A CROSS-LAGGED ANALYSIS

OF AGENDA SETTING

AMONG ONLINE NEWS MEDIA

By jeongsub Lim

This stndif exanuncd the catisdl rclntkmships among the issue agcmiaf> ofthree online nexos media in South Korea during two time periods. Theissue agendas of the tivo online newspapers at Time 1 influeiieed theissue agendas of the online wire service at Time 2. The online icire serv-ice did not influence the issue agendas of the two newspapers during thesame time periods. The leading online newspaper influenced the issueagendas of both the secondary online newspaper and the online ivireservice. The findings extend intermedia agenda-setting studies to theonline environment.

Theoretical and practical implications of agenda-setting researchhave grown since the birth of online news media. Theoretical questionsinclude whether intermedia agenda-setting theory is applicable to therelationship of issue agendas among onhne news media. If wire servic-es continue to influence online newspapers, the online news market willbe a profitable, alternative outlet to wire services. This additional newsmarket is a major reason why many newspapers invest in online newssites.'

In this sense, the years 1995 and 1998 set the stage for the Internetboom in South Korea's media industry. In 1993, the Chosun llbo and thejoougAng llbo, two major Korean newspapers, developed their Web sites,and, on 19 November 1998, a South Korean wire service named YonhapNews Agency launched its r\ews site. This online world has rapidlyexpanded in South Korea. According to the 2003 annual report by theMinistry of Information and Communication in South Korea,' thebroadband penetration rates reached about 70% of the total 11.1 millionhouseholds.

These Korean news media provide an opportunity to examineintermedia agenda-setting effects in the online news environment.When online wire services upload top stories on a real-time basis, howdo online newspapers respond to those stories? Conversely, whenonline newspapers break stories first, how do online wire servicesrespond to them? Prior intermedia agenda-setting research has neglect-ed these theoretical and practical implications of the relationshipsamong online news media. To this end, a time series analysis is useful

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298-3U

298 li\iRNAL!SM & MASS COMMUNICATION QUAKIFRLY

because it illustrates a process of the directional influence among newsmedia.'

Therefore, this study attempts to explore the directional influencebetween an online wire service and online newspapers during two dif-ferent time periods. Data originate from online news stories of theYonhap News Agency and of two major Korean online newspapers.

According to press release data,"' the Yonhap News Agency is aKorean national wire service that has provided three types of newsand information—national news, economic information, and photo-graph/graphic information—since its advent on 4 January 1989. TheYonhap News Agency has since dominated the news service marketin South Korea. Domestic news media rely on these three types ofnews information for their news production. The wire service alsoprovides English editions to about fifty foreign news agencies, fifty-three South Korean foreign embassies, and major international organ-izations. Currently, the wire service produces more than 1,000 dailynews stories in Korean and more than fifty daily news stories inEnglish. Its bilingual news service also began on 4 January 1989. Atthe end of 1998, it launched its news site (<www.yna.co.kr>), fromwhich the general public and online newspapers access daily newsstories.

According to their Web sites,' the Chosun llbo and the joongAng llbo,two major newspapers in South Korea, took the initiative in developingnews sites. In October 1995, the Chosun llbo established the DigitatChosun(<http://prchosun.com/digital>), an affiliated company providing newson its Web site (<www.chosun.com>), and in the same year, the foongAngllbo set out to release news through its news site, Joins.com {<www.joins.com>). Like the Yonhap News Agency, the two newspapers postEnglish editions on their Web sites. In press releases," the Chosun llboreports that its circulation size is 2.38 million copies per day and that ithas 1,080 employees, while the joongAng llbo has a circulation of 1.95 mil-lion copies and 584 employees. Given their circulation size, the ChosunUbo is the leading newspaper and the joongAng llbo is the second largestnewspaper in South Korea.

Big ThreeOnlineMedia

The parameters of agenda-setting research have expanded from thequestion of who sets the public agenda to that of who sets the mediaagenda. This expansion has resulted in three major areas: media agenda-setting, public agenda-setting, and policy agenda-setting studies.' Mediaagenda-setting studies focus on media routines, including news diffu-sion, news selection, and emphasis. This area includes intermedia agen-da-setting studies," which focus on examining the relationships amongdifferent media.

