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Slide 1

North Carolina History IINorth Carolina History II

NCST 2000NCST 2000““Introduction to North Carolina Studies”Introduction to North Carolina Studies”

Tom ShieldsTom ShieldsFall 2001Fall 2001


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2020thth-Century North Carolina-Century North Carolina

Some of the issues in 20Some of the issues in 20thth-century North -century North Carolina:Carolina:– Jim Crow laws and their lingering effectsJim Crow laws and their lingering effects– Low voting percentagesLow voting percentages– Little unionizationLittle unionization– Low literacy ratesLow literacy rates– A one party system (1900-1970) and its A one party system (1900-1970) and its

lingering effectslingering effects


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The Wilmington Race Riots as The Wilmington Race Riots as TouchstoneTouchstone

November 12, 1898—A military-style column November 12, 1898—A military-style column of European American men went into the of European American men went into the African American part of town, destroying the African American part of town, destroying the African American newspaper office, then African American newspaper office, then burning and killing their way through the rest burning and killing their way through the rest of that part of town.of that part of town.

Understanding what led to this event and Understanding what led to this event and what followed it is a good way to understand what followed it is a good way to understand North Carolina following the Civil War and North Carolina following the Civil War and into the 20into the 20thth century. century.


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The Race RiotsThe Race Riots

Predominantly New South leaders, not Civil War Predominantly New South leaders, not Civil War veteransveterans– Three state Democratic Party leaders instigated the riots Three state Democratic Party leaders instigated the riots

without participating in themwithout participating in them• Josephus Daniels—publisher of several newspapers, including Josephus Daniels—publisher of several newspapers, including

the Kinston the Kinston Free PressFree Press and the Raleigh and the Raleigh News and ObserverNews and Observer• Charles Aycock—governor of North Carolina, 1901-1905Charles Aycock—governor of North Carolina, 1901-1905• Furnifold M. Simmons—U.S. Representative 1887-89, U.S. Furnifold M. Simmons—U.S. Representative 1887-89, U.S.

Senator 1901-1931Senator 1901-1931– Actual riots lead byActual riots lead by

• Colonel Alfred M. Waddell—a colorful character but not seen as Colonel Alfred M. Waddell—a colorful character but not seen as a real leader in Wilmington, yet made into the mayor following a real leader in Wilmington, yet made into the mayor following the riots until 1904the riots until 1904

• Hugh McCrea—a local Wilmington native with an MIT education Hugh McCrea—a local Wilmington native with an MIT education and owner of a textile plantand owner of a textile plant


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The Riot in PicturesThe Riot in Pictures

THE REVOLUTION AT WILMINGTON, NORTH CAROLINA (From top left, clockwise) 1. Ex-Congressman Alfred M. Waddell, Revolutionary Mayor of Wilmington. 2. "Manhattan Park," where Shooting Affray took place. 3. Fourth and Harnet, where first Negroes fell. 4. E.G. Parmalee, new Chief of Police. 5. The wrecked "Record" Building and a Group of Vigilantes


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Interesting Online SourcesInteresting Online Sources

The Political GraveyardThe Political Graveyard—brief biographies of —brief biographies of politicians with a focus on where they are politicians with a focus on where they are buried (but also where they were born and buried (but also where they were born and lived):lived):– http://politicalgraveyard.com/index.htmlhttp://politicalgraveyard.com/index.html

For the Record: Representations of the Wilmington Massacre of 1898—contemporary newspaper articles and photographs:– http://www.mith.umd.edu/courses/amvirtual/

wilmington/wilmington.html


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Civil War and ReconstructionCivil War and Reconstruction

Slavery Slavery Civil War Civil War Reconstruction Reconstruction– Two Periods of Reconstruction:Two Periods of Reconstruction:

• 1868-1870—many European Americans 1868-1870—many European Americans would see this as the period of “Negro would see this as the period of “Negro Domination.” During this period, Republicans Domination.” During this period, Republicans would shield African Americans.would shield African Americans.

• 1870 on (1877 on in the rest of the United 1870 on (1877 on in the rest of the United States)—many European Americans would States)—many European Americans would portray this period as the “Redemption.” portray this period as the “Redemption.” African Americans in North Carolina are African Americans in North Carolina are foresaken by the U.S. government and the foresaken by the U.S. government and the Democrats are courted, putting them back in Democrats are courted, putting them back in power.power.


