked out
from Twitter. Super-injunctions
become even less effective when
you consider that the public could not possibly comply with them since they don't even know
they exist, nor is the majority of the global Twitterati bound by UK legal rulings.
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eModeration: The Guide to Social Media Engagement for Financial Organisations
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eModeration: A guide to managing social media for news sites and media organisations
Approaching social communities: before you start
As James Hohmann of Politico says in his paper 10 Best Practices for Social Media: Helpful
guidelines for news organizations (written for the 2010-11 ASNE Ethics and Values Committee):
“Putting in place overly draconian rules discourages creativity and innovation, but
allowing an uncontrolled free-for all opens the floodgates to problems and leaves news
organizations responsible for irresponsible employees.”
The paper is well worth reading, and outlines the social media guidelines of all the major US
news outlets.
Set guidelines – for both users and journalists
Guidelines for journalists
There are practical reasons for setting a social media policy for journalists, as shown by new
guidelines released in July 2011 by the Associated Press, which states:
“Everyone who works for AP must be mindful that opinions he or she expresses may
damage the AP’s reputation as an unbiased source of news. AP employees must
refrain from declaring their views on contentious public issues in any public forum and
must not take part in demonstrations in support of causes or movements. This includes
liking and following pages and groups that are associated with these causes or
movements. Sometimes AP staffers ask if they’re free to comment in social media on
matters like sports and entertainment. The answer is yes, with a couple of reasonable
exceptions. First, trash-talking about anyone (or team or company or celebrity)
reflects badly on staffers and the AP. Assume your tweet will be seen by the target of
your comment. The person or organization you’re deriding may be one that an AP
colleague is trying to develop as a source.”
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eModeration: A guide to managing social media for news sites and media organisations
As the Telegraph has recently seen, serious problems can occur when you integrate external
social media platforms into your editorially controlled, highly reputable news site.
This is not the first time this has happened to The Telegraph – the paper set up a #budget
hashtag tracker in 2009 which resulted in a stream of insulting tweets being published on the
website. Apart from the negative impact an abusive tweet can have on the reputation of
your brand, how can you expect site contributors to uphold the stringent community
standards that the newspaper demands when un-moderated content can be displayed
prominently on your home page from your own reporters?
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eModeration: The Guide to Social Media Engagement for Financial Organisations
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eModeration: A guide to managing social media for news sites and media organisations
The guidelines also warn against the possibility of bias:
“It is acceptable to extend and accept Facebook friend requests from sources, but we
should try to avoid situations that may jeopardize AP’s reputation by giving the
appearance of bias.”
Guidelines for users
It’s worth spending some time writing clear, readable guidance for
users on what is and what isn’t acceptable behaviour on the site.
Long, jargon-filled terms and conditions may be necessary for
legal reasons, but most consumers won’t read them. Highlight the
most important things you want users to do in plain language, with
a link through to the more detailed terms. This will help to set the
tone and values of the community from the outset. Be clear what
action will be taken if the rules are broken (the post will be removed, in extreme or repeat
offence cases the user will be blocked, and if illegal action is taken, then the appropriate
authorities will be notified, etc) and – importantly – take that action. The Guardian's
community standards are a good example to follow.
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eModeration: The Guide to Social Media Engagement for Financial Organisations
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eModeration: A guide to managing social media for news sites and media organisations
Escalation processes
Set clear escalation processes so that the community managers can respond quickly and
appropriately to issues. A subscription problem will have a different escalation process to a
security threat – make sure procedures are in place for various levels of issues.
Response policies
Do you want journalists to remain involved with the community after their article is written and
posted? We know from our own experience that where there is evidence of an authoritative
voice within the community, there are fewer issues with abusive user behaviour. It also cuts
down the amount of spam posted to the site. But it can be problematic.
Dealing with angry or abusive responses can be challenging for reporters, particularly when
the abuse is personal. If you expect your reporters to engage within the community, set clear
response guidelines and offer training in dealing with negative or personal comments.
Reuters’ policy for journalists (reported in Hohmann’s paper) states:
“Think before you post. One of the secrets to social media’s success is how easy it has
become to participate. But that also makes it easy to respond or repeat before you
have thought through the consequences. Whether we think it is fair or not, other media
will use your social media output as your news organization’s comment on topical
stories. And you will play into the hands of your critics unless you take care: Resist the
temptation to respond in anger to those you regard as mistaken or ill-tempered.”
