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You’ll find: Problem of the Week, Standardized Test Practice, Section Self-Check Quizzes, Chapter Review Tests, Online Student Edition, Web Links, Internet Physics Labs, Alternate CBL™ Lab Instructions, Vocabulary PuzzleMaker, In the News, Textbook Updates, Teacher Forum, Teaching Today—Professional Development and much more!

Cover Images Each cover image features a major concept taught in physics. The runner and the colliding spheres represent motion. In addition, the spheres demonstrate the conservation of momentum. Fire represents thermodynamics—the study of thermal energy—and lightning, which is composed of negative electric charges, represents electricity and magnetism.

Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act, no part of thispublication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means,or stored in a database retrieval system, without prior written permission ofthe publisher. The term CBL 2 is a trademark of Texas Instruments, Inc.

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Chapter 1 A Physics Toolkit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Chapter 2 Representing Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Chapter 3 Accelerated Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Chapter 4 Forces in One Dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Chapter 5 Forces in Two Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118Chapter 6 Motion in Two Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146Chapter 7 Gravitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170Chapter 8 Rotational Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196Chapter 9 Momentum and Its Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228Chapter 10 Energy, Work, and Simple Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256Chapter 11 Energy and Its Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284

Chapter 12 Thermal Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312Chapter 13 States of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340

Chapter 14 Vibrations and Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374Chapter 15 Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402Chapter 16 Fundamentals of Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430Chapter 17 Reflection and Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456Chapter 18 Refraction and Lenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484Chapter 19 Interference and Diffraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514

Chapter 20 Static Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540Chapter 21 Electric Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562Chapter 22 Current Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590Chapter 23 Series and Parallel Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616Chapter 24 Magnetic Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642Chapter 25 Electromagnetic Induction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670Chapter 26 Electromagnetism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696

Chapter 27 Quantum Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722Chapter 28 The Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746Chapter 29 Solid-State Electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774Chapter 30 Nuclear Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798

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Mechanics

States of Matter

Waves and Light

Electricity and Magnetism

Modern Physics

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Paul W. Zitzewitz, lead author, is a professor ofphysics at the University of Michigan–Dearborn. Hereceived his B.A. from Carleton College, and his M.A.and Ph.D. from Harvard University, all in physics. Dr. Zitzewitz has taught physics to undergraduatesfor 32 years, and is an active experimenter in the field of atomic physics with more than 50 research papers.He was named a Fellow of the American PhysicalSociety for his contributions to physics and scienceeducation for high school and middle school teachersand students. He has been the president of theMichigan section of the American Association ofPhysics Teachers and chair of the American PhysicalSociety’s Forum on Education.

Todd George Elliott C.E.T., C.Tech., teaches in theElectrotechnology Department at Mohawk College of Applied Arts and Technology, Hamilton, Ontario,Canada. He received technology diplomas in electricaland electronics engineering technology from NiagaraCollege. Todd has held various positions in the fieldsof semiconductor manufacturing, optical encoding,and electrical design. He is a pioneer in the field of distance education and is a developer of electri-cal/electronic technology courses, and works closelywith major community colleges.

David G. Haase is an Alumni DistinguishedUndergraduate Professor of Physics at North CarolinaState University. He earned a B.A. in physics andmathematics at Rice University and an M.A. and aPh.D. in physics at Duke University where he was a J.B. Duke Fellow. He has been an active researcherin experimental low temperature and nuclear physics.He teaches undergraduate and graduate physicscourses and has worked many years in K-12 teachertraining. He is the founding director of The ScienceHouse at NC State which annually serves over 3000teachers and 20,000 students across North Carolina.He has co-authored over 100 papers in experimentalphysics and in science education. He is a Fellow ofthe American Physical Society. He received theAlexander Holladay Medal for Excellence, NC StateUniversity; the Pegram Medal for Physics TeachingExcellence; and was chosen 1990 Professor of theYear in the state of North Carolina by the Council forthe Advancement and Support of Education (CASE).