Classical research on the influences among the news mediaemerged long before the concept of agenda setting was developed byMcCombs and Shaw.'' The seminal work was Breed's'" study of why the

TheoreticalFramework

A CROSS-LAGGED ANALYSIS OF AGENDA SETTING 299

news content of U.S. daily newspapers is similar. He found "an arterialprocess,"" which indicated that small newspapers sought guidancefrom wire services and larger newspapers.

Since McCombs and Shaw'^ coined the term "agenda setting," theinfluence among the news media has been viewed as evidence of anintermedia agenda-setting process. In the coverage of a single issue anda political campaign, prestige newspapers led secondary newspapersand television networks, a finding similar to Breed's." For instance, theNeu> York Times' coverage of cocaine during 1985 and 1986 significantlyinfluenced other media coverage of cocaine.'' During the 1990 Texasgubernatorial campaign, newspaper news agendas influenced televi-sion news agendas.'"

Intermedia agenda-setting effects have also been found in adver-tising and the Internet. Political advertising exerted influence on thenews agendas of newspapers and television networks."' The Nczo YorkTimes, the Associated Press, and Reuters influenced the agendas of dis-cussions on electronic bulletin boards.''

Commenting on the theoretical evolution of the agenda-settingprocesses, McCombs and Shaw"* defined a news agenda as any set ofobjects or a single object competing for the attention of the public orthe media. This theoretical refinement has spurred an understandingof intermedia agenda-setting effects that has become more sophis-ticated through expansion in the scope of the research. In a studyof the 1995 Spanish elections, Lopez-Escobar et al. explored thesecond level of agenda setting: "the transmission of attribute salience,both among the mass media and from the media to the public."'" Theyfound that political advertising describing candidates' attributes influ-enced the agendas of the attributes in newspapers and television net-works.

Influenceof WireServices

earliest studies of intermedia agenda-setting effects amongnational wire services and national daily newspapers date from thelate 1940s to the 1960s,''' In a case study by White,-' "Mr. Gates," awire news editor, was found to select or reject the wire stories sub-jectively, although the study did not consider which wire story cate-gory was more important than others. In addition to this limitation,time was named as a key aspect for usage of wire stories because morethan half of the wire stories used by newspapers had been sent before 7a.m.̂ - Given this frequent usage of wire stories by newspapers, nation-al wire services influenced the issue agendas of small daily newspa-pers.^'

Re-examining White's-^ case study. Snider'' found that the topseven news categories transmitted by wire services accounted for 87%of the total wire stories used by Mr. Gates. Despite the decrease in thenumber of wire services, newspapers tended to depend more on wirestories than before.̂ " Whitney and Becker-̂ confirmed that wire servicesinfluenced which news category newspapers would select. Further-more, Todd-" found that the top wire stories frequently appeared on the

300 & MASS CoMMUNicMtON QUARTERLY

front page of daily newspapers and that news editors relied on wire serv-ices when news holes were tight.

There have been great changes in the media landscape since theadvent of the Internet. In particular, the 1990s witnessed a proliferationof online newspapers.-" There were 5,400 online news sources worldwideby April 2000, according to American journalism Reviezr's (<www.ajr.org>)online database.^"

Inspired by these changes in the media industry, many studieshave focused on the communicative nature of the Internet. Roberts,Wanta, and Dzwo" noted that the Internet introduced a new dimensionof technology and communication. Morris and Ogan identified the Website as part of "asynchronous communication generally characterized bythe receiver's need to seek out the site in order to access information.""Newhagen and Rafaeli further defined the nature of the Internet as "mul-timedia, hypertextuality, packet switching, synchronicity, and interactiv-ity."̂ ^

Regarding the development of online wire services and onlinenewspapers, Reuters (<www.reuters.com>) and the online Yonhap NewsAgency (<www.yna.co.kr>) are typical online wire services that releasedaily news on a real-time basis. Some studies suggest that an onlinenewspaper is "a publication available on the World Wide Web, a colorfulplatform provided by navigation software."^^ The characteristics ofonline newspapers include Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) andcomputer-assisted graphic toois that make it possible to update news ona computer screen." Online news services include "archives of past sto-ries, searchable classified ads, hyperlinks to Web-based information data-bases, readers' forums, chat facilities, and e-mail contacts between read-ers and editors."'"'

Despite the technological advantages, online newspapers are heav-ily dependent on print counterparts for their news stories. Martin^"found that news stories were moved from a newspaper's archive to anonline newspaper without any significant changes in content. Singer'"found that 34% of the 4,786 print and online news stories in her studywere provided by the Associated Press or in combination with other wireservices.