There may even be an argument for a third party (the site’s community manager, for
example) to select posts for journalists to respond to, in order to reduce the chance of
posting in anger. AdAge published a great story on the
‘chapter missing’ from Twitter’s newsroom guide, citing a
‘throw down’ on Twitter between Jeff Jarvis and Jeff
Bercovici. It’s very easy to respond in anger with the online
world watching.
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eModeration: A guide to managing social media for news sites and media organisations
Dealing with reader comments
You don’t have to be a social media expert to know that there are certain types of stories
that are more likely to generate abusive comments from readers. Anything covering emotive
issues - religion, race, sexuality, war, politics - is likely to attract strong feelings from readers.
Recognise which stories are likely to generate strong emotions, and deal with them
appropriately:
Make sure you adhere to the terms of the site. Don’t allow abusive or threatening posts
If appropriate, move the discussion elsewhere, for example to a forum that is separate from
the main news site. This distances the user comments from the journalists and allows you to
treat it slightly differently from a normal article discussion
If you are employing moderators (which we would strongly advise) you need to scale up
and brief them accordingly
Moderation options for reader comments
There are four options:
1. Pre-moderation (all comments are moderated before
they go live). This is obviously the safest route to take to
protect the reputation of the organisation and is the
one most news organisations opt for. However, it has a
major disadvantage in that there will be a time lag and many comments may never be
screened due to high volumes
2. Post-moderation (all comments are moderated after they go live, and removed if they are
abusive). This is slightly more risky, as inappropriate comments will be seen by the
community, and associated with the media brand. Again, there is danger that high volumes
may mean that not all comments are screened.
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eModeration: The Guide to Social Media Engagement for Financial Organisations
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eModeration: A guide to managing social media for news sites and media organisations
3. A combination of pre and post moderation. Reuters has ‘approved’ commentators –
people who have a strong record of behaving well in a community and having their
comments approved – who can move away from pre-moderation to post-moderation.
There is a cost advantage to this approach, as you don’t need round-the-clock moderation
4. Relying on the community to moderate comment s by flagging them. This is the most risky
strategy, and has the most potential to damage the brand. In the UK, however, unlike the
US, there is still some confusion around who is responsible for user-generated content on a
news site, and some news organisations take this route to try to cover themselves under the
EU Commerce Directive hosting exemption. But in practice, legal rulings on the use of the
Hosting Defence have varied: it's an extremely grey legal area. In the main, brands take
their duty of care very seriously, and agree that it is important to moderate thoroughly, to
protect the brand’s own reputation and, of course, its users. Update Oct 2011: The UK
Government are proposing a revision to the defamation laws which, if they go through,
could significantly impact the way both legal liabilities of publishers and moderation
processes.
Moderating comments on Twitter
Of course, you can’t moderate what people say on Twitter – and creating hashtags for
particular subjects can be a risk, as there’s no way of moderating a live feed. What you can
do is to moderate Twitter feeds that are pulled into websites, to avoid being ‘brandjacked’
on your site or Facebook page.
Dealing with text-to-screen comments
The only way to do this is to pre-moderate all comments using technology and human
moderators. It’s not worth the risk to the organisation’s reputation if an inappropriate post
gets through to a screen in a live TV environment. And remember that a Twitpic can make
the offending tweet viral in seconds ...
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eModeration: The Guide to Social Media Engagement for Financial Organisations
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eModeration: A guide to managing social media for news sites and media organisations
Blocking comments
Blocking comments completely is an option in some cases, for example those stories most
likely to incite a strong reaction from the community, or on coverage of a legal case. The
Portland Press Herald blocked user comments entirely in late 2010, in response to ‘vile, crude,
insensitive and vicious postings’. (That policy has since been reversed and comments are
enabled, but with a strict no-bullying policy made clear at the top of each comments page.)
