ANCIENT CIVILISATIONSAR 2.6 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE - I

Date: 18 March 2016Abhinand Gopal

13.7 BILLION YEARS AGO, TIME & SPACE WERE CREATED FROM A POINT

the universe is expanding

TEXT

SINGLE LAND ROCK WITH FLOATING TECTONICS BENEATH

66 million years ago, a meteor kills all the Dinosaurs

humans ascend the trees to the ground, gain upright posture & learn to rotate the thumb?

TEXT

caves, nature made first houses of human civilisation

Humans most important discovery?

FIRE FROM STONES AND HARNESSING ENERGY

EARLY CAVE PAINTINGS AS ART & ANIMAL FOOD

TEXT

collective learning as a group of humans and advancements in language, security & resources

HARDNESS OF SURFACES

Early human -

settlements found

in areas with high

seismic activity

forming undulated

rough terrain.

EARLY MAN TOOLS MADE OUT OF BONES & STONES

HUNTERS & GATHERERS

TEXT

houses made out of wood, hay & straw; imitating the caves

TEXT

houses made out of animal bones & using fire to cook

Most important human invention?

TEXT

wheels for transportation > pots for storing excess food & long lasting grains > trade & commerce

early Egyptian potter &introduction of chariots in war

TEXTagriculture created stable society, promoted development & introduced classes; the rich & the poor, the rulers & the salves

TEXT

maslow’s theory of hierarchy of needs

development in building activity & widening of economic gap in society

A.R 2.6 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE - 1

1.Ancient Civilisations (Egypt, Mesopotamia & Indus - river valleys)

2.Classical Greeks - 22 April, 2016

3.The Roman Empire - 29 April, 2016

4.The Western World - post summer break

5.Post Crusades & Renaissance - post summer break

6.The Industrial Revolution - post summer break

COURSE CONTENT

1. ANCIENT CIVILISATIONS

BEGINS - RISES - FALLS

▸ Egyptian Civilisation

▸ Mesopotamia Civilization

▸ Indus Valley Civilisation

Temples of the Gods

Mastabas

Royal Pyramids

land of the dead: western banks of Nile

land of the living: eastern banks of Nile

north eastern tip of africa

surrounding by eastern, black,

western, white, nubia & libyan

deserts, longest river Nile flows

through Egypt and merges

with M.Sea in the north

UPPER EGYPT

LOWER EGYPT

HIERARCHY OF EGYPTIAN SOCIETY

PHARAOH : KING OF THE PEOPLE & GOD IN TEMPLES

RELIGION AND CULTURE

MONOTHEISTIC IN THEORY, BUT POLYTHEISTIC IN PRACTICE

Amon, Mut & Khonus, the Thebes triad of Gods

Memphis Gods

UPPER EGYPT

Religious center: Memphis

LOWER EGYPT

Religious Center: Thebes

land of the living

land of the dead

Chief Worship of Osiris, God of the Dead

LIFE AFTER DEATH

TEXT

A mastaba is a type of ancient Egyptian tomb in the form of a flat-roofed, rectangular structure with outward sloping sides,

constructed out of mud-bricks (from the Nile River) or stone

705 SQ. FT IN PLAN & 450 MTS TALL

PYRAMID OF KHARE

▸ Located on the west side of river Nile.

▸ East side occupied by people

▸ West side: land of the dead

TEXT

TEXT

TEXT

TEXT

Pyramids of Cepheren, Khufu & Khafre at Gizeh, Egypt

TEXT

TEXT

PYRAMID CONSTRUCTION: SLAVES & ADMINISTRATORS

TEXT

TEXT

3D SECTION & LARGE COMPLEXES

PYRAMID OF KHUFU

Goddess SekhmetIn Egyptian mythology, Sekhmet was originally the warrior goddess as well as goddess of healing for Upper Egypt, when the kingdom of Egypt was divided. She is depicted as a lioness, the fiercest hunter known to the Egyptians. It was said that her breath formed the desert. She was seen as the protector of the pharaohs and led them in warfare.

In Greek traditions, the mystical creature of Sphinx

is popular.

SPHINX, GIZEH, EGYPT

It is a mythical creature with, as a minimum, the head of a human and the body of a lion.

BUILDING MATERIALS

FRUITS, DATE PALMS, PAPYRUS

FLOODING OF THE NILE

INCLINED WALLS FOR STRUCTURE STABILITY

THICKER ON THE BOTTOM & TAPERED AT THE TOP

inside outside

wider at the base

PAPYRUS, STEMS, ACACIA (BOATS)

WOOD REFLECTED IN STONEExtinct Plant Papyrus

TEXT

Draw the diagram of the Egyptian Column

HIEROGLYPHICS

ANCIENT PICTURE WRITING ON WALLS, TABLETS, PAPYRUS SHEETS

PAPYRUS

TEXT

Temple of Ramses II, Abu Simbel

Plan of Temple of Ramses II, Abu Simbel

Karnak Temple

IMITATING THE PYRAMIDS

▸ Luxor Hotel, Where?

LUXOR HOTEL, LAS VEGAS, NEVADA DESERT, USA

THE IMPORTANCE OF A QUEEN

Cleopatra The last pharaoh or the ruler of Egypt, 80BC.

WORLD’S FIRST WOMEN FIGURE TO RULE AN EMPIRE: FIRST WOMAN PHARAOH

MORTUARY TEMPLE OF QUEEN HATSHEPSUT

WITHIN VALLEY OF KINGS: ROYAL PHARAOHS & PRIESTS WERE BURIED

LOCATED IN THE CLIFFS OF DEIR AL BAHARI, WEST BANK OF R. NILE

The layering of Hatshepsut's temple corresponds with the classical Greek form of employing pylons, courts, hypostyle hall, sun court, chapel and sanctuary.

TEXT

DJESER-DJESERU TEMPLE COMPLEX

DEDICATED TO GOD AMON RA, CHIEF ARCHITECT: SENENMUT

IRAQ SYRIA & LEVANTMESOPOTAMIA

TEXT

BAGHDAD

RIVER SOCIETIES & URBAN HOUSING DEVELOPMENT

INDUS VALLEY CIVILISATION

Sketches Required:

1. Egyptian Column and necessary information about the different parts like Architrave, Capital, Base etc.

2. Pyramid of Khufu Plan and section. Details about the different spaces located inside the pyramid

3. Mastaba plan, section & 3D with necessary information

4. Any Egyptian temple plan corresponding with the section showing hierarchy of volume

5. A simple Egyptian mud house explaining the plan, section & a free hand isometric view

Date of Submission: 1 April

Mode of Submission: A3 sketch books

Movies recommended for better visual understanding into Egyptian life & culture:

Ten Commandments, Mummy I, II, III (The Scorpion King), Gods of Egypt (worst movie made this year)

Ben Hur, Asterix & Obelix series, multiple movies made on Cleopatra