A GUIDE TO CONDUCT A GUIDE TO CONDUCT DISORDERDISORDER

BY MAYA MAHLERBY MAYA MAHLER

TABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF CONTENTS1.1. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION (3) (3)2.2.GLOSSARYGLOSSARY (4-6) (4-6)3.3.PODCAST SCRIPTS PODCAST SCRIPTS (7)(7)4.4.THINGS THAT CAN HELP THINGS THAT CAN HELP (8-9)(8-9)5.5.THINGS TO AVOID THINGS TO AVOID (10-11)(10-11)6.6.A WORD GAME A WORD GAME (12-13)(12-13)7.7.RESOURCES & READINGS (14-RESOURCES & READINGS (14-

15)15)8.8.REFERENCES (16)REFERENCES (16)

©2008 MSMahler, University of Pittsburgh©2008 MSMahler, University of Pittsburgh

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONDear Reader,Dear Reader,

Hello! My name is Maya Mahler, and I am a graduate student at the University of Hello! My name is Maya Mahler, and I am a graduate student at the University of Pittsburgh. In one of my Psychology classes this semester, we were asked to become Pittsburgh. In one of my Psychology classes this semester, we were asked to become highly knowledgeable about a disorder that is of interest to us. So, for the last highly knowledgeable about a disorder that is of interest to us. So, for the last fourteen weeks, I have spent a significant amount of time learning about a childhood fourteen weeks, I have spent a significant amount of time learning about a childhood and teen disorder known as “Conduct Disorder.” One of our assignments was to make and teen disorder known as “Conduct Disorder.” One of our assignments was to make a guide for friends and family of those who are struggling with our assigned disorder. a guide for friends and family of those who are struggling with our assigned disorder. ThisThis is that guide. In the following pages, I hope that you will find information that will is that guide. In the following pages, I hope that you will find information that will give you, your family, and your friends hope about the future of your loved ones. give you, your family, and your friends hope about the future of your loved ones. Conduct Disorder is, without a doubt, a difficult disorder to live with, for all those Conduct Disorder is, without a doubt, a difficult disorder to live with, for all those involved. However, as you are about to find out, there is a lot that can be done for the involved. However, as you are about to find out, there is a lot that can be done for the teen, the family, and the school, to help ensure a typical adulthood. I have included a teen, the family, and the school, to help ensure a typical adulthood. I have included a glossary of words you may hear doctors and therapists say in reference to the glossary of words you may hear doctors and therapists say in reference to the disorder. I have also given a link to two podcasts I have recorded. These podcasts, or disorder. I have also given a link to two podcasts I have recorded. These podcasts, or online radio broadcasts, are geared toward parents of a child with Conduct Disorder online radio broadcasts, are geared toward parents of a child with Conduct Disorder or teens and children who are coping with a peer who has the disorder. Furthermore, or teens and children who are coping with a peer who has the disorder. Furthermore, you will read about some “do’s and don’ts” for working with a child or teen who has you will read about some “do’s and don’ts” for working with a child or teen who has Conduct Disorder. Finally, you can look at some websites and books that I have Conduct Disorder. Finally, you can look at some websites and books that I have included for further reading! I would like to stress that the most important thing to do included for further reading! I would like to stress that the most important thing to do when you feel your son or daughter may have Conduct Disorder is take them to a when you feel your son or daughter may have Conduct Disorder is take them to a doctor. Early intervention is the best way to help him/her get better and cope with doctor. Early intervention is the best way to help him/her get better and cope with situations differently as an adult. I hope you find this guide helpful. Thank you for situations differently as an adult. I hope you find this guide helpful. Thank you for taking the time to use this resource!taking the time to use this resource!

Sincerely,Sincerely,

Maya MahlerMaya Mahler

A LIST OF WORDS SOMETIMES A LIST OF WORDS SOMETIMES USED WITH CONDUCT DISORDERUSED WITH CONDUCT DISORDER

• Abuse: Abuse: a history of abuse is a a history of abuse is a risk factorrisk factor for conduct disorderfor conduct disorder

• Adolescent-Onset:Adolescent-Onset: the type of Conduct Disorder that occurs when a child the type of Conduct Disorder that occurs when a child did not show ANY sign of the disorder before the age of 10. There is a did not show ANY sign of the disorder before the age of 10. There is a better chance that a child will get better if they have Adolescent-Onset better chance that a child will get better if they have Adolescent-Onset than if they have Childhood-Onset Conduct Disorder.than if they have Childhood-Onset Conduct Disorder.