But there is a real difference between negative and abusive comments. Inviting commentary
on news articles will generate differences of opinion and healthy debate. Views that disagree
with those of the news organisation should be accepted (and actually help to make the site
feel authentic, open and honest). But there is no need to put up with abuse, personal
comments or spam. Equally, libellous comments should be removed. Although in the US
publications aren’t legally responsible for libellous postings on their sites (unless altered by the
organisation – see our legal section, below), this is a more grey area in the UK, and it is good
practice to remove anything that could drag you or your users into a court of law.]
Some news organisations choose not to publish comments that are very similar to ones that
have run before, if they don’t add anything to the debate. In Reuters’ words:
“Some of the guidelines for our moderators are hard to define precisely. Mocking of
public people can be fair sport, for example, but a moderator that has just approved
30 comments calling someone an idiot can rightly decide that there’s little incremental
value in publishing the 31st. When we block comments of this nature, it’s because of
issues of repetition, taste or legal risk, not political bias.”
(Note: at the time of writing, there appears to be no engagement with the commenters
under this particular post.)
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eModeration: A guide to managing social media for news sites and media organisations
Allowing users the right to contest a decision?
If a user contests the decision to delete a comment, or block them, don’t enter into a
discussion within the thread itself, but move the discussion elsewhere (to a contact centre, for
example). As one of our community managers, Tom Miller, says:
“It's unwise to respond to the user who is protesting a moderation decision within the
thread itself. Any limited discussion tends to snowball into more users asking 'but why X
if not Y?'. It’s best to direct it through to a contact centre. If the protest starts a new
thread, close it with something like 'Hi xx, we don't discuss moderation issues on the
board itself. Please get in touch at xxx and the forum support team will be happy to
help'. If it’s an old thread, the posts should be split to archive and a post put up along
the lines of 'A number of posts have been removed from this thread. We don't permit
discussion of moderation actions on the board itself but are happy to discuss via xxx'.
“At the contact centre, after you've explained the decision, if the user still isn't happy
and you see no reason to alter the decision, you need to close the discussion: an
almost-mean 'we're perfectly within our rights to determine who can and can't use our
services and if you can't follow the T&Cs then you're out. No further discussion will be
entered into' can work for repeat offenders or particularly silly banned users. There is of
course a nicer approach for people who’ve just got it a bit wrong, saying something
like: ‘we hope you can understand our reasoning and change how you post next
time’.”
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Dealing with mis-information
Often, the community will pitch in to correct mis-
information on comment threads. Serious mis-
information posted within the community should be
corrected (and if it is defamatory, deleted). But it’s not
always readers who make mistakes. In this Mediashift
post, the author Nathan Gibbs gives excellent advice
on how to correct (and delete) erroneous posts on
social media platforms, including how to publicly acknowledge the error and notify those
who have shared it.
Dealing with anonymous comments
Asking users to register on the site – whether that’s using a social network ID or a separate
registration process - can reduce spam and abusive comments, and in some cases means
the news organisation could hand over details in
the event of a lawsuit. (It’s worth noting that
depending on the comment software used, an
IP address is usually logged with the hosting site,
even if there is no registration process.) Of course
this is not a foolproof system – as with any social
media accounts, it’s fairly simple to register false
information, but it does helps to reduce the
problem, although there is a genuine fear that it will reduce participation... The counter-
argument is, of course, whether this inhibits free speech, as explored in this article on Gigaom.
Also, linking comments to a person's real Facebook persona, for example, could be
potentially dangerous: as one of our Account Managers put it: "With so many clients, we go
out of our way to remove PI [personal information]- including real names. I don't want to be
tracked down on FB just because someone doesn't like my pro-West Ham remarks on the
FA.com. Abusive remarks hiding behind anonymity seem to me to be a lesser evil, and more
easily mitigated against."
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Major news sites, including the New York Times, the Huffington Post and the Washington Post
decided not to allow anonymous comments after a review in 2010; the Sun Chronicle has
gone a step further, charging users a nominal one-off fee of 99 cents to register and
comment. This is payable via credit card, which means users have to register their real name
and address.
The legal issues of user-generated content on news sites
Before we get into the legalities of social media and newsrooms, I should say that we are not
legal experts. But we asked for advice from our legal partners in the US and the UK on the
legal issues facing news organisations in creating communities online, and their guidance is
below. Of course, news organisations should seek their own independent legal advice
before making decisions about the inclusion of user-generated content.