Despite informative descriptions, prior intermedia agenda-settingresearch on wire services and newspapers seldom considers a direction-al influence between wire services and newspapers at different points intime. However, previous studies of the influence of wire services onnews media and the findings of the reciprocity of the intermedia influ-ence'" provide a reasonable baseline for the prediction of this study. Thefollowing hypothesis is advanced.

H: An online wire service has more influence on theissue agendas of major online newspapers than major onlinenewspapers have on the issue agendas of an online wire serv-ice.

Online WireServicesand OnlineNewspapers

A CROSS-LAGCEC) ANALYSIS OF ACENDA SETTINC. 301

Method Online news stories are frequently updated, which poses somechallenges for analyzing tbe content on the Web. As a solution,McMillan recommends "identifying the units to be sampled."*"*Therefore, this study clarifies the following categories: the samplingframe, time frame, context unit, and coding unit. The sampling unitsinclude the news stories to which the online news media give moreweight than other stories. Those news stories are likely to refiect theissue agendas of the online news media. This is consistent with therationale in the study by McCombs and Shaw," which focused on tbecorrelation between voters' key issues concerning the 1968 presidentialcampaign and corresponding news stories.

The issue agendas of the online Yonhap News Agency (<www.yna.co.kr>) consist of news stories released between 5 a.m. and 8 a.m.,Korean time. This time period was chosen because at this time of eachday, the online wire service posts its top news stories of the day on itsnews site.

The issue agendas of major online newspapers consist of newsstories tbat lead the online Yonhap News Agency, making it "play sec-ond." These stories are limited to those posted on tbe first main sectionof Chosun.com (<www.chosun,com>) and the online loongAiig llbo{<bttp://news.joins.com>). The first main section is defined as tbe cen-ter part of each newspaper's Web site, excluding a side menu and tbesecond section, which are divided from tbe first section by formattinglines. Tbe two Korean online newspapers' stories were downloadedfrom tbe first section of their news sites between 5 p.m, and 8 p,m.,Korean time. During this time period, the Korean wire service routinelychecks the stories of other newspapers each day to decide whether tofollow them. These two online newspapers were selected because theyare the leading online newspapers in South Korea, according to AlexaInternet's (<www.alexa.com>)" Top 500 Sites.

Tbe sampling frame of tbe news stories from the three online newsmedia was from 1 January 2003 to 31 December 2003, The time framewas a period of two constructed weeks from 6 April 2003 tbrough 10June 2003. The two constructed weeks were used because they allowmore reliable estimates of one-year news media issues as a population,"Tbis study used a table of random numbers for tbe two constructedweeks. Tbe context unit was tbe Web site of eacb of the three onlinenews media, wbile coding units were tbe number of news stories of eachWeb site, Tbe unit of analysis was tbe frequency of issue agendas of tbenews stories.

The independent variable was tbe issue agenda of tbe onlineYonhap News Agency and the dependent variables were the issue agen-das of Cbosun.com and tbe online JoongAng llbo. On tbe basis of priorstudies,̂ "" tbis study defined an issue agenda as a single topic or a set ofspecific topics in news stories tbat the three online news media givemore weigbt to than otber stories. Each issue agenda was coded in termsof tbe dominance of eacb story. An extensive list of issue or topic cate-gories was developed according to previous literature,*'̂ Tbe list consist-

302 JOURNALISM & MASS COMMUNICATION QUARTERLY

Time ]Rank

1.2.3.4.5.7.7.7.9.595n512.512512515.16516.5Total

TABLE 1issue Agendas of the Online

Time 2Number of Stories Rank

EconomyNadonalCrimeHuman InterestLaborNorth KoreaIntemationalInternetHealth-SARSEducationEnvironmentSa>ul CityCultureSportsWar on IraqAccident/ disasterMilitary

81131276555332222100

149

1.2.3.4.5.6.8.8.8.10.

n.5n.513.513.515.515,517.

Wire Service

EconomyNationalCrimeNorth KoreaLaborEnvironmentInternationalHealth-SARSHuman interestSeoul CityEducationCultureSportsInternetWar on IraqAccident/disasterMilitary

Number of Stories

97241697655543322110

190

Note:Time 1: 6 April 2003-6 May 20()3 (one constructed week, including 6 April, 11 April, 16 April, 21 April, 26April, I May, and 6 May). Time 2; 11 May 2[)O3-1U June 20(13 (one cnnstmctod week, including 11 May, 16May, 21 May, 26 May, 31 May, 5 June, and 10 June),

ed of 17 issues, including national news, the economy, and crime. Theseagendas were ranked in order for comparison of them.