Kathleen A. Harper is an instructional consultantwith Faculty & TA Development and an instructor inphysics at The Ohio State University. She received her M.A. in physics and B.S. in electrical engineering and applied physics from Case Western ReserveUniversity, and her Ph.D. in physics from The OhioState University. Her research interests include theteaching and learning of problem-solving skills andthe development of alternative problem formats.

Michael R. Herzog consults for the New York StateEducation Department on physics curriculum andtest development, after having taught physics for 27years at Hilton Central High School. He holds a B.A.in physics from Amherst College and M.S. and M.A.degrees in engineering and education from theUniversity of Rochester. He serves on the executivecommittee of the New York State Section of AAPTand is a founding member of the New York StatePhysics Mentors organization.

Jane Bray Nelson teaches at University High Schoolin Orlando, Florida. She received her bachelor’sdegree from Florida State University, and her M.A.from Memphis State University. She is a NationalBoard Certified Teacher in Adolescents and YoungAdults–Science. She has received a Toyota TAPESTRYAward and a Tandy Scholars Award. In addition, shehas received the Disney American Teacher Award inScience, the National Presidential Award for ScienceTeaching, the Florida High School Science TeacherAward, and been inducted into the National Teacher’sHall of Fame.

Jim Nelson teaches at University High School inOrlando, Florida. He received his bachelor’s degree in physics from Lebanon Valley College and M.A.’s in secondary education from Temple University and in physics from Clarkson University. He has receivedthe AAPT Distinguished Service Award, the AAPTExcellence in Pre-College Physics Teaching award,and the National Presidential Award for ScienceTeaching. Jim is the PI of the Physics TeachingResource Agent program, and has served on theexecutive board of AAPT as high school representativeand as president.

Charles A. Schuler is a writer of textbooks about electricity, electronics, industrial electronics, ISO 9000,and digital signal processing. He taught electronics and electrical engineering technology at CaliforniaUniversity of Pennsylvania for 30 years. He alsodeveloped a course for the Honors Program atCalifornia called “Scientific Inquiry.” He received hisB.S. from California University of Pennsylvania and his Ed.D. from Texas A&M University, where he wasan NDEA Fellow.

Margaret K. Zorn is a science and mathematicswriter from Yorktown, Virginia. She received an A.B.from the University of Georgia and an M.Sc. in physics from the University of Florida. Ms. Zorn previously taught algebra and calculus. She was a laboratory researcher in the field of detector development for experimental particle physics.

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Christa BedwinScience WriterMontreal, Canada

Thomas BrightPhysics TeacherConcord High SchoolConcord, NC

David C. HaasScience WriterGranville, OH

Pat HerakScience TeacherWesterville City SchoolsWesterville, OH

Mark Kinsler, Ph.D.Science/Engineering WriterLancaster, OH

David KinzerOptical Engineer, Science WriterBaraboo, WI

Craig KramerPhysics TeacherBexley High SchoolBexley, OH

Suzanne LyonsScience WriterAuburn, CA

Jack MinotPhysics TeacherBexley High SchoolBexley, OH

Steven F. MoeckelScience WriterTroy, OH

David J. OlneyScience WriterMattapoisett, MA

Julie A.O. SmallfieldScience WriterSpartanburg, SC

Amiee WagnerPhysics TeacherColumbus State Community CollegeColumbus, OH

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Contributing WritersContributing writers provided labs, standardized test practice, features, as well as problems for the additional problems appendix.

Kathleen M. BartleyPhysics TeacherWestville High SchoolWestville, IN

Wayne Fisher, NBCTPhysics TeacherMyers Park High SchoolCharlotte, NC

Stan GreenbaumPhysics TeacherGorton High SchoolYonkers, NY

Stan Hutto, M.S.Science Department ChairAlamo Heights High SchoolSan Antonio, TX

Martha S. LaiPhysics TeacherMassey Hill Classical High SchoolFayetteville, NC

Gregory MacDougallScience SpecialistCentral Savannah River AreaUniversity of South Carolina–AikenAiken, SC

Jane Bray NelsonPhysics TeacherUniversity High SchoolOrlando, FL

Jim NelsonPhysics TeacherUniversity High SchoolOrlando, FL

Teacher Advisory BoardThe Teacher Advisory Board gave the editorial staff and design team feedback on the contentand design of the 2005 edition of Physics: Principles and Problems.