In the US, the law is clearer than in the UK in protecting news organisations from liability
following a user-generated comment on its site. Deborah Peckham, of Burns & Levinson LLP,
says:
“Under U.S. law it is clear that a news organization is not responsible for the potentially
defamatory content of third party comments posted online. Section 230 of the
Communications Decency Act (47 USC § 230 provides “No provider or user of an
interactive computer service shall be treated as the publisher or speaker of any
information provided by another information content provider.” Accordingly, online
service providers, including news organizations that publish online, are treated merely
as “distributors” of online content and not publishers, for purposes of assigning liability.
“Furthermore, online news providers generally will not be accountable even if they edit
or remove comments, provided that the editing of content doesn’t materially change
the post or comment (for instance by adding a word or removing a word that results in
defamatory content).”
This principle applies to all social platforms. We asked if there was any difference in legal
liability for user-generated content between a platform such as Twitter and a publisher. As
Peckham says:
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“Under U.S. law there is no difference. The critical element is that the
publication/distribution of comments occurs online and that the comments are
spoken/posted by a third party that is not an employee of the news organization.
Under such circumstances, there is no liability to the news organization (or the
communications platform, e.g., Yahoo! Or Twitter!)”
In the UK, this is a more complex issue. The EU Commerce Directive’s hosting exemption
removes liability for certain sites from comments posted by users provided that the content
has not been previously seen by the publisher, but it isn’t completely clear to which sites that
exemption applies (we wrote a more detailed post on this issue, here). On the subject of
defamation, Rachel Boothroyd, of WTS Legal in the UK, says:
"There is a major difference between hate comments and defamation. The first is an
unpleasant or negative expression of opinion. There is nothing unlawful about this
unless it strays into the realm of the obscenity laws. The second is unlawful and a
recourse via the courts on the basis that it is an untrue statement which would lower
that person in the eyes of the right-thinking public.
"So let’s consider the defamation issue. Display of defamatory comments beneath a
news article would attract the same analysis as any potential liability for defamation
issue online. The key question is whether the organisation is merely hosting the material
and thus may benefit from the exemption under the E-Commerce Directive (subject to
notice and take down rules) or whether it is publishing the material in which case it
does not benefit from any exemption.“
However, no publisher wants their brand to be associated with bad material, and the risk of
being sued for defamation is not the only risk that they are running: by only reactively
moderating, they are potentially hosting illegal content in the form of obscenity, terrorism,
racial abuse, child endangerment... the list goes on.
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In the US, it is only changing the sense of a user’s post that could result in the publisher being
liable for that content. Peckham says:
“For instance, if the news organization changes the sentence “Mayor Dobbins is a
thief,” to “Mayor Dobbins is not a thief,” then the new organization may lose its
immunity from publisher liability for defamatory content under the Communications
Decency Act.”
News organisations in the US and the UK have no legal obligation to hand over users’ details.
As Peckham says of the US:
“Under U.S. law there is no requirement that service providers or publisher release
identities. Typically, aggrieved subjects of allegedly defamatory content will seek legal
redress in the form of a court order requiring disclosure. While the law is unsettled, most
courts that have heard such challenges require that the complaining party submit
adequate evidence to sustain a defamation claim before they will issue an order to a
publisher requiring disclosure. That said, as a practical matter many service providers,
including news organizations will post terms of use that purport to notify posters that
they will (or will not) identify posters with or without a court order. Many simply do not
want to be sued or appear in court and so will reserve the right to reveal the names of
authors so as to avoid legal proceedings.”
Rachel Boothroyd says of the UK:
“In the UK, there is no legal right to access. In fact, it is arguable that under Data
Protection laws the news organisation would be in breach of its obligations if it gives
away personal information relating to a subscriber or otherwise a person submitting
comment. For these and other reasons, many news organisations and ISPs do not as a
matter of policy provide such details and a complainant must obtain a court order
compelling such disclosure.”