This study used cross-lagged correlations, the Rozelle-Campbel!baseline, and partial correlations. These are reliable procedures for exam-ining the causal relationship between two variables during the two timeperiods.*'' The baseline was "the level of correlation to be expected on thebasis of the autocorrelations and synchronous correlations alone."^^ Fewprior studies have investigated intermedia agenda-setting effectsbetween an online wire service and online newspapers during two spe-cific time periods. Thus, this study divided the two constructed weeksinto two time lags, such as Time 1 and Time 2, and limited each time lagto one constructed week. Partial correlations were calculated becausethey illustrated a sharper picture of the relationship among the issueagendas.

The author did al! of the initial coding. Two additional coders, whoare Korean graduate students, performed intercoder reliability tests on10% of the total samples. Training of the two coders included pilot testsof the sample news stories. The author had additional meetings with thecoders until they agreed with the clarity of the measurement. Intercoderagreement, determined on the basis of Holsti's formula,'** was .90.

The total sample size of the online wire stories and the online news- Resultspaper stories during the two constructed weeks was 611. Among them.

A CROSS-LAGGED ANALYSIS OF AGENDA SETTING 303

Tune 1Rank

1.2.3.4.54.56.7.8.9.11,511.511.511.515.515.515.515.5Total

Noff:

IssueTABLE 2

Agendas of the Two Online Newspapers

Time 2Number of Stories Rank

NationalNorth KoreaCrimeEconomyWar on IruiqEducationHealth-SARSLaborInternationalSportsAccident/disasterMilitaryHuman InterestEnvironmentSeoul CityInternetCulture

2724221010

985211110000

121

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.58.511.11.11,13.513.516.16.16.

Number of Stories

NationalCrimeEconomyNorth KoreaEducationMilitarySportsLaborAccident / disasterEnvironmentIntemationalHealth-SARSSeoul CityInternetWar on IraqHuman InterestCulture

The two online newspapers include Chosun.com and the online joongAng Ubo.

4229221510

875522211000

151

online wire stories totaled 339, an average of 24 stories per day. The totalsample size of the stories of the two Korean online newspapers duringthe 13 days was 272, an average of 21 stories per day. Online newspaperstories on 11 April 2003 were not downloaded because of a coding error.

As shown in Table ! and Table 2, "Economy," "National," and"Crime" were the top three topics for the online wire service at Time 1and Time 2, For the two newspapers, "National," "North Korea," and"Crime" were the top three at Time 1, with "National," "Crime," and"Economy," at Time 2.

Table 3 and Table 4 illustrate the issue agendas of an individualonline newspaper. The top three topics of Chosun.com and the oniinejoongAng llbo overlapped with the combined agendas of the two onlinenewspapers.

This study used the top seven topics in the cross-lagged analysisbecause they comprised 92% of the total agendas of the three newsmedia. Figure 1 shows that the issue agendas of the online wire serviceat Time 1 were strongly correlated (.798) with those at Time 2. The rela-tionship of the issue agendas was much stronger in the two online news-papers (.905).

The two online newspapers more strongly influenced (.826) theissue agendas of the online wire service than did the online wire service(.610), The partial correlations in Figure 2 sharpen this relationship. Thepartial correlation between the issue agendas of the online newspapersat Time 1 and the online wire service at Time 2 was ,878. However, thepartial correlation (.556) between the issue agendas of the online wire

304 SM & MASS COMMUNICATION QUAKTERLY

Time 1Rank

1.1.3.iri

5.5.7.858.510.14.14.14.14.14.14.14.Total

TABLE 3Issue Agendas ofCJiosun

Time 2Number of Stories Rank

NationalNorth KoreaCrimeEconomyWar on IraqHealth-SA1«EducationIntemationalLaborMilitaryIntemetAccident/disasterHuman InterestEnvironmentSetiul CitySportsCulture

1212855532210000000

55

1.Z3.4.6.6.6.8.10.10.10.13.13.13.16.16.16.

