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![Page 1: A Focus on Political Parties & Interest Groups: Their purpose, practices and how they work with Nominations and Campaigns. Chapters 8,9, &11 Vs.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062500/5697bfd31a28abf838cac169/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
A Focus on Political Parties &Interest Groups:
Their purpose, practices and how they work with
Nominations and Campaigns.Chapters 8,9, &11
Vs.
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A Focus on Political PartiesTheir purpose, practices and how they work
Chapter 8
Vs.
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Third Term Panic
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Republican Elephant Symbol• Nast invented the famous
symbol- the Republican elephant - in a cartoon that appeared in Harper's Weekly in 1874“Third Term Panic”
G.O.P. = “Grand Old Party”
Original meaning 1875 – “gallant old party”
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Democratic Donkey Symbol
• first associated with Democrat Andrew Jackson's 1828 presidential campaign
• Later, cartoonist Thomas Nast used the Democratic donkey in newspaper cartoons and made the symbol famous.
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1st use of democratic donkey by Thomas NastJanuary 15, 1870 -Harper's Weekly
commentary on Northern Democrats (nicknamed Copperheads) dealings with Edwin M. Stanton, Lincoln's Secretary of War.
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"Stranger Things Have Happened"
December 27, 1879
“Hold on, and you may walk over the sluggish animal up there yet.”
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So was Thomas Nast a Democrat or a Republican???
[Self-caricature] detail, Harper's Weekly, December 2, 1876, cover.
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Thomas Nast
•Thomas Nast was a Radical Republican, a liberal, progressive, nationalistic, and Protestant wing of the party
•fierce supporter for the Union cause •published in Harper's Weekly on September
3, 1864, shows Columbia weeping at the grave of "Union Heroes in a Useless War" as a weary Union amputee shakes the hand of a neatly groomed Southern soldier.
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Thomas Nast
•scourge of Boss Tweed and the Tammany Hall political machine
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‘Hands Off’ Socially, while
‘Hands On’ Economically
‘Hands Off’ Economically,
while ‘Hands On’ Socially
‘HANDS OFF!’ EVERYTHING!!
‘HANDS ON!’ EVERYTHING!!
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What is a Political Party?
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What is a Political Party?• Definition: a group of political activists who organize to win elections,
to operate the government, and to determine public policy.o Not mentioned in Constitutiono Federalist Papers warn against factions
• Functions of partieso Recruit candidates to run for elective offices at all levels of
government o Mobilize citizens to vote and participate in electionso Bear the responsibility of operating government at all levels o Provide organized opposition to the party in power
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Tasks of Parties• Parties Pick Candidates• Parties Run Campaigns• Parties Give Cues to Voters• Parties Articulate Policies• Parties Coordinate Policymaking• A political party is a linkage institution
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Political Party Organization
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Party Organization* National Convention: meet every 4 years; decide President/VP candidates; write platform
* National Committee: manages party’s business between conventions, raise money, convention rules
* National Chairperson: directs work of national committee
* State & Local Organization: better funded/organized today than in past; organized similarly to national- State parties organize primary elections, raise $-Decrease of local ‘political machines’
- Use specific and material inducements to win party loyalty & power.
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Why Has the 2-Party System Endured in the USA?
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Reasons for the Two Party SystemElectoral system: Duverger’s Law(Maurice Duverger, French sociologist – published papers in
1950’s & 1960’s)
(1) Winner-Take-All
(2) Plurality
• State laws deter 3rd Party Ballot Access:o States control candidate access to ballot - need
sufficient # of votes in previous electiono some states require registered voters to sign a petition
to get ballot access
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The Role of Minor Parties in US Politics
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Reasons for 3rd Party Creation
•Failure of major parties to represent an emerging group or view:▫ ex: George Wallace—American Independent Party (1968)
•Promote Ideology/Issue:▫ Libertarian▫ Green
•Desire to get major parties to champion an issue:▫ Populist Party—reforms in economics/politics (1892)▫ Ross Perot---Reduce federal deficit (1992 & 1996)
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Impact of Third Parties• Spoiler?
• Conventional wisdom holds that minor parties develop ideas that the major parties adopto Ending slaveryo Giving women the right to vote
• Factional parties have had probably the greatest influence on public policyo Perot (1990s)- deficit reduction became big
part of Clinton’s platform
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Third Parties• Ideological parties: comprehensive, radical view;
most enduring (communist, socialist, libertarian)
• Single-issue parties: address one concern, avoid others (Right to Life, Prohibition)
• Economic protest parties: regional, protest economic conditions
• Splinter/Factional parties: from split in a major party, usually over the party’s presidential nominee (TR - Bull Moose Party, Thurmond- States’ Rights Party)
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A History of Political Parties in the United States
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Realignment vs. Dealignment
Changes in Political Party Composition
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Political Party Realignment Def: concept that a few elections in US history were more important than others because they resulted in “sharp & durable changes” in the political climate or nation
•Occurs when a minority party becomes stronger than the majority party – win election (ex:1860 and 1932)▫ Political scientist Alan Beck asserts that 2 preconditions
must exist prior to a realignment election:▫ (1) loyalty to the party in power must be weak▫ (2) some sort of societal trauma (such as the depression)
must exist
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Political Party Dealignment
•Def: a large portion of electorate abandon its previous partisan affiliation without developing a new one to replace it
▫ Is this happening now?