• Anti-social Personality Disorder:Anti-social Personality Disorder: an an adultadult mental health disorder that mental health disorder that involves breaking the law, stealing, lying, fighting, and having no guilt. involves breaking the law, stealing, lying, fighting, and having no guilt. Adults with this disorder often end up in jail and abusing drugs and alcohol. Adults with this disorder often end up in jail and abusing drugs and alcohol. If Conduct Disorder in children starts early, becomes severe, and is never If Conduct Disorder in children starts early, becomes severe, and is never treated, then it treated, then it couldcould turn into Anti-social Personality Disorder in adulthood. turn into Anti-social Personality Disorder in adulthood.

• Childhood-Onset:Childhood-Onset: the type of Conduct Disorder that occurs when a child the type of Conduct Disorder that occurs when a child DID show signs of the disorder before the age of 10. There is a reduced DID show signs of the disorder before the age of 10. There is a reduced chance that a child will get better if they have Childhood-Onset than if they chance that a child will get better if they have Childhood-Onset than if they have Adolescent-Onset Conduct Disorder.have Adolescent-Onset Conduct Disorder.

• Conduct Disorder (CD)Conduct Disorder (CD): “: “Children with conduct disorder repeatedly Children with conduct disorder repeatedly violate the personal or property rights of others and the basic expectations violate the personal or property rights of others and the basic expectations of society. A diagnosis of conduct disorder is likely when these symptoms of society. A diagnosis of conduct disorder is likely when these symptoms continue for 6 months or longer. Conduct disorder is known as a "disruptive continue for 6 months or longer. Conduct disorder is known as a "disruptive behavior disorder" because of its impact on children and their families, behavior disorder" because of its impact on children and their families, neighbors, and schools.”neighbors, and schools.”44

• Labels:Labels: Doctors use mental health labels to help them know how to treat Doctors use mental health labels to help them know how to treat patients. “Conduct Disorder” is one label. These are helpful because they let patients. “Conduct Disorder” is one label. These are helpful because they let the doctor know what kind of medication or therapy a patient might need. It’s the doctor know what kind of medication or therapy a patient might need. It’s important for doctors and for everyone else to remember that people are much important for doctors and for everyone else to remember that people are much more than their labels- the mental health problem is one small part of who a more than their labels- the mental health problem is one small part of who a person is! A label helps in some ways, but it can hurt if we start treating person is! A label helps in some ways, but it can hurt if we start treating people badly because of their label.people badly because of their label.

• Mild:Mild: Mild Conduct Disorder is the label of Conduct Disorder that is given when Mild Conduct Disorder is the label of Conduct Disorder that is given when they only show a few of the Conduct Disorder behaviors, and the behaviors they only show a few of the Conduct Disorder behaviors, and the behaviors shown by the child/teen are not very harmful.shown by the child/teen are not very harmful.

• Moderate:Moderate: Moderate Conduct Disorder is a label of Conduct Disorder that is Moderate Conduct Disorder is a label of Conduct Disorder that is given when a medium amount of behaviors of Conduct Disorder are shown by a given when a medium amount of behaviors of Conduct Disorder are shown by a child/teen, or the behaviors are somewhat harmful.child/teen, or the behaviors are somewhat harmful.

• Oppositional Defiance Disorder (ODD):Oppositional Defiance Disorder (ODD): A mental health problem in young A mental health problem in young children. The behavior shown by children with ODD is negative, defiant, and children. The behavior shown by children with ODD is negative, defiant, and disobedient. Children with ODD may constantly argue with adults, test disobedient. Children with ODD may constantly argue with adults, test boundaries, and behave negatively. These behaviors are more serious than a boundaries, and behave negatively. These behaviors are more serious than a typical child who tests boundaries or doesn’t want to do what they’re told. typical child who tests boundaries or doesn’t want to do what they’re told. Some children with severe ODD can develop Conduct Disorder. Some children with severe ODD can develop Conduct Disorder. ¹¹

• Parent Management Training (PMT):Parent Management Training (PMT): A method where the therapist and A method where the therapist and parent/s meet to help the parents understand how to help their child. They will parent/s meet to help the parents understand how to help their child. They will work on how the parent(s) can act to help encourage good behaviors and to work on how the parent(s) can act to help encourage good behaviors and to stop the bad behaviors.stop the bad behaviors.44

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• Podcast:Podcast: a short radio broadcast or audio clip that can be accessed anytime a short radio broadcast or audio clip that can be accessed anytime by going onlineby going online