,com

NationalEconomyCrimeNorth KoreaEducationMilitaryAccident/disasterLaborSportsIntemationalEnvironmentHealth-SARSSeou! CityIntemetWar on IraqHuman InterestCulture

Number of Stories

20151164443222111000

76

service at Time 1 and the online newspapers at Time 2 was below thebaseiine (.566). Thus, the online newspapers influenced the issue agen-das of the online wire service. In particular, the issue agendas of theonline joongAng Jibo at Time 1 had a significant influence (.730) onthose of the online wire service at Time 2. The reverse partial correla-tion was below the baseline (.648).

This study predicted that an online wire service would have acausal influence on the issue agendas of major online newspapers.According to Figure 1 and Figure 2, this hypothesis was not support-ed. To the contrary, the two online newspapers influenced the issueagendas of the online wire service. In addition, Chosun.com had astrong influence on the issue agendas of both the online JoongAng llboand of the online wire service.

This study examined the causal relationship among the issueagendas of an online wire service and the two major online newspa-pers in South Korea. Disproving the hypothesis in this study, the twoKorean online newspapers strongly influenced the issue agendas of theonline wire service, and the opposite directional influence was not sup-ported. A leading online newspaper influenced the issue agendas ofboth the secondary online newspaper and the online wire service.

The findings of this study provide insights into intermedia agen-da-setting effects in the online news environment. First, previous stud-ies*'' argued that wire services influenced the issue agendas of newspa-pers. However, they seldom considered the influence of newspa-pers on the issue agendas of wire services. In this study, the online

Discussion

A CROSS'LACCED ANALYSIS OF AGENDA SITTINL 305

TABLE 4Issue Agendas of the Online JoongAng llbo

Time 1Rank

1.2.3.4.5.55.57.57.510.10.10.14.514.514.514.514.514.5Total

Time 2Number of Stories Rank

NationalCrimeNorth KoreaEducationWar on IraqEconomyHealth-SARSLatx)rAccident/disasterSportsHuman InterestIntemationalCultureEnvironmentSe<.>ul CityMilitary[ntemet

151412655331

11000000

66

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.59.514.14.14.14.14.14.14.

NationalCrimeNorth KoreaEconomyEducationSportsMilitaryUibt)rAccident/disasterHealthSARSIntemationalEnvironmentSeoul CityHuman InterestWar on IraqIntemetCulture

Number of Stories

2218976542]

10000000

75

joongAng Illni and Chosun.com had a causal influence on the issue agen-das of the online Yonhap News Agency. This finding contradicts previ-ous studies'" that support a strong influence for wire services. The factthat the two online newspapers are leading news sites in South Koreaaccording to Alexa Internet (<www.alexa.com>)''' may be one possibleexplanation. The online wire service is likely to crosscheck major newssites in order to verify news judgment for "big stories." Such behaviorby the online wire service reflects the nature of news: the need for con-sensus among different news media.̂ ^

Another explanation may be found in the structure of the issueagendas of the three online news media. According to Table 1, the onlinewire service's issue agendas focused on the economy at Time 1 (81) andat Time 2 (97). By contrast, the two online newspapers maintained anoverall balanced diet of the top four topics or issues: "National,""Crime," "North Korea/' and "Economy."" This difference in a diet ofissue agendas contributes to the strong influence of the online newspa-pers on the issue agendas of the online wire service.

On the one hand, Chosun.com, the leading online newspaper,affected the issue agendas of the secondary online newspaper. Thisresult is likely to be related to the tendency of oniine newspapers todepend on their print counterparts' contents. Online news stories aremoved from a newspaper's archive without any significant changes incontent.^ Prior findings showing that leading newspapers influence theissue agendas of trailing newspapers^^can be applicable to online newsmedia.

On the other hand, the online wire service affected the issue agen-das of Chosun.com because its partial correlation (.791) was above the

306 Jl KJNNAUSM & MASS COMMUNICAIION QUARJERlt

FIGURE 1Results of Cross-Lagged Correlations between the Top Seven Issue Agendas

Time IOnline wire service

Time 2Online v^ire service

Online newspapers ^^^_ ..6.lQ..rt!>: Online newspapers.905

Rozelle-Campbell Baseline = +.566

Time 1Online wire service

Chosun.com

Time 2Online wire service

Chosun.com.861

Rozelle-Campbeil Baseline = +.522

Time 1Online wire service

OnlineJoongAng llbo

Time 2Online wire service

OniineJoongAng llbo

.982Rozelle-Campbell Baseline = +.648

Time 1Chosun.eom

OnlineJoongAng Ilbo

561

.982

Time 2Chosiin.eom

OnlineJoongAng llbo

Rozelle-Campbell Ba.seline = +.822

Hote: Top seven issue agendas include "Economy," "National," "Crime," "Human Interest,""Labor," "North Korea, International, and Internet (tied for the seventh rank)/' as shown in Table 1.Bold lines indicate values are above the baseline.