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Creating engaging communities
Set the tone for each community. Different communities (and channels) require different
handling. Meg Pickard, head of digital engagement at the UK’s Guardian newspaper, is
quoted in an article by Emma Heald on editorsweblog.org as saying Twitter is a more
"conversational medium" than Facebook, and has a "real immediate journalistic aim," while
Facebook is more about sharing content with friends. In the same article, Heald goes on to
say:
“Pickard made an interesting differentiation between the way the paper uses Twitter
and Facebook in terms of the type of content it posts to each. With Facebook, it is
necessary to remember that this is more social territory, Pickard said, and that the news
from media organisations will be mixed in with news from users' friends.”
Apply resource. Managing a community takes time and effort, both from moderators and
community managers and from the journalists who created the original content. In another
article by Heald, she quotes the New York Times social media editor, Jennifer Preston, as
saying:
“The journalists have to own the page. I warn them that it's like a puppy... you have to
be prepared to commit.”
Have conversations, don’t just broadcast information. The secret to a valuable community is
to listen as well as to feed information out into the community. Asking questions, listening to
users and ascertaining the mood of the community works as market research for media
organisations and can help them develop stories that their readers want.
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Stay involved. A journalist’s personal brand can support that of his or her media organisation,
and inspire loyalty, according to Brandmeajournalist.com. Although, of course, this also poses
a risk for the organisation – if a journalist leaves, his or her followers leave, too. Facebook has
a guide for journalists on how to set up their Facebook pages, including the following advice:
“Ask questions, solicit feedback, and use the wisdom of the crowd. Pages enable you
to not only have a dialogue with your community around the content you're
producing, but also enlist them in the process for crowdsourcing.”
Here is a useful guide about the kind of posts that will engage (including posting out of hours).
Dan Gillmor’s book, Mediactive, cites the example of Robert Niles:
“Robert Niles, who has created a number of online services including the award-
winning Theme Park Insider.com says that tomorrow’s journalists will need to be
community organizers—and that you’ll need to understand that the people who pay
the bills, not just the audience, comprise one of the communities you’ll need to
organize and serve. This is true for a one-person effort or a larger one.”
“Know what you’re doing online,” Niles says.
“Embrace community organizing; create value
for a community… [and] you will find a
community that will value you.”
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The future for social news
There’s an excellent article in The Economist which claims that news is going back to its
traditional roots before mass media: a time when it was spread through word of mouth in
coffee houses and taverns, via leaflets and newsletters. Those coffee house conversations are
now held on Facebook, and Twitter has replaced the pamphlet. But the basic human
behaviour – sharing information and views on current events – hasn’t changed.
While of course social media doesn’t cause revolutions, it plays a part in communicating
those revolutions to the outside world, faster than we have ever known (and in doing so
facilitates them, provides critical mass to nascent movements). A consumer with a mobile
phone is as likely to provide that front page story as a journalist in situ. The traditional news
model – one way communication of news – has shifted for good. But consumers are still
seeking out reliable news sources over these new channels, just as journalists are seeking out
reliable sources.
Managed properly, the engagement between news media and consumers could benefit
both sides immeasurably.
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About eModeration
eModeration Limited is an award-winning social media management agency. It works with
some of the world’s biggest brands (including BBC Worldwide, ITV, HSBC, MTV, Sony Mobile,
ESPN, Hyundai, Smirnoff, the LEGO Group, Sprint and The Economist) and agencies (including
Starcom MediaVest Group, Wieden + Kennedy, Ogilvy, Saatchi & Saatchi, DDB Worldwide,
Crispin Porter + Bogusky and Publicis Groupe).
Based in London UK, with offices in Los Angeles and New York, eModeration provides multi-
lingual moderation and community management services, consultancy and social media
crisis management training to clients in the TV, entertainment and digital publishing industry
and blue chip clients hosting online communities.
Committed to ethical business practices and to the promotion of child online safety,
eModeration's CEO Tamara Littleton recently worked with the UK Government department
UKCCIS to produce its guidelines on how to moderate online environments for children.
eModeration contributes to the growth of knowledge in the social media world via its white
papers, blogs and seminars, and has a strong roster of returning clients who appreciate the
high quality of its services.
Media and blogger contacts:
For eModeration: To speak to Tamara Littleton, CEO, eModeration, please contact: Kate
Hartley, Carrot Communications, Tel: 0203 178 5052 / email [email protected]