Teacher ReviewersMaria C. AparicioPhysics TeacherSpanish River High SchoolBoca Raton, FL

Daniel BarberPhysics TeacherKlein Forest High SchoolHouston, TX

Tom BartikDepartment ChairmanSouthside High SchoolChocowinity, NC

Bob BeebePhysics TeacherElbert High SchoolElbert, CO

Patti R. BolesPhysics TeacherEast Rowan High SchoolSalisbury, NC

Julia BridgewaterPhysics TeacherRamona High SchoolRamona, CA

Safety ConsultantKenneth Russell Roy, Ph.D.Director of Science and SafetyGlastonbury Public SchoolsGlastonbury, CT

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Jim BroderickPhysics TeacherAntelope Valley High SchoolLancaster, CA

Hobart G. CookPhysics TeacherCummings High SchoolBurlington, NC

Jason CraigoPhysics TeacherOberlin High SchoolOberlin, OH

Gregory CruzPhysics TeacherVanguard High SchoolOcala, FL

Sue CundiffPhysics TeacherGulf Breeze High SchoolGulf Breeze, FL

Terry ElmerPhysics TeacherRed Creek Central High SchoolRed Creek, NY

Hank GrizzlePhysics TeacherQuemado High SchoolQuemado, NM

Shirley HartnettPhysics TeacherJC Birdlebough High SchoolPhoenix, NY

Mary S. HeltzelPhysics TeacherSalina High SchoolSalina, OK

Tracy HoodPhysics TeacherPlainfield High SchoolPlainfield, IN

Pam HughesPhysics TeacherCherokee High SchoolCherokee, IA

Kathy JacquezPhysics TeacherFairmont Senior High SchoolFairmont, WV

Wilma JonesPhysics TeacherTaft Alternative AcademyLawton, OK

Gene KutscherScience ChairmanRoslyn High SchoolRoslyn Heights, NY

Megan Lewis-SchroederPhysics TeacherBellaire High SchoolBellaire, MI

Mark LutzenhiserPhysics TeacherSequim High SchoolSequim, WA

Jill McLeanPhysics TeacherCentennial High SchoolChampaign, IL

Bradley E. Miller, Ph.D.Physics TeacherEast Chapel Hill High SchoolChapel Hill, NC

Don RotsmaPhysics TeacherGalena High SchoolReno, NV

David ShoemakerPhysics TeacherMechanicsburg Area High SchoolMechanicsburg, PA

ConsultantsSolomon Bililign, Ph.D.Professor and Chair Department of PhysicsNorth Carolina A&T State UniversityGreensboro, NC

Juan R. Burciaga, Ph.D.Visiting Professor Department of Physics and AstronomyVassar CollegePoughkeepsie, NY

Valentina French, Ph.D.Associate Professor of PhysicsDepartment of PhysicsIndiana State UniversityTerre Haute, IN

Godfrey Gumbs, Ph.D.Chianta-Stoll Professor of PhysicsDepartment of Physics and AstronomyHunter College of the City

University of New YorkNew York, NY

Ruth Howes, Ph.D.Professor of PhysicsDepartment of PhysicsMarquette UniversityMilwaukee, WI

Lewis E. Johnson, Ph.D.Assistant ProfessorDepartment of PhysicsFlorida A&M UniversityTallahassee, FL

Sally Koutsoliotas, Ph.D.Associate ProfessorDepartment of PhysicsBucknell UniversityLewisburg, PA

Jun Qing Lu, Ph.D.Assistant ProfessorEast Carolina UniversityGreenville, NC

William A. Mendoza, Ph.D.Assistant Professor of Physics

and EngineeringDepartment of Physics and EngineeringJacksonville UniversityJacksonville, FL

Jesús Pando, Ph.D.Assistant Professor of PhysicsDepartment of PhysicsDePaul UniversityChicago, IL