baseline (.522). Previous findings'^ showing that national wire servicesinfluenced the news agendas of daily newspapers may be applied to theonline news environment. Practically, the influence of the online wireservice is linked to its news policy of making its stories the major newsstories during the day, as shown in its press release data.^' However, theonline wire service had limited effects. Part of the reason for this includesthe process of data collection in this study, which used different down-loading times for wire stories and newspapers stories.

The findings of this study focus on intermedia agenda-settingeffects across online media. The first- and second-level agenda-settingeffects among online news media need further examination. Over-

A CRO.SS-L^GCED ANALYSIS or AGENDA SETTING 301

FIGURE 2Results of Partial Correlations between the Top Seven Issue Agendas

Time 1 Time 2Online wire service ^75*8.-- _ Online wire service

Online newspapers ^^__. ..i^Afe-^rt^ Online newspapers.905

Rozelle-Campbell Baseline = +.566

Time 1 Time 2Online wire service ^ ^798 ^ Online wire service

Chosun.com (^T7 J..^l--7^^^^ Chosun.com.861

Rozelle Campbell Baseline = +.522

Time 1 Time 2IC wire service J98 . Online wire .service

.73X

Online ^^^^^ ~~"^^^ OnlineJoongAng Ilbo t^Z-. .-^355.7^^ JoongAng Ilbo

.982Rozelle-Campbell Baseline = +.648

Time 1 Time 2Chosnn.com _^861 Chosun.com

.38f

OnlineJoongAng Ilbo

OnlineJoongAng Ilbo

.982Rozelle-Campbell Baseline = +.822

Noil-. Bold lines indicate values are above the baseline.

shadowing this study is the unanswered question, "What contingentconditions influence the process of building the issue agendas or select-ing news stories?" How conservative or liberal news policy influencesthe issue agendas of online wire services or onJine newspapers alsoneeds further investigation. Competition is a major factor that leadsnewspapers to frequently use wire stories.''" Major newspapers tend touse more wire stories under competitive conditions.'̂ "

This study cannot argue an explicit causality between the ieadingonline newspaper and the secondary online newspaper and the onlinewire service because their cross-lagged and partial correlation coeffi-cients were above the baseline, as shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2.Future studies need to address this issue by using different data. This

SS COMMUNICATION QUAP-TEKIY

study did not download the news stories of the two online newspaperson n April 2003 because of a coding error. However, the effects of thiscoding error on the results are minimal because the two online newspa-pers influenced the issue agendas of the online wire service despite thosemissing stories.

In sum, in the online news environment, the major online newspa-pers exert a causal influence on the issue agendas of the online wire serv-ice, although the wire service has limited effects. Contingent conditions,including a diet of news stories, news policy, and competition, maychange the directional influence among the three online news media. Theleading online newspaper influenced other online news media. Thisfinding expands prior studies of the influence of major newspapers onsecondary newspapers.

NOTES

1. Barrie Gunter, News and the Net (New Jersey: Lawrence ErlbaumAssociates, 2003).

2. "2003 Annual Report," Ministry of Information and Communicationin South Korea, retrieved 25 January 2004, at <http://www.mic.go.kr/index.jsp>.

3. Hans-Bernd Brosius and Hans M. Kepplinger, "Linear andNonlinear Models of Agenda Setting in Television," Journai of Broad-casting & Electronic Media 36 (1, 1992): 5-23.

4. "About Us," Yonhap News Ageticy, retrieved 5 December 2005, at<http://english.yna.co.kr/Engservices/6800000000.html>.

5. "Company History," Chosun.com, retrieved 5 December 2005, at<http://www.chosun.com/homepage/html/dc eng.html>; "The His-tory of JMN," joins.coin, retrieved 5 December 2005, at <http://help.joins.com/joongang/eng/co_history.html>.

6. "The Chosun llbo by Numbers," Chosun.com, retrieved 5December 2005, at <http://pr.chosun.com/chosun english/history.asp>; "The Numbers Tell the Story," joins.com, retrieved 5 