A Feasible Challenge: Upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport

A feasible challenge…Upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport

Tom Godefrooij > Washington DC, January 26, 2012

A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport

Overview

> Where do we stand> Upscaling, what does it entail> The Netherlands: a reference?> Challenges> Dutch Cycling Embassy

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Growing interest in cycling but also ongoing motorisation

Where do we stand?

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Where do we stand?

> Growing recognition importance of cycling> North-west European experience

> The Netherlands: 27% cycling> Denmark: 20% > Germany: 10%

> Increasing number of cities have cycling projects

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Bicycle share in European countries

27%

19%

10%9% 9%

8%7%

5% 5%

2%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

the

Nethe

rland

s

Denm

ark

Germ

any

Austri

a

Switzer

land

Belgium

Sweden

Italy

Franc

e

Great

Brit

ain

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Promising initiatives worldwide

> Bogotá> Cape Town> Santiago de Chile> Sevilla> Eskişehir

> Public bicycles schemes

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Bogotá

> 350 km cycle routes> Increase cycling share from 0,5 to 4%> Improved quality of public space

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A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport26-01-2012pagina 9 >


Cape Town

> Revised Bicycle Master Plan> Implementation cycling infrastructure in 4 regions> Most popular routes> Connected with BRT> Role of civil society

> Bicyle distribution> Training> Education

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Santiago de Chile

> Full participation in all segments of society> Adoption of ‘cycling’ law> Plan for 690 km cycling routes> 250 km implemented > Cycling a presidential priority

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Sevilla

> Implemented 120 km cycling network> Increase modal share from 0,2 to 6,6% in 4 years> Target 2015: share of 15%

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Turkish cities

Sakarya, Antalya & Eskişehir> Developing pilot projects> First step towards cycling-inclusive policies

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Public Bicycle schemes

> Decades of marginal

projects (Amsterdam 1960's)> Break through with Velib and

Bicing (Paris and Barcelona)> Now very fashionable> But how relevant?

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Beijing

> 20.000 public bicycles> 4,5 million private cars

…just to contemplate!

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…but can contribute

> Opportunity to find out usefulness> Filling the gap between pioneers and mainstream

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We aren’t there yet!

> In most cities bicycle use still low> Many cities didn’t even start!> Bicycle use in Asian countries threatened by

ongoing motorisation

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Upscaling the role of cycling: what does it entail?

After having made the first step

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Conditions for up scaling

> Gone through a pioneer stage> Early adapters should be there> It is time for the majority…

Up scaling = mainstreaming

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Up scaling

> From isolated projects to an integrated and

comprehensive approach> Acceptance by all segments of society> Resulting in substantial share of cycling

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At which level are we looking?

> At a city level> Successful pilots?> Enough bicycle use for next stage?

> At a regional / global level> Enough cities to make more cities follow suit?

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What are the challenges??

> Avoid, shift, improve> Utilising the full potential of cycling

> Substantial share of cycling (10 – 20%)> Most trips are short!!> Dutch (and Danish) cities as reference?

> Fully integrated in urban & transport planning

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Transport planning

> To meet transport needs > Accommodating social participation> Individuals & society

> Maximising contribution of transport to social & economic well being

> Minimising adverse effects> Road safety> Liveability> Environment> Climate> …

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Travel market (trips)

• Activity patterns

• Spatial distribution

• Spread in time

• …

Transport market

(transport systems)

• Availability

• Effectiveness

• Efficiency

• Status

• Costs

• …

Traffic market (flows)

• Routes

• Speeds

• Manoeuvres

• Congestion

• Safety

• …

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Role of various modes

> Analysis of strengths and weaknesses> Assess appropriateness modes /

transport systems for types of trips> i.e. utilise strengths

> Provide alternatives for problematic use> Not fit for the trip> Too many adverse effects for society

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Tactical goals

> Goals on travel market> Minimise need for (long distance) travelling

> Goals on transport market> Optimal mode choice> Short trips: Cycling and Walking> Longer trips: Public transport

> Goals on traffic market> Adequate road design to accommodate cycling

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Most trips are short

> UK:> 1/3 all trips < 1 mile> Average trip length = 7 mile> Average car trip length = 8,5 mile

> USA:> ¼ all trips < 1 mile> Almost ½ < 3 mile

> India> 56-72% urban trips < 5 km> Delhi: 45% car trips and 38% PT < 5 km

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Looking for the optimal mix

Cycling

(& walking)

> Short distances

> Inner urban trips

> Limited luggage carrying

Public transport> Longer trips> Mass transportation> Feeder trips required

Car> Longer trips

> Thinly populated areas

> Less/not suitable for dense urban areas

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Looking at the competitive position

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Make preferred modes more

attractive

Make other

modes less

attractive


Which arguments to use?

Distinguish between

> Society> Policy makers / politicians

> Individuals

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Politicians & policy makers

Societal goals> Road safety> Health> Air quality> Climate change mitigation> Equity> …

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Individuals

> …don't cycle for the environment!!> Practical, efficient and convenient (and fun!)> Health and fitness> (Cheap)

> Safety perception> Status perception

> Might both be an obstacle

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What it takes…

Many good reasons for promoting cycling…

> Environment

> Health

> Equity

… but ultimately people only will do so if it is

> Safe

> Practical

> Convenient

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A reference for upscaling?The Netherlands