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5 Realigning Elections
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History of Party Eras in America
Party era= a period of history in which there is one dominant majority party that wins most elections
A. Rise of Political Parties (1789-1800): Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists
B. Democratic Domination (1800-1860): Democratic-Republicans dominate until 1824 Whigs win presidency twice
C. Republican Domination (1860-1932): Republicans began as 3rd Party Lincoln solidified party **Major Electoral Realignment** -- Slavery!
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History of Party Eras in America (cont’d…)
D. Return of Democrats (1932-1968): FDR’s New Deal Coalition (blacks, urbanites, blue-
collar/union workers, Catholics, Jews, and women) **Major Electoral Realignment** Economics!
E. Divided Government (1968-present): Split party control of Congress & President creates
gridlock led to dealignment (more people ID as
independents; more split-ticket voting)
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Party Identification: 1937-Present
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Party in Government Today
•Presidency controlled by Democrat•111th Congress controlled by Democrats
▫House Republican: 178 Democrat: 257
▫Senate Republican: 40 Democrat: 58 Independent: 2
17 women
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Test on Ch 7 & 8Fri (11/18): multiple-choice
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Interest Groups!
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Why Interest Groups are Common?
• Interest group: any organization that seeks to influence public policy
Wide variety of examples
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Differences between Political Parties and Interest Groups
Political Party Interest GroupGoal To run the government To influence the government
Ways to Pursue Agenda
Elections Through the political process- Lobbying , litigation, etc…
Focus Focus on only general policies in order to win a majority
Specialize in one of two policy areas
Criticisms -2-party system leaves people out-Platforms are middle-of-the-road in an effort to appeal to the masses
-Encourage policymaking system based on $-Donate heavily to campaigns through PACs to “buy votes”- more $ it has the more able it is to influence policy
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Functions of Interest Groups•raise awareness/interest in issues
•educate public about issues
•linkage institution
•provide information to gov’t:▫ data/testimony – used in public policy▫ amicus curiae briefs
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Key ideas about interest groups•pluralist theory = activity of interest groups activity brings representation to all
•Since the 1960’s, the number of interest groups has risen rapidly.
•Collective good = something of value that benefits both the actual & potential members of a group.
•Group with the largest potential membership = National Organization for Women
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Types of Interest Groups
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Economics at Heart of Interest Groups
* Labor groups/unions promote interest of workers: AFL-CIO
* Business groups promote business interests - National Chamber of Commerce
•Professional groups: • National Education Association (NEA• American Bar Association (ABA)• American Medical Association (AMA) • National Association of Realtors (NAR)
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Other Types of Interest Groups
* Specific Causes:- ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union)- National Rifle Association (NRA)
* Welfare of Groups/Individuals:- American Association of Retired Persons (AARP)- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
* Religious Causes:- Christian Coalition- America Jewish Congress
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Interest Group Strategies
* Litigation
* Lobbying
* Influencing Elections
* Donating $$ via PACs
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What are PACs?
(Political Action Committees)
committees organized for the purpose of raising and spending money to elect and defeat candidates
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PAC Contributions (2008 Election Cycle)
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Analyzing the impact of PACS
PROS: • help finance the cost of
elections
• encourage voting and participation
• links the public with its representatives
• a right protected by the First Amendment
CONS:• Pressure to help
interests after getting $$
• undue influence on public officials
• funds disproportionately go to incumbents
• Corporate/business & unions most numerous
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Regulating Lobbyists
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Interest Group Strategies
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Regulating Lobbyists
• The Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act (1946) o Required that individuals or organizations that
receive money for the purpose of influencing legislation to register as lobbyists
o Required that all registered lobbyists file quarterly reports about their activities
o Was ineffective, however, because only full-time lobbyists had to register
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Litigation•Groups often take an issue to court if Congress won’t give support
* Best example = Civil Rights Movement of 1950s/60s- NAACP used litigation to fight segregation - Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
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Lobbying* Overall: attempting to influence policymakers—most often by supplying specialized data/info
* Direct Lobbying: paid lobbyists who use personal contact to persuade policymakers
* Grassroots Lobbying: interest group members/citizens write letters, emails, make phone calls to influence policymakers
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Lobbying Activities
1. Private meetings with public officials
2. Testifying at Congressional Committees
3. Assisting legislators and bureaucrats in drafting legislation/regulations
4. Inviting legislators to social occasions
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BERMAN&MURPHY APPROACHING DEMOCRACY
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Influencing Elections
* Encourage members to vote for candidates that support their views
* Influence party platforms (issues/policies political parties fight to make happen)
* Contribute money to parties via Political Action Committees (PACs)
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History of PACs:
-around since 1944, when the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) formed the first one to raise voluntary contributions from union members for the reelection of FDR
- Unions & Corporations cannot give directly to candidates Thus PACS are the loophole!
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Top 20 PACs 2008 Election Cycle