A. Definition B. Differentiation Cytology I. Introduction.
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Transcript of A. Definition B. Differentiation Cytology I. Introduction.
A. DefinitionB. Differentiation
Cytology
I. Introduction
Figure 3.1
C. Generalized Parts
Figure 3.2
A. Structure
II. Cell Membrane
Figure 3.3
1. Molecular Make-up & Function
B. Specializations - Junctions
1. Tight = Fusing of neighboring cell membranes together
Figure 3.5a
2. Desmosome = Fibers connecting cell membranes together
Figure 3.5b
3. Gap = Tubular connections of neighboring cells
Figure 3.5c
C. Specializations - Extensions
1. Microvilli = short non-moving membrane folding to increase cell’s overall surface area2. Cilia = long, moving internal cellular extensions to move something across the cell surface
3. Flagella = move the entire cell
D. Function1.
Generalized
Figure 3.4
2. Passive Transport
a. Requirements = Favorable Concentration Gradient, Small Molecules, Requires No Energy Expenditure, and Relatively Non-polar Moleculesb. Mechanisms = Simple Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, and Osmosis
Figure 3.7
Osmosis movement of a solvent (usually H2O) across a semi-permeable membrane
Figure 3.8a
Figure 3.8b
Osmotic conditions
Figure 3.9
3. Active Transport
a. Requirements = Uses Energy, Protein Channel, Large Molecules, and Goes against the Concentration Gradient
b. Mechanisms = Molecular, Bulk (Endocytosis vs. Exocytosis), or Cell-Mediated
Molecular
Figure 3.10
Bulk Endocyto
sis
Exocytosis
Cell-Mediated
Figure 3.12
A. Cytosol or Cytoplasm
III. Cytoplasmic Components
1. Consistency2. Molecular Make-up
Consistency like thickening Jell-O or a colloid suspension
Make-up 92% water, 7% protein, gases, salts, lipids, and the like dissolved in the water
B. Organelles1. Membrane
Bound
a. Mitochondria = Energy Transformer
Figure 3.17
b. Endomembrane System = rER, sER, and Golgi
c. House cleaners = Lysosome or Peroxisome
d. Nucleus = the keeper of the plans
Envelope, nucleolus, and pores
Figure 3.29
The plans
Euchromatin vs. Heterochromatin
e. Vacuoles = Cell storage sitesFood (sugars, lipids, etc.) or Contractile (water storage)
2. Non-membrane Bound
a. Cytoskeleton
b. Centrioles c. Free Ribosomes
A. Definition
IV. Cell Cycle
B. Stages
The Cell Cycle
Figure 3.31
C. Time Allotment & Control
External controls outside influenceWhat could be a signal?
Cell contact can inhibit cellular growth.
Internal controls == internal clockCycli
nMPFCdk
D. Cancer
Cancer == benign, malignant, or metastatic
A. Definition
V. Mitosis
B. Phases & Events
Mitosis interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
Prophase = condense chromosomes, dismantle the nuclear membrane, and start to build spindle from centriolesMetaphase = attach chromatids to spindle via centromere and line up chromatids across equatorAnaphase = move chromatids toward poles via spindles Telophase = reverse steps of Prophase
Interphase = time between mitotic divisions and does G1, S, and G2 of cell cycle
A. Definition
VI. Cytokinesis
B. Events
A. Definition
VII. DNA Replication
B. Events & Players
A. Transcription
VII. Protein Synthesis
1. Definition2. Events & Players
Figure 3.35
B. Translation1.
Definition2. Events & Players
Figure 3.37
Figure 3.36
Diligence can lead to success.