• Psychotherapy:Psychotherapy: “Treatment for mental and emotional disorders using specific “Treatment for mental and emotional disorders using specific psychological techniques such as "talk therapy." The goals of psychotherapy psychological techniques such as "talk therapy." The goals of psychotherapy are relief of symptoms and changes in behavior.” are relief of symptoms and changes in behavior.” ²²

• Risk Factors:Risk Factors: These are things that increase the chances that a child or teen These are things that increase the chances that a child or teen may have Conduct Disorder. may have Conduct Disorder. Some Some examples of risk factors for Conduct examples of risk factors for Conduct Disorder are being separated from parents when someone is young, neglect, Disorder are being separated from parents when someone is young, neglect, abuseabuse, parents with mental illness, a lot of fighting in the family, parents with mental illness, a lot of fighting in the family55

• Severe:Severe: Severe Conduct Disorder is a label of Conduct Disorder that is given Severe Conduct Disorder is a label of Conduct Disorder that is given when many of the behaviors of Conduct Disorder are shown by a child/teen, when many of the behaviors of Conduct Disorder are shown by a child/teen, and the behaviors are serious and harmful.and the behaviors are serious and harmful.

• Stigma:Stigma: “a mark of shame or disgrace,” refers to “negative attitudes toward “a mark of shame or disgrace,” refers to “negative attitudes toward health problems and other conditions.” health problems and other conditions.” – “…“…certain language that is common in our culture can have negative certain language that is common in our culture can have negative

consequences. Offensive words like loony, psycho, or crazy, though they consequences. Offensive words like loony, psycho, or crazy, though they may seem harmless, can be hurtful and help to fuel stigma. Learning the may seem harmless, can be hurtful and help to fuel stigma. Learning the facts about mental health and spreading accurate information helps to facts about mental health and spreading accurate information helps to decrease stigma and promote understanding. This is especially important decrease stigma and promote understanding. This is especially important because at its worst, stigma can stop people with mental illnesses from because at its worst, stigma can stop people with mental illnesses from getting the help they need. Just like people with other illnesses like asthma, getting the help they need. Just like people with other illnesses like asthma, people who are dealing with mental health problems have nothing to feel people who are dealing with mental health problems have nothing to feel ashamed of and the wisest, most courageous way to cope is to seek and ashamed of and the wisest, most courageous way to cope is to seek and stay in treatment.” stay in treatment.” ²²

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Scripts for PodcastsScripts for Podcasts

• The podcasts, or short online radio The podcasts, or short online radio broadcasts, about Conduct Disorder broadcasts, about Conduct Disorder (CD), can be found at (CD), can be found at www.sbbh.pitt.eduwww.sbbh.pitt.edu..

• One podcast is meant for parents of One podcast is meant for parents of children or teens with CD.children or teens with CD.

• The other podcast is meant to help The other podcast is meant to help children or teens who are around teens children or teens who are around teens with CD understand the behavior. with CD understand the behavior.

THINGS THAT CAN HELP WHEN THINGS THAT CAN HELP WHEN FACED WITH CONDUCT FACED WITH CONDUCT

DISORDERDISORDER• The sooner the child or teen gets help from a doctor, the The sooner the child or teen gets help from a doctor, the

better it is for the family and the child.better it is for the family and the child.

• The best therapy to treat Conduct Disorder treats all the child’s and family’s The best therapy to treat Conduct Disorder treats all the child’s and family’s needs. needs. – This means that the child may need to take medicationThis means that the child may need to take medication– The child should also have individual counseling. The child should also have individual counseling. – Plus, it is very helpful for the parents to get some Parent Management Plus, it is very helpful for the parents to get some Parent Management

Training. Training. – If the doctor and family agree it might help, the parents can get counseling If the doctor and family agree it might help, the parents can get counseling

for themselves or get marital counseling.for themselves or get marital counseling. • It is best for parents to have a plan for how to react to negative behaviors. Also, It is best for parents to have a plan for how to react to negative behaviors. Also,

they should have boundaries that are simple and have been clearly laid out. they should have boundaries that are simple and have been clearly laid out. Finally, parents should have punishments and rewards that have been clearly Finally, parents should have punishments and rewards that have been clearly laid out. laid out. – Keeping rules, boundaries, punishments, and rewards that are clear and Keeping rules, boundaries, punishments, and rewards that are clear and

consistent will help the child to feel in control, which they need. consistent will help the child to feel in control, which they need. – It will also help them to know what to expect so that it takes away the It will also help them to know what to expect so that it takes away the

feeling that everyone is being “unfair.”feeling that everyone is being “unfair.”– It also helps the parent to know how to react to sometimes shocking It also helps the parent to know how to react to sometimes shocking

behavior they may not be prepared for. So, it helps keep parents in control.behavior they may not be prepared for. So, it helps keep parents in control.