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Dutch context

> Traditional high levels of cycling

> Decrease of cycling 1950 – 1975

> Revaluation of cycling from 1970’s on

> National transport strategy 1989

> Equilibrium accessibility, safety and liveability

> Bicycle Master Plan

> Cycling inclusive planning

> Integral part of local and regional transport planning

> (Re-confirmed in National transport strategy 2006)26-01-2012pagina 43 >

Cycling in European cities in the 20th century


Mobility in the Netherlands

Netherlands, high car density/km2On average 3.2 trips per day: > 1 trip car driver> 0.8 trip bicycle> 0.6 trip walking> 0.5 trip car passenger> 0.2 trip public transport> 0.1 trip other

In Top-5 most road-safe countries

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Mobility in The Netherlands

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Car PublicTransport

Bicycle Walking

Netherlands

Delft

Amsterdam

26-01-201246 A feasible challenge... upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport


Modal split development in Amsterdam

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Modal split trips according to distance(km’s) < 7,5 7,5-15 > 15 overall

Car driver 35% 74% 79% 48%

DriverPassenger

23%12%

50%24%

54%25%

32%16%

Public Transport 2% 7% 14% 5%Train

Bus/tram/metro0%2%

1%6%

9%5%

2%3%

Bicycle 35% 15% 3% 27%

Walking 26% 0% 0% 18%

Other 2% 3% 4% 2%

Share distance 70% 12% 18%

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Mode choice bicycle / car (< 7,5 km)Never

carSometimes

car, sometimes

bicycle

Never bicycle

Shopping 12% 59% 30%

Transporting children

6% 70% 24%

Sports & visits 28% 41% 30%

Going out 12% 48% 39%

Commuting 29% 40% 31%

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Faqs and figures > Netherlands

Source: RWS/AVV 2005 /MON 2005

Modal split according to distances

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Safety and bicycle use

•0

•200

•400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Bic

ycle

km

pp

py

0

10

20

30

40

50

Cyc

le f

atal

itie

s p

er b

illi

on

bic

ycle

km

Bicycle use Bicycle fatalities

1950 –1975:

- Suburbanisation- Car use- Transport policy- Old fashioned

1975 - now:

- Suburbanisation- Car use+ Transport policy+ Clean & Healthy

Development in time

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Safety: fatalities and risk

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Nu

mb

er

of

fata

liti

es

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Nu

mb

er

of

fata

liti

es/b

illi

on

km

Number of cycle fatalities

Number of fatalaties/billionkm

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Safety by numbers

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Faqs and figures > Netherlands

1,11

0,830,77

0,670,63

0,500,45

0,40 0,400,34

0,18

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

Number of cycles per inhabitant

More cycles then people

Number of cycles per inhabitant

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Corner stones of Dutch cycling policies

> Cycling: full fledged mode of transport> Looking for the 'optimal mix'

> Utilising strengths of each mode of transport> Providing alternatives for 'problematic use‘

> Public spending > Continued investments in cycling> Roughly € 30 per inhabitant per year> Quality is not for free!!

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The Dutch

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Wide variety of accessories

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Making cycling safe, practical, convenient

Challenges for upscaling

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So the challenge is…

…to make cycling> Safe> Practical> Convenient

> The preferred mode for short trips

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Essential condition

Basic safety> High volumes and high speeds motor traffic

incompatible with safe cycling> Segregated facilities at all arterials > 50km/h> Traffic calming at other roads> Well designed intersections

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Other conditions for upscaling

> Cycling preferred mode for short distances> Competitive position (two knobs to turn!)

- Travel time- Costs- Perceived convenience and safety- Status

> Practicalities- Bicycle parking- Utility accessories

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More quality infra, more cycling

-1,2

-1

-0,8

-0,6

-0,4

-0,2

0

20 25 30 35 40 45 50

bicycle share (%)

qu

ali

ty o

f b

icy

cle

in

fra

str

uc

ture

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Relation with public transport

> More efficient option on shorter distances

> Shorter travel times door-to-door

> Cost-efficient (≠ cheap!!!)

> Feeder mode

> Enlarging catchment area PT

> Improving door-to-door travel time

> Requires transfer facilities

> PT should not compete with cycling on short distances

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Return on urban transport investments, bicycle versus PT

With Investment

0

100

200

300

400

ATH BRU HEL LYON MAD VI T&W STU ZCH MAN VAL BRA DELFT

Impa

ct (

in r

ate

units

)

Ec. Benefits

Social Benefits

Env. Improvements

metro tramS-Bahn bicycle

Source: Transecon-project

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Cycling inclusive

More than adding cycle facilities to the road system

Change of entire traffic system

> Re-allocation of road space

> Re-allocation of budgets

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Cycling planning at 3 levels

> Overall transport planning

> Integrated approach (vision!!)

> Change of traditional priorities

> Network planning & design

> Coherent network

> Connecting origins & destinations

> Road design

> Meeting needs of cyclists

> …where the cyclists are!!!26-01-2012pagina 68 >


…and

> Organise public & political support> Involve stakeholders> Create a cycling culture

> Awareness campaigns

> Promotion

> Provide services

> Bicycle parking

> Bicycle repair

> Public bicycles26-01-2012pagina 69 >


…because

> Promotion of cycling contributes to the efficiency

of the (urban) transport system> Investments in cycling have a profitable

cost/benefit ratio> Investments in cycling serve all segments of the

population

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What can we do for you?Dutch Cycling Embassy

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Who we are

The Dutch Cycling Embassy is a comprehensive

network of:

> private companies: traffic and infrastructure

consultants and manufacturers> NGOs, universities and research institutions> national and local governments

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What can we do for you?

> Access to Dutch Knowledge Base> Liaising with extensive Dutch network for:

> research> planning> policy-making> product development> manufacturing> construction or building

> Help you to find the best possible partners.

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A Feasible Challenge: Upscaling the role of cycling in urban transport

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