A fuzzy modeling approach to wild land mapping in Scotland Steffen Fritz, Linda See and Steve...
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Transcript of A fuzzy modeling approach to wild land mapping in Scotland Steffen Fritz, Linda See and Steve...
A fuzzy modeling approach to wild land mapping in Scotland
Steffen Fritz, Linda See
and Steve Carver
Paper outline Aims of this study Methods of wilderness mapping The Scottish situation - Remoteness and Apparent
Naturalness The internet questionnaire Visibility and distance analysis Incorporating Naismith’s Rule with Dijkstra’s shortest path
algorithm to map remoteness The fuzzy model for apparent naturalness Combining remoteness and apparent naturalness Further research Conclusions
Aims and Objectives Develop a mapping tool to map perceived wild land areas on a local
level
– Model can be applied to Scotland and to other areas in Europe
– Model takes into account measurable factors such as remoteness and apparent naturalness
Information is acquired with the help of an internet questionnaire
– each individual produces a different wild land map
– remoteness and apparent naturalness criteria can be combined and weighted according to its importance
Methods of wilderness mapping The way you define wilderness will influence the way you
are going to map it. Ecological vs perceptual definition Rob Lesslie: ‘undeveloped land which is relatively remote
and undisturbed by, the process and influence of settled people’
The whole of Australia was mapped using 4 criteria: naturalness, apparent naturalness, remoteness from access and remoteness from settlement
Methods of wilderness mapping
Definition by Nash ‘There is no specific material thing that is wilderness. The term designates a quality that produces a certain mood or feeling in a given individual and, as a consequence, may be assigned by the person to a
specific place” Huxley (1974) ‘"wilderness is where one feels oneself to be in a
wild place, according to the sensibility of one's particular experience and knowledge on a global and local scale."
Kliskey and Kearsley (1993) mapped multiple perceptions on wilderness based on that definition.
The Scottish situation
Landscape has been dramatically altered due to its long settlement and land use history
since ‘pure wilderness’ does not exist in Scotland it is better referred to as wild land
people still value the land according to factors such as remoteness and the absence of human artefacts and as such perceive it as wild.
The internet questionnaire
Questions 1. Profile 2. General questions about hiking 3. Mapping Remoteness - the long walk in 4. Impact of certain man man features on personal
wild land perception such as hill roads, roads, builtup areas, isolated buildings, coniferous plantations, pylons, shielings (old crofts), grazing (sheep, cattle), arable land, ski lifts
Mapping Remoteness
Mapping Remoteness
Using Naismith Rule (1892) to map pedestrian travel times
Modified by Langmuir (1984) 5 km/h plus 0.5 hour per 300 m of ascent, minus 10 minutes per 300 m descent for slopes
between 5° and 12°, plus 10 minutes per 300 m descent for slopes
greater than 12°.
Mapping Remoteness
Non purist
low wild land
< 20 minutes
medium wild land
20 - 40 minutes
high wild land
40 - 80 minutes
Purist
low wild land
< 60 minutes
medium wild land
360 minutes
high wild land
720 minutes
Mapping Apparent Naturalness
Mapping Apparent Naturalness
The fuzzy Model
Done on a 50m resolution using EDX data for each feature (roads, hillroads, buildings, built-up, coniferous plantations)
Euclidean distance was calculated for visible and non visible features
Visibility and Distance Analysis
Man Made Features Roads Hill Roads Pylons Coniferous Plantations Grazing Arable Land built-up area isolated building ski-lift hydroelectric power plant shieling quarry
Fuzzy Impact Map of Buildings
Fuzzy Impact Map with OR operator
Composite ‘wild land’ map of purist
Current Problems and Further Research
Visibility Analysis is very computational intensive OR operator for factor maps is problematic length of feature is not taken into account Validation - further research will focus on
interactive maps and some kind of ground truthing Photographs as additional aid Grouping of respondents - purist groups -
composite maps
Conclusions Wild land is not easy to map and it can only be done up to a certain
degree using measurable criteria Internet questionnaire is very useful to capture information on overall
individuals perception of wild land Naismith surfaces can be used to measure perceived remoteness
remoteness on a local level Apparent Naturalness can be measured within a fuzzy modeling
framework Applications: Quantitative data on wild land is very useful in decision making e.g.
public inquiry, if then modeling Relative wild areas can be ‘objectively’ compared