David W. Peakheart, Ph.D.LecturerDepartment of Physics and EngineeringUniversity of Central OklahomaEdmond, OK

Toni D. Sauncy, Ph.D.Assistant Professor of PhysicsDepartment of PhysicsAngelo State UniversitySan Angelo, TX

Sally Seidel, Ph.D.Associate Professor of PhysicsDepartment of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerque, NM

Sudha Srinivas, Ph.D.Associate Professor of PhysicsDepartment of PhysicsCentral Michigan UniversityMt. Pleasant, MI

Alma C. Zook, Ph.D.Professor of PhysicsDepartment of Physics and AstronomyPomona CollegeClaremont, CA

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Chapter 1A Physics Toolkit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Launch LabDo all objects fall at the same rate? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Section 1.1 Mathematics and Physics . . . . . . . 3Mini LabMeasuring Change . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Section 1.2 Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Section 1.3 Graphing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Physics LabExploring Objects in Motion . . . 20

Chapter 2Representing Motion . . . . . . . . 30

Launch LabWhich car is faster? . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Section 2.1 Picturing Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Section 2.2 Where and When? . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Section 2.3 Position-Time Graphs . . . . . . . . . 38Section 2.4 How Fast? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Mini LabInstantaneous Velocity Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Physics LabCreating Motion Diagrams . . . . . 48

Chapter 3Accelerated Motion . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Launch LabDo all types of motion look the same when graphed? . . . . . . 57

Section 3.1 Acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Mini LabA Steel Ball Race . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Section 3.2 Motion with Constant Acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Section 3.3 Free Fall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Physics LabAcceleration Due to Gravity . . . .76

Mechanics

Chapter 4Forces in One Dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Launch LabWhich force is stronger? . . . . . . . 87

Section 4.1 Force and Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Section 4.2 Using Newton’s Laws . . . . . . . . . 96Section 4.3 Interaction Forces . . . . . . . . . . . 102

Mini LabTug-of-War Challenge . . . . . . . . 103Physics LabForces in an Elevator . . . . . . . . 108

Chapter 5Forces in Two Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

Launch LabCan 2 N � 2 N � 2 N? . . . . . . . 119

Section 5.1 Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119Section 5.2 Friction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126Section 5.3 Force and Motion

in Two Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . 131Mini LabWhat’s Your Angle? . . . . . . . . . . 135Physics LabThe Coefficient of Friction . . . . 136

Chapter 6Motion in Two Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

Launch LabHow can the motion of a projectile be described? . . . . . . 147

Section 6.1 Projectile Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Mini LabOver the Edge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

Section 6.2 Circular Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153Section 6.3 Relative Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

Physics LabOn Target . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

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Chapter 7Gravitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

Launch LabCan you model Mercury’s motion? . . . . . . . . . . . 171

Section 7.1 Planetary Motion and Gravitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

Section 7.2 Using the Law of Universal Gravitation . . . . . . . . . 179Mini LabWeightless Water . . . . . . . . . . . . 182Physics LabModeling the Orbits of Planets and Satellites . . . . . . . . 186

Chapter 8Rotational Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

Launch LabHow do different objects rotate as they roll? . . . . . . . . . . 197

Section 8.1 Describing Rotational Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

Section 8.2 Rotational Dynamics . . . . . . . . . 201Section 8.3 Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

Mini LabSpinning Tops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213Physics LabTranslational and Rotational Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

Chapter 9Momentum and Its Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

Launch LabWhat happens when a hollow plastic ball strikes a bocce ball? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

Section 9.1 Impulse and Momentum . . . . . 229Section 9.2 Conservation of

Momentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236Mini LabRebound Height . . . . . . . . . . . . 239Physics LabSticky Collisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246

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Chapter 10Energy, Work, and Simple Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

Launch LabWhat factors affect energy? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

Section 10.1 Energy and Work . . . . . . . . . . . . 257Section 10.2 Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266

Mini LabWheel and Axle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270Physics LabStair Climbing and Power . . . . . 274

Chapter 11Energy and Its Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284

Launch LabHow can you analyze a bouncing basketball? . . . . . . 285

Section 11.1 The Many Forms of Energy . . . 285Section 11.2 Conservation of Energy . . . . . . 293

Mini LabEnergy Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . 301Physics LabConservation of Energy . . . . . . 302

Chapter 12Thermal Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312

Launch LabWhat happens when you provide thermal energy by holding a glass of water? . . 313

Section 12.1 Temperature and Thermal Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

Section 12.2 Changes of State and the Laws of Thermodynamics . . . . 323Mini LabMelting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324Physics LabHeating and Cooling . . . . . . . . . 332

States of Matter

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Chapter 13States of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340

Launch LabDoes it float or sink? . . . . . . . . 341

Section 13.1 Properties of Fluids . . . . . . . . . . 341Mini LabPressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

Section 13.2 Forces Within Liquids . . . . . . . . 349Section 13.3 Fluids at Rest and

in Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352Section 13.4 Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359

Physics LabEvaporative Cooling . . . . . . . . . 364

Chapter 14Vibrations and Waves . . . . . . 374

Launch LabHow do waves behave in a coiled spring? . . . . . . . . . . . 375

Section 14.1 Periodic Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375Section 14.2 Wave Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381Section 14.3 Wave Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387

Mini LabWave Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . 389Physics LabPendulum Vibrations . . . . . . . . . 392

Chapter 15Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402

Launch LabHow can glasses produce musical notes? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403

Section 15.1 Properties and Detection of Sound . . . . . . . . . . 403

Section 15.2 The Physics of Music . . . . . . . . 411Mini LabSounds Good . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418Physics LabSpeed of Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420

Waves and Light

Chapter 16Fundamentals of Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430

Launch LabHow can you determine the path of light through air? . . . . . 431

Section 16.1 Illumination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431Section 16.2 The Wave Nature of Light . . . . 439

Mini LabColor by Temperature . . . . . . . . 441Physics LabPolarization of Light . . . . . . . . . 448

Chapter 17Reflection and Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456

Launch LabHow is an image shown on a screen? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457

Section 17.1 Reflection from Plane Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457Mini LabVirtual Image Position . . . . . . . . 462

Section 17.2 Curved Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464Physics LabConcave Mirror Images . . . . . . 474

Chapter 18Refraction and Lenses . . . . . . 484

Launch LabWhat does a straw in a liquid look like from the side view? . . . . . . . . . . 485

Section 18.1 Refraction of Light . . . . . . . . . . 485Section 18.2 Convex and

Concave Lenses . . . . . . . . . . . . 493Mini LabLens Masking Effects . . . . . . . . 495

Section 18.3 Applications of Lenses . . . . . . . 500Physics LabConvex Lenses and Focal Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504

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Chapter 19Interference and Diffraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514

Launch LabWhy does a compact disc reflect a rainbow of light? . . . . 515

Section 19.1 Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515Section 19.2 Diffraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524

Mini LabRetinal Projection Screen . . . . . 531Physics LabDouble-Slit Interference of Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532

Chapter 20Static Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540

Launch LabWhich forces act over a distance? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541

Section 20.1 Electric Charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541Section 20.2 Electric Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546

Mini LabInvestigating Induction and Conduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549Physics LabCharged Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . 554

Chapter 21Electric Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562

Launch LabHow do charged objects interact at a distance? . . . . . . . 563

Section 21.1 Creating and Measuring Electric Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563

Section 21.2 Applications of Electric Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . 569Mini LabElectric Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573Physics LabCharging of Capacitors . . . . . . 580

Electricity and Magnetism

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Chapter 22Current Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . 590

Launch LabCan you get a lightbulb to light? . . . . . . . . . . . 591

Section 22.1 Current and Circuits . . . . . . . . . 591Mini LabCurrent Affairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599

Section 22.2 Using Electric Energy . . . . . . . . 601Physics LabVoltage, Current, and Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606

Chapter 23Series and Parallel Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616

Launch LabHow do fuses protect electric circuits? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617

Section 23.1 Simple Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617Mini LabParallel Resistance . . . . . . . . . . 623

Section 23.2 Applications of Circuits . . . . . . 627Physics LabSeries and Parallel Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632

Chapter 24Magnetic Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642

Launch LabIn which direction do magnetic fields act? . . . . . . . . . 643

Section 24.1 Magnets: Permanent and Temporary . . . . 643Mini Lab3-D Magnetic Fields . . . . . . . . . 650

Section 24.2 Forces Caused by Magnetic Fields . . . . . . . . . . 652Physics LabCreating an Electromagnet . . . . . . . . . . . 660

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Chapter 25Electromagnetic Induction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670

Launch LabWhat happens in a changing magnetic field? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671

Section 25.1 Electric Current from Changing Magnetic Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671

Section 25.2 Changing Magnetic Fields Induce EMF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679Mini LabMotor and Generator . . . . . . . . 682Physics LabInduction and Transformers . . . 686

Chapter 26Electromagnetism . . . . . . . . . . . . 696

Launch LabFrom where do radio stations broadcast? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697

Section 26.1 Interactions of Electric and Magnetic Fields and Matter . . 697Mini LabModeling a Mass Spectrometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702

Section 26.2 Electric and Magnetic Fields in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705Physics LabElectromagnetic Wave Shielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714

Chapter 27Quantum Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722

Launch LabWhat does the spectrum of a glowing lightbulb look like? . . . 723

Section 27.1 A Particle Model of Waves . . . . 723Mini LabGlows in the Dark . . . . . . . . . . . 724

Section 27.2 Matter Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735Physics LabModeling the Photoelectric Effect . . . . . . . . . . 738

Modern Physics

Chapter 28The Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746

Launch LabHow can identifying different spinning coins model types of atoms? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747

Section 28.1 The Bohr Model of the Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747Mini LabBright-Line Spectra . . . . . . . . . . 755

Section 28.2 The Quantum Model of the Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760Physics LabFinding the Size of an Atom . . 766

Chapter 29Solid-State Electronics . . . . . 774

Launch LabHow can you show conduction in a diode? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775

Section 29.1 Conduction in Solids . . . . . . . . . 775Section 29.2 Electronic Devices . . . . . . . . . . . 784

Mini LabRed Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788Physics LabDiode Current and Voltage . . . 790

Chapter 30Nuclear Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798

Launch LabHow can you model the nucleus? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799

Section 30.1 The Nucleus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799Section 30.2 Nuclear Decay

and Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806Mini LabModeling Radioactive Decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813

Section 30.3 The Building Blocks of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815Physics LabExploring Radiation . . . . . . . . . . 824

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Chapter 1 Do all objects fall at the same rate? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Chapter 2 Which car is faster? . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Chapter 3 Do all types of motion look the same when graphed? . . . . . . 57

Chapter 4 Which force is stronger? . . . . . . . 87

Chapter 5 Can 2 N � 2 N � 2 N? . . . . . . . . 119

Chapter 6 How can the motion of a projectile be described? . . . . . 147

Chapter 7 What is the shape of the orbit of the planet Mercury? . . . . . . . 171

Chapter 8 How do different objects rotate as they roll? . . . . . . . . . . . 197

Chapter 9 What happens when a hollow plastic ball strikes a bocce ball? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

Chapter 10 What factorsaffect energy? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

Chapter 11 How can you analyze a bouncing basketball? . . . . . . . 285

Chapter 12 What happens when you provide thermal energy by holding a glass of water? . . . . . 313

Chapter 13 Does it float or sink? . . . . . . . . . 341

Chapter 14 How do waves behave in a coiled spring? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375

Chapter 15 How can glasses produce musical notes? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403

Chapter 16 How can you determine the path of light through air? . . . . . . . . . . 431

Chapter 17 How is an image shown on a screen? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457

Chapter 18 What does a straw in a liquid look like from the side view? . . 485

Chapter 19 Why does a compact disc reflect a rainbow of light? . . . . . 515

Chapter 20 Which forces act over a distance? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541

Chapter 21 How do charged objects interact at a distance? . . . . . . . . 563

Chapter 22 Can you get a lightbulb to light? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591

Chapter 23 How do fuses protect electric circuits? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617

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Chapter 24 In which direction do magnetic fields act? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643

Chapter 25 What happens in a changing magnetic field? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671

Chapter 26 From where do radio stations broadcast? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697

Chapter 27 What does the spectrum of a glowing lightbulb look like? . . . 723

Chapter 28 How can identifying different spinning coins model types of atoms? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747

Chapter 29 How can you show conduction in a diode? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775

Chapter 30 How can you model the nucleus? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799

Chapter 1 Internet Physics LabExploring Objects in Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Chapter 2 Physics LabCreating Motion Diagrams . . . . . . . . . 48

Chapter 3 Internet Physics LabAcceleration Due to Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Chapter 4 Internet Physics LabForces in an Elevator . . . . 108

Chapter 5 Physics LabThe Coefficient of Friction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

Chapter 6 Design Your Own Physics LabOn Target . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

Chapter 7 Physics LabModeling the Orbits of Planets and Satellites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

Chapter 8 Physics LabTranslational and Rotational Equilibrium . . . 218

Chapter 9 Internet Physics LabSticky Collisions . . . . . . . . 246

Chapter 10 Physics LabStair Climbing and Power . . . . . 274

Chapter 11 Physics LabConservation of Energy . . 302CBL

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Chapter 12 Physics LabHeating and Cooling . . . . . 332

Chapter 13 Physics LabEvaporative Cooling . . . . . 364

Chapter 14 Design Your Own Physics LabPendulum Vibrations . . . . . . . . . 392

Chapter 15 Physics LabSpeed of Sound . . . . . . . . . 420

Chapter 16 Physics LabPolarization of Light . . . . . 448

Chapter 17 Physics LabConcave Mirror Images . . 474

Chapter 18 Physics LabConvex Lenses and Focal Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504

Chapter 19 Design Your Own Physics LabDouble-Slit Interference of Light . . . . . 532

Chapter 20 Design Your Own Physics LabCharged Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . 554

Chapter 21 Physics LabCharging of Capacitors . . 580

Chapter 22 Physics LabVoltage, Current, and Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606

Chapter 23 Physics LabSeries and Parallel Circuits . . . . . . . . . 632

Chapter 24 Design Your Own Physics LabCreating an Electromagnet . . . . 660

Chapter 25 Physics LabInduction and Transformers . . . 686

Chapter 26 Physics LabElectromagnetic Wave

Shielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714

Chapter 27 Physics LabModeling the Photoelectric Effect . . . . . . . . . . 738

Chapter 28 Physics LabFinding the Size of an Atom . . . 766

Chapter 29 Physics LabDiode Currentand Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . 790

Chapter 30 Design Your Own Physics LabExploring Radiation . . . . . . 824CBL

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Chapter 1 Measuring Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Chapter 2 Instantaneous Velocity Vectors . . 46

Chapter 3 A Steel Ball Race . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Chapter 4 Tug-of-War Challenge . . . . . . . . 103

Chapter 5 What’s Your Angle? . . . . . . . . . . 135

Chapter 6 Over the Edge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

Chapter 7 Weightless Water . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

Chapter 8 Spinning Tops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

Chapter 9 Rebound Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

Chapter 10 Wheel and Axle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270

Chapter 11 Energy Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

Chapter 12 Melting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324

Chapter 13 Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

Chapter 14 Wave Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . 389

Chapter 15 Sounds Good . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418

Chapter 16 Color by Temperature . . . . . . . . 441

Chapter 17 Virtual Image Position . . . . . . . . 462

Chapter 18 Lens Masking Effects . . . . . . . . 495

Chapter 19 Retinal Projection Screen . . . . . 531

Chapter 20 Investigating Induction and Conduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549

Chapter 21 Electric Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573

Chapter 22 Current Affairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599

Chapter 23 Parallel Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . 623

Chapter 24 3-D Magnetic Fields . . . . . . . . . 650

Chapter 25 Motor and Generator . . . . . . . . . 682

Chapter 26 Modeling a Mass Spectrometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702

Chapter 27 Glows in the Dark . . . . . . . . . . . 724

Chapter 28 Bright-Line Spectra . . . . . . . . . . 755

Chapter 29 Red Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788

Chapter 30 Modeling Radioactive Decay . . 813

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Chapter 5 Roller Coasters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

Chapter 8 The Stability of Sport-Utility

Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

Chapter 11 Running Smarter . . . . . . . . . . . . 304

Chapter 14 Earthquake Protection . . . . . . . . 394

Chapter 16 Advances in Lighting . . . . . . . . . 450

Chapter 22 Hybrid Cars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608

Chapter 26 Cellular Phones . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716

Chapter 4 Bathroom Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

Chapter 10 Bicycle Gear Shifters . . . . . . . . . 276

Chapter 12 The Heat Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334

Chapter 19 Holography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534

Chapter 21 Lightning Rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582

Chapter 23 Ground Fault Circuit

Interrupters (GFCI) . . . . . . . . . . . 634

Chapter 25 How a Credit-Card

Reader Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688

Chapter 27 Scanning Tunneling

Microscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740

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Chapter 1 Computer History and Growth . . 22

Chapter 6 Spinning Space Stations . . . . . . 162

Chapter 9 Solar Sailing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

Chapter 17 Adaptive Optical Systems . . . . . 476

Chapter 20 Spacecraft and

Static Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556

Chapter 28 Atom Laser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768

Chapter 30 Thermonuclear Fusion . . . . . . . . 826

Chapter 2 Accurate Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Chapter 3 Time Dilation at

High Velocities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Chapter 7 Black Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

Chapter 13 A Strange Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . 366

Chapter 15 Sound Waves in the Sun . . . . . . 422

Chapter 18 Gravitational Lenses . . . . . . . . . 506

Chapter 24 The Hall Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662

Chapter 29 Artificial Intelligence . . . . . . . . . 792

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Chapter 1 Plotting Line Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Chapter 4 Force and Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Interaction Pairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Chapter 5 Vector Addition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

Chapter 6 Motion in Two Dimensions . . . . 149

Chapter 10 Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

Chapter 11 Conservation of Energy . . . . . . . 295

Chapter 17 Using Ray Tracing to

Locate Images Formed by

Curved Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466

Chapter 19 Thin-Film Interference . . . . . . . . 521

Chapter 20 Electric Force Problems . . . . . . . 550

Chapter 22 Drawing Schematic Diagrams . 599

Chapter 23 Series-Parallel Circuits . . . . . . . 629

Chapter 27 Units of hc and

Photon Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728

Chapter 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Chapter 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

Chapter 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

Chapter 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

Chapter 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408

Chapter 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435

Chapter 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468

Chapter 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521

Chapter 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683

Chapter 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728

Chapter 1 Distance to the Moon . . . . . . . . . 13

Chapter 2 Speed Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Chapter 3 Drag Racing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Chapter 4 Shuttle Engine Thrust . . . . . . . . . . 95

Chapter 5 Causes of Friction . . . . . . . . . . . 130

Chapter 6 Space Elevators . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

Chapter 7 Geosynchronous Orbit . . . . . . . . 180

Chapter 8 The Fosbury-Flop . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

Chapter 9 Running Shoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

Chapter 10 Tour de France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

Chapter 11 Potential Energy of an Atom . . 289

Chapter 12 Steam Heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

Chapter 13 Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350

Chapter 14 Foucault Pendulum . . . . . . . . . . 380

Chapter 15 Hearing and Frequency . . . . . . . 413

Chapter 16 Illuminated Minds . . . . . . . . . . . 435Age of the Universe . . . . . . . . . . 438

Chapter 17 Hubble Trouble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467

Chapter 18 Contacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501

Chapter 19 Nonreflective Eyeglasses . . . . . 520

Chapter 20 Conductor or Insulator? . . . . . . 544

Chapter 21 Static Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570

Chapter 22 Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597

Chapter 23 Testing Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . 624

Chapter 24 Electromagnets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649

Chapter 25 Common Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682

Chapter 26 Frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710

Chapter 27 Temperature of the Universe . . 725

Chapter 28 Laser Eye Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . 764

Chapter 29 Diode Laser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787

Chapter 30 Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802Radiation Treatment . . . . . . . . . . 811

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