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1880s1880s

During the 1880s, the United States suffered the During the 1880s, the United States suffered the largest agricultural depression in history, felt largest agricultural depression in history, felt particularly strongly in the Southparticularly strongly in the South

Politically, there was no place for Southern poor Politically, there was no place for Southern poor and lower middle-class European Americans to goand lower middle-class European Americans to go– Democrats were the party of the politically powerfulDemocrats were the party of the politically powerful– Republicans were the “Negro” partyRepublicans were the “Negro” party

The Populist Party gave poor and lower middle-The Populist Party gave poor and lower middle-class European Americans a political homeclass European Americans a political home– ““Throughout the 1880s local political action groups Throughout the 1880s local political action groups

known as Farmers' Alliances sprang up among Middle known as Farmers' Alliances sprang up among Middle Westerners and Southerners, who were discontented Westerners and Southerners, who were discontented because of crop failures, falling prices, and poor because of crop failures, falling prices, and poor marketing and credit facilities” (“Populist Movement” marketing and credit facilities” (“Populist Movement” Encyclopædia Britannica OnlineEncyclopædia Britannica Online).).


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1890s1890s

In 1894, North Carolina Republicans and Populists In 1894, North Carolina Republicans and Populists struck a deal for political convenience, becoming struck a deal for political convenience, becoming the Fusioniststhe Fusionists– Members of either party did not lose their party affiliation, Members of either party did not lose their party affiliation,

but the two parties worked as a coalitionbut the two parties worked as a coalition– 1894—Fusionists win the North Carolina General 1894—Fusionists win the North Carolina General

AssemblyAssembly– 1896—Fusionists gain control of virtually all other state 1896—Fusionists gain control of virtually all other state

officesoffices The first act of the Fusionists was to put in place The first act of the Fusionists was to put in place

political reformspolitical reforms– No land ownership requirements for voting, use of secret No land ownership requirements for voting, use of secret

ballots, use of poll watchers, etc.ballots, use of poll watchers, etc.– Democrats feared they would never be able to win back Democrats feared they would never be able to win back

the governmentthe government


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18981898

Daniels, Aycock, and Simmons decide that Daniels, Aycock, and Simmons decide that violence will be the only way to undermine violence will be the only way to undermine Fusionist powerFusionist power– Rhetorical BattleRhetorical Battle

• Fed stories of African American men raping European Fed stories of African American men raping European American women, especially to newspapersAmerican women, especially to newspapers

• Played up fears of a non-segregated society in Played up fears of a non-segregated society in political speechespolitical speeches

– Economic BattleEconomic Battle• Credit (for such things as fertilizer, seed, etc.) given Credit (for such things as fertilizer, seed, etc.) given

only to store owners who were registered Democratsonly to store owners who were registered Democrats• Enforced boycotts against Fusionist store owners Enforced boycotts against Fusionist store owners

(Democrat employers would fire a worker for buying a (Democrat employers would fire a worker for buying a hat from a Fusionist store owner, etc.)hat from a Fusionist store owner, etc.)

(cont.)


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1898 (cont.)1898 (cont.)

Physical BattlePhysical Battle– By election day (November 10, 1898), systematic By election day (November 10, 1898), systematic

violence had been instigated throughout the stateviolence had been instigated throughout the state• A typical example was Elizabeth City, where the African A typical example was Elizabeth City, where the African

American newspaper had been burned down, guards were American newspaper had been burned down, guards were posted on every corner, and after the election, every leading posted on every corner, and after the election, every leading Fusionist was forced out of town.Fusionist was forced out of town.

– The riots occurred in Wilmington after the election The riots occurred in Wilmington after the election (November 12, 1898) and became much more violent (November 12, 1898) and became much more violent because its government was controlled by Fusionists and because its government was controlled by Fusionists and not all were up for reelection in 1898.not all were up for reelection in 1898.

• The Democrats forced the European American Fusionists out of The Democrats forced the European American Fusionists out of town and told African Americans they would not be allowed to town and told African Americans they would not be allowed to hold certain jobs, such as being doctors, lawyers, etc.hold certain jobs, such as being doctors, lawyers, etc.


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Social ChangesSocial Changes

During the period of 1898-1900, Democrats During the period of 1898-1900, Democrats put into place social ordinances—Jim Crow put into place social ordinances—Jim Crow Laws—that created a division between Laws—that created a division between African and European AmericansAfrican and European Americans– In the 1890s, musical events, church revivals, In the 1890s, musical events, church revivals,

baseball games, etc., were all desegregated.baseball games, etc., were all desegregated.– Jim Crow laws, pioneered in Winston-Salem, put Jim Crow laws, pioneered in Winston-Salem, put

an end to this sort of social mixing of the racesan end to this sort of social mixing of the races Many of these laws continued in place until Many of these laws continued in place until

the 1970sthe 1970s


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Political ChangesPolitical Changes

Along with Jim Crow Laws, Democrats put Along with Jim Crow Laws, Democrats put election reforms into place to disenfranchise election reforms into place to disenfranchise African American voters (poll taxes, literacy African American voters (poll taxes, literacy requirements, etc.)requirements, etc.)– These reforms not only disenfranchised African These reforms not only disenfranchised African

American voters, but poor European American American voters, but poor European American voters as well (despite the grandfather clause)voters as well (despite the grandfather clause)

– Voter turnout fell—96% in 1896, 53% in 1900, Voter turnout fell—96% in 1896, 53% in 1900, and it continued to fall even to the presentand it continued to fall even to the present

The result was a one-party state, with little The result was a one-party state, with little investment in programs that might help the investment in programs that might help the poor.poor.


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Early 20Early 20thth Educational Reforms Educational Reforms

In 1900, only two-thirds of the state’s children of school age In 1900, only two-thirds of the state’s children of school age were enrolled in school, and less than half of these children were enrolled in school, and less than half of these children attended regularlyattended regularly

Starting in 1901, Governor Charles B. Aycock pushed for Starting in 1901, Governor Charles B. Aycock pushed for universal education, at least for European American childrenuniversal education, at least for European American children– Politically, this would create a better base for the Democratic PartyPolitically, this would create a better base for the Democratic Party– Economically, Aycock was an early proponent of the idea that a well-Economically, Aycock was an early proponent of the idea that a well-

educated worker would be a more productive workereducated worker would be a more productive worker Rural areas had the most trouble providing schoolingRural areas had the most trouble providing schooling

– 1901 program of distributing state funds to schools, giving poorer 1901 program of distributing state funds to schools, giving poorer counties a larger portion of fundscounties a larger portion of funds

– 1907 rural high school law helped established high schools in rural 1907 rural high school law helped established high schools in rural areasareas

– By the mid-1920s, many rural schools consolidated in order to By the mid-1920s, many rural schools consolidated in order to provide better services not available to smaller populations, made provide better services not available to smaller populations, made possible through bussingpossible through bussing

Many of these reforms were not available to African Many of these reforms were not available to African American students, whose segregated schools received American students, whose segregated schools received proportionally far less than did European American onesproportionally far less than did European American ones


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Agriculture and LaborAgriculture and Labor

AgricultureAgriculture– Agriculture’s connection to the Fusionist movement hurt it Agriculture’s connection to the Fusionist movement hurt it

politicallypolitically– The Farmer’s Union (the Farmer’s Educational and The Farmer’s Union (the Farmer’s Educational and

Cooperative Union) kept an apolitical stance and made Cooperative Union) kept an apolitical stance and made various reforms in agriculture, with mixed resultsvarious reforms in agriculture, with mixed results

LaborLabor– Attempts to organize labor had limited successAttempts to organize labor had limited success

• Particularly harvest/agriculturally-based industries were difficult Particularly harvest/agriculturally-based industries were difficult to organize—textiles, tobacco, furnitureto organize—textiles, tobacco, furniture

– Child LaborChild Labor• In 1900, 24% of the workers in the state’s textile mills were In 1900, 24% of the workers in the state’s textile mills were

childrenchildren• Some reforms occurred during the early 20Some reforms occurred during the early 20 thth century, but real century, but real

change did not occur until federal law abolished child labor in change did not occur until federal law abolished child labor in 19331933


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Woman SuffrageWoman Suffrage

Early AttemptsEarly Attempts– The organized push for woman suffrage in North Carolina The organized push for woman suffrage in North Carolina

began in 1894 with the organization of the North Carolina began in 1894 with the organization of the North Carolina Equal Suffrage Association in Buncombe CountyEqual Suffrage Association in Buncombe County

– In 1897, the General Assembly voted down a woman In 1897, the General Assembly voted down a woman suffrage billsuffrage bill

Later AttemptsLater Attempts– New suffrage organizations began to organize in 1913, New suffrage organizations began to organize in 1913,

first in Morganton, then in Greenville, with 16 local first in Morganton, then in Greenville, with 16 local organizations by 1916organizations by 1916

– In 1917, the General Assembly rejected woman suffrageIn 1917, the General Assembly rejected woman suffrage The Nineteenth AmendmentThe Nineteenth Amendment

– In 1920, the General Assembly was called into special In 1920, the General Assembly was called into special session to consider the 19session to consider the 19thth Amendment, but rejected it Amendment, but rejected it

– Tennessee instead became the state that gave the Tennessee instead became the state that gave the amendment its needed last approvalamendment its needed last approval

– North Carolina finally ratified the amendment in 1971North Carolina finally ratified the amendment in 1971


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Reform and ConservatismReform and Conservatism

North Carolina from the Civil War through the North Carolina from the Civil War through the first half of the 20first half of the 20thth century is marked by two century is marked by two impulses, a desire for reform and an impulses, a desire for reform and an attachment to a conservative cultureattachment to a conservative culture

Reform is attached to mostly economic Reform is attached to mostly economic needs, from improving education to improve needs, from improving education to improve the workforce to building better roadsthe workforce to building better roads

Conservatism is attached to social issues, Conservatism is attached to social issues, from woman suffrage to racial equality to from woman suffrage to racial equality to even the teaching of evolutioneven the teaching of evolution

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