• Children and teens with Conduct Disorder often make very reckless Children and teens with Conduct Disorder often make very reckless decisions. Therefore, it is very helpful for parents, guardians, and decisions. Therefore, it is very helpful for parents, guardians, and teachers, to be especially careful in checking where they go, who their teachers, to be especially careful in checking where they go, who their friends are, what time they come home, and what they are doing when friends are, what time they come home, and what they are doing when they are out. This will keep the child/teen and others safe. they are out. This will keep the child/teen and others safe.

• The child/teen, parent(s), teachers, and guidance counselor should all be The child/teen, parent(s), teachers, and guidance counselor should all be working together for the success of the child and the family. Parents and working together for the success of the child and the family. Parents and the school should:the school should:– form a working relationship between the home and school. form a working relationship between the home and school. – maintain an maintain an openopen and and honesthonest relationship. relationship.– keep lines of keep lines of communicationcommunication constantly constantly openopen so the child/teen knows they can’t so the child/teen knows they can’t

“play” the parents or the school against each other.“play” the parents or the school against each other.

• It is best for adults to keep rules, boundaries, and consequences consistent It is best for adults to keep rules, boundaries, and consequences consistent between home and school. This will make it easier for the child/teen so between home and school. This will make it easier for the child/teen so they don’t have to change their thinking several times a day.they don’t have to change their thinking several times a day.

• Everyone in the family can get involved in parent, family, and teen support Everyone in the family can get involved in parent, family, and teen support groups. These groups can help to make sure that everyone is getting the groups. These groups can help to make sure that everyone is getting the best possible care, and remind them that they are not alone in their best possible care, and remind them that they are not alone in their struggles. There are people that understand!struggles. There are people that understand!

THINGS TO AVOID WHEN THINGS TO AVOID WHEN FACED WITH CONDUCT FACED WITH CONDUCT

DISORDERDISORDER• It is helpful for parents to try to not take their child’s behavior personally.  It It is helpful for parents to try to not take their child’s behavior personally.  It

is difficult to not feel personally attacked, and then react that way. But, it is difficult to not feel personally attacked, and then react that way. But, it is easier for parents to deal with the behavior if they think of it as a result is easier for parents to deal with the behavior if they think of it as a result of the disorder and not as a personal attack. of the disorder and not as a personal attack. 

• The best way for adults to deal with negative behavior is to not "push The best way for adults to deal with negative behavior is to not "push back.“ This will only make the reaction worse. back.“ This will only make the reaction worse. 

• Parents should not use the Conduct Disorder as an excuse for poor Parents should not use the Conduct Disorder as an excuse for poor behavior! behavior! – A child/teen with Conduct Disorder is still responsible for their behavior.A child/teen with Conduct Disorder is still responsible for their behavior.– The family and child/teen should work together to do everything they The family and child/teen should work together to do everything they

can to make it better. can to make it better. – Excusing the behavior as “just their Conduct Disorder” makes it seem, Excusing the behavior as “just their Conduct Disorder” makes it seem,

to that child and to others, that children and teens have the right to act to that child and to others, that children and teens have the right to act that way. that way.

– Using Conduct Disorder as an excuse for poor behavior does not help Using Conduct Disorder as an excuse for poor behavior does not help the child/teen get better.the child/teen get better.

• It is best for parents to avoid sending the child/teen to treatment by It is best for parents to avoid sending the child/teen to treatment by themselves without any family involvement. themselves without any family involvement. – Success with Conduct Disorder only happens when the entire Success with Conduct Disorder only happens when the entire

family is involved. family is involved. – The child/teen cannot make the changes by him/herself no matter The child/teen cannot make the changes by him/herself no matter

how much medication or therapy they have.how much medication or therapy they have.– The family needs to learn how to help the child with the Conduct The family needs to learn how to help the child with the Conduct

Disorder, how to respond to the child, and how to set boundaries.Disorder, how to respond to the child, and how to set boundaries.– If there is a lot of conflict in the family, the therapy for the child’s If there is a lot of conflict in the family, the therapy for the child’s

Conduct Disorder will not be as effective. Conduct Disorder will not be as effective. • The family members that are having their own personal The family members that are having their own personal

problems should get therapy, too. problems should get therapy, too. • By getting better themselves, the other family members can By getting better themselves, the other family members can

help the child they love get better and be good role models of help the child they love get better and be good role models of loving behavior. loving behavior.

• Everyone involved should avoid BLAMING: Trying to figure out whose Everyone involved should avoid BLAMING: Trying to figure out whose fault it is that a child has Conduct Disorder does not help him or her to fault it is that a child has Conduct Disorder does not help him or her to get better. Looking backward to find out who or what caused the get better. Looking backward to find out who or what caused the disorder will not help the Conduct Disorder go away. While it can be a disorder will not help the Conduct Disorder go away. While it can be a very difficult situation, it is best to look forward to the solution. With very difficult situation, it is best to look forward to the solution. With the whole family’s cooperation, some therapy, medication, and hard the whole family’s cooperation, some therapy, medication, and hard work, a child/teen with Conduct Disorder has a chance to get better work, a child/teen with Conduct Disorder has a chance to get better and grow up to lead a typical adult life.and grow up to lead a typical adult life.

CONDUCT DISORDER WORD SCRAMBLECONDUCT DISORDER WORD SCRAMBLEUse words from the podcasts about conduct disorder or mental illness to Use words from the podcasts about conduct disorder or mental illness to

unscramble the words below. Some of them are more than one word!unscramble the words below. Some of them are more than one word!

Name: _________________________________ Name: _________________________________ 

1.urotspp________________________________1.urotspp________________________________2.basekngielurr________________________________2.basekngielurr________________________________3.lulby________________________________3.lulby________________________________4.hokcssliop________________________________4.hokcssliop________________________________5.senaitgl________________________________5.senaitgl________________________________6.roepulpthe________________________________6.roepulpthe________________________________7.ingifght________________________________7.ingifght________________________________8.tehayrp________________________________8.tehayrp________________________________9.eiceimdn________________________________9.eiceimdn________________________________10.ipnehgl________________________________10.ipnehgl________________________________11.prnetsa________________________________11.prnetsa________________________________12.ugsdr________________________________12.ugsdr________________________________13.lolaohc________________________________13.lolaohc________________________________14.agtmis________________________________14.agtmis________________________________15.oerfuootufon________________________________15.oerfuootufon________________________________16.slblae________________________________16.slblae________________________________17.persetc________________________________17.persetc________________________________ ANSWERSANSWERS

ANSWERSANSWERS1.urotspp    1.urotspp     supportsupport2.basekngielurr    2.basekngielurr     breaking rulesbreaking rules3.lulby    3.lulby     bullybully4.hokcssliop    4.hokcssliop     skip schoolskip school5.senaitgl    5.senaitgl     stealingstealing6.roepulpthe    6.roepulpthe     hurt peoplehurt people7.ingifght    7.ingifght     fightingfighting8.tehayrp    8.tehayrp     therapytherapy9.eiceimdn    9.eiceimdn     medicinemedicine10.ipnehgl    10.ipnehgl     helpinghelping11.prnetsa    11.prnetsa     parentsparents12.ugsdr    12.ugsdr     drugsdrugs13.lolaohc    13.lolaohc     alcoholalcohol14.agtmis    14.agtmis     stigmastigma15.oerfuootufon    15.oerfuootufon     one out of fourone out of four16.slblae   16.slblae    labelslabels17.persetc    17.persetc     respectrespect

WEBSITES FOR KIDS, TEENS, WEBSITES FOR KIDS, TEENS, PARENTS, AND TEACHERSPARENTS, AND TEACHERS

• CYKECYKE:: http://www.cyke.comhttp://www.cyke.com – – This site has “The Land of Cyke,” which is an interactive, This site has “The Land of Cyke,” which is an interactive, educational game for young children. It also has information on Conduct Disorder, ODD, educational game for young children. It also has information on Conduct Disorder, ODD, Substance Abuse, different types of therapy and medications, and some great resources and Substance Abuse, different types of therapy and medications, and some great resources and supports for parents to use in the home and in the school.supports for parents to use in the home and in the school.

• Cope, Care, Deal:Cope, Care, Deal: http://www.copecaredeal.org/http://www.copecaredeal.org/ - This site has some books written by teens, for - This site has some books written by teens, for kids and teens, as well as some written for parents, about dealing with mental illness and kids and teens, as well as some written for parents, about dealing with mental illness and treatment. While there isn’t a book specifically about conduct disorder, there are resources treatment. While there isn’t a book specifically about conduct disorder, there are resources about dealing with stigma, how to cope with some of the stresses of mental illness, and other about dealing with stigma, how to cope with some of the stresses of mental illness, and other great resources!great resources!

• National Alliance for the Mentally Ill:National Alliance for the Mentally Ill: http://www.nami.org/http://www.nami.org/

- go to “find support”, then “child and teen support” to find some links for children, teens, and - go to “find support”, then “child and teen support” to find some links for children, teens, and parents. This includes some sites where teens can talk with other teens about their feelings.parents. This includes some sites where teens can talk with other teens about their feelings.

• SAMHSA:SAMHSA: http://mentalhealth.samhsa.gov/publications/allpubs/CA-0010/default.asphttp://mentalhealth.samhsa.gov/publications/allpubs/CA-0010/default.asp - a good, - a good, brief description of conduct disorder, along with some facts about it, and what families can do brief description of conduct disorder, along with some facts about it, and what families can do to help themselves and their loved one.to help themselves and their loved one.

• SAMHSA:SAMHSA: http://mentalhealth.samhsa.gov/child/childhealth.asphttp://mentalhealth.samhsa.gov/child/childhealth.asp - This site lists and describes - This site lists and describes some resources and programs offered by the United States Department of Health and Human some resources and programs offered by the United States Department of Health and Human Services.Services.

• Mental Health Association of Southeastern Pennsylvania:Mental Health Association of Southeastern Pennsylvania: http://www.mhasp.org/coping/guardians.htmlhttp://www.mhasp.org/coping/guardians.html - This site is a resource for parents or guardians. - This site is a resource for parents or guardians. It will help you talk to your children to help them better understand mental illness.It will help you talk to your children to help them better understand mental illness.

BOOKS TO READBOOKS TO READFor parentsFor parents::• Barkley, R & Benton, C. Your defiant child: 8 steps to better behavior.

• Johnson, J.T. Johnson, J.T. Hidden Victims: An eight-stage healing process for Hidden Victims: An eight-stage healing process for families and friends of the mentally ill.families and friends of the mentally ill.

• Marsh, D.T. & Dickens, R. Marsh, D.T. & Dickens, R. Troubled journey: Coming to terms with Troubled journey: Coming to terms with the mental illness of a sibling of parent.the mental illness of a sibling of parent.

• Woolis, R. Woolis, R. When someone you love has a mental illness: A handbook When someone you love has a mental illness: A handbook for family, friends, and caregivers.for family, friends, and caregivers.

For siblings and teensFor siblings and teens::

• Brindamour, L. Brindamour, L. Someone in my family has a mental illness: A Someone in my family has a mental illness: A workbook. workbook. ((http://www.bccf.bc.ca/cgibin/miva?Merchant2/merchant.mv+Screen=PROD&Store_Code=BCCF&Product_Code=MSC+135&Category_Code=FL)

• Diner, S.H. Nothing to be ashamed of: Growing up with mental illness in your family.

• SANE Australia. You’re not alone: SANE guide for children. (www.sane.org)

REFERENCESREFERENCES1.1. American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and StatisticalAmerican Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical

Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (text revision). Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (text revision). Washington,Washington,

DC: Author.DC: Author.

2.2. CopeCareDeal- A mental health site for teens. (2008). Retrieved CopeCareDeal- A mental health site for teens. (2008). Retrieved November November 12, 2008, from: The Annenberg Foundation Trust at 12, 2008, from: The Annenberg Foundation Trust at Sunnylands Sunnylands www.copecaredeal.orgwww.copecaredeal.org..

3.3. CYKE. (2007). Conduct Disorder. Retrieved September 18, 2008 from: CYKE. (2007). Conduct Disorder. Retrieved September 18, 2008 from: http://http://www.cyke.com/health/s_conduct.htmlwww.cyke.com/health/s_conduct.html..

4.4. Martin, A. & Volkmar, F. R. (2007). Lewis's child and adolescent Martin, A. & Volkmar, F. R. (2007). Lewis's child and adolescent psychiatry a psychiatry a

comprehensive textbook (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott comprehensive textbook (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Williams & Wilkins.Wilkins.

5.5. SAMHSA’s National Mental Health Information Center. (2008). SAMHSA’s National Mental Health Information Center. (2008). Mental Health Dictionary. http://mentalhealth.samhsa.gov.

6. School Express. (2008). Word Unscramble. Retrieved November 19, 2008 from: http://www.schoolexpress.com.