A Global Dimension A Global Dimension for Engineering for Engineering EducationEducationWorkshop 2Workshop 2

Engineers working with conflictEngineers working with conflict

TimetableTimetable

10.00 – 10.30 Introductions and arrivals10.00 – 10.30 Introductions and arrivals 10.30-11.30 10.30-11.30 Conflict-sensitive engineering practice Conflict-sensitive engineering practice

in the fieldin the field 11.30 Coffee11.30 Coffee 12.00-1.00 12.00-1.00 First choose your clientFirst choose your client: Consultation, : Consultation,

participation and consensus building participation and consensus building 1.01.0 LunchLunch 2.00-3.00 2.00-3.00 Procedural justice and negotiationProcedural justice and negotiation 3.00-4.00 3.00-4.00 How to complicate your life and other talesHow to complicate your life and other tales

Procedural justiceProcedural justiceand a constructive and a constructive approach to negotiating approach to negotiating with stakeholderswith stakeholders

Negotiation: Strategy, Negotiation: Strategy, style, skillsstyle, skills

Nadja Marie Alexander and Jill HowiesonNadja Marie Alexander and Jill Howieson

Carolyn Oldham and Jill Howieson ppt Carolyn Oldham and Jill Howieson ppt presentation ALTC projectpresentation ALTC project

Procedural Procedural justice effect = justice effect = the fairness of the the fairness of the procedure can enhance procedure can enhance stakeholders stakeholders satisfaction, and satisfaction, and perceptions of overall perceptions of overall fairness, regardless of fairness, regardless of the outcome of the the outcome of the decision.decision.

The primary factors that contribute to The primary factors that contribute to judgements about procedural justice:judgements about procedural justice:

opportunities for participation (voice)opportunities for participation (voice) consideration of the stakeholders’s viewsconsideration of the stakeholders’s views the neutrality of the forum the neutrality of the forum the trustworthiness of the person enacting the trustworthiness of the person enacting

the processthe process the degree to which the procedure is the degree to which the procedure is

dignified, polite and respectful.dignified, polite and respectful.

Quality of decision-makingQuality of decision-making

gains enough information from the gains enough information from the stakeholder to handle the issues well stakeholder to handle the issues well

neutrality – bases the advice on neutrality – bases the advice on knowledge and not on personal biasesknowledge and not on personal biases

correctablity – build in flexibility to correctablity – build in flexibility to correct decisions if not meeting needscorrect decisions if not meeting needs

conduct simple and efficient meetingsconduct simple and efficient meetings understands the issuesunderstands the issues

Quality of treatmentQuality of treatment respect, politeness and respect, politeness and

dignitydignity trustworthinesstrustworthiness ‘‘voice’voice’ stakeholder’s needs and stakeholder’s needs and

stakeholders’s views taken stakeholders’s views taken into accountinto account

allowed to ‘vent’ if neededallowed to ‘vent’ if needed informational justiceinformational justice

Positional NegotiationPositional Negotiation

It involves negotiating over positions It involves negotiating over positions and focuses on finding a solution that and focuses on finding a solution that maximises your own gain—usually to maximises your own gain—usually to the detriment of the other the detriment of the other stakeholders. stakeholders.

PositionsPositions

Positions Positions represent what stakeholders represent what stakeholders want or say they want: their goals, want or say they want: their goals,

claims and demandsclaims and demands ..

Interest-based negotiation begins with an exploration of the problem. Stakeholders educate each other about their interests and then jointly problem solve on how to meet those interests.

Interest-based NegotiationInterest-based Negotiation

InterestsInterests

The needs, concerns and fears that motivate the stakeholders.

OptionsOptions

All of the possible ideas for resolution which can be All of the possible ideas for resolution which can be agreed to by the parties.agreed to by the parties.

The things we can do together (by agreement).The things we can do together (by agreement).

AlternativesAlternatives

Possible solutions or actions which do not Possible solutions or actions which do not require agreement between the parties.require agreement between the parties.

The things we can do independently (without the The things we can do independently (without the other party).other party).

A constructive approach

Greenpeace versus Greenpeace versus CartonerosCartoneros

Case study. The local Buenos Aires Government is Case study. The local Buenos Aires Government is keen to find solutions for the reduction of waste and keen to find solutions for the reduction of waste and have been working with have been working with GreenPeaceGreenPeace to create the ‘zero to create the ‘zero garbage law’. They also wish to solve what they call the garbage law’. They also wish to solve what they call the ‘‘problem of theproblem of the cartoneros’ cartoneros’ the informal rubbish pickers, the informal rubbish pickers, who scavenge for recyclable goods to sell. Currently who scavenge for recyclable goods to sell. Currently cartoneros provide the only waste recycling in the city. cartoneros provide the only waste recycling in the city. Green peace believe the Government should provide Green peace believe the Government should provide waste recycling. If this happens the cartoneros will lose waste recycling. If this happens the cartoneros will lose their livelihood. their livelihood.

Interests Interests

Mutual or shared interestsMutual or shared interests Complementary interests - different Complementary interests - different

interests satisfied by same solutioninterests satisfied by same solution Neutral interests - one does not affect the Neutral interests - one does not affect the

otherother Conflicting interestsConflicting interests

OptionsOptions

Options are not solutions - choices for Options are not solutions - choices for solutions. solutions.

A creative idea needs 100s of ideas (A creative idea needs 100s of ideas (www.creax.net))

Generate before you evaluateGenerate before you evaluate Question assumptionsQuestion assumptions Converge and divergeConverge and diverge

Walk away alternativesWalk away alternatives

Alternatives available outside the Alternatives available outside the negotiation - no need to negotiatenegotiation - no need to negotiate

Threshold conceptsThreshold concepts

A threshold concept can be considered as A threshold concept can be considered as akin to a portal, opening up a new and akin to a portal, opening up a new and previously inaccessible way of thinking previously inaccessible way of thinking about something.about something.

It represents a transformed way of under-It represents a transformed way of under-standing, or interpreting, or viewing standing, or interpreting, or viewing something without which the learner cannot something without which the learner cannot progress.progress.

Threshold conceptsThreshold concepts

This transformation may be sudden or it may This transformation may be sudden or it may be protracted over a considerable period of be protracted over a considerable period of time, with the transition to understanding time, with the transition to understanding proving troublesome.proving troublesome.

Such a transformed view or landscape may Such a transformed view or landscape may represent how people ‘think’ in a particular represent how people ‘think’ in a particular discipline, or how they perceive, apprehend, discipline, or how they perceive, apprehend, or experience particular phenomena within or experience particular phenomena within that discipline (or more generally). that discipline (or more generally).

(Meyer and Land, 2003)

Liminality and variationLiminality and variation

Concept introduced

Concept internalised

The liminal space

Spectrum of liminality

Pre Post

Moving through the Moving through the thresholds…thresholds…

Vary the experience and experience the Vary the experience and experience the variation….variation….

Design an exercise for students which Design an exercise for students which involves variation around a critical involves variation around a critical difference in culture which you would like difference in culture which you would like them to appreciate. them to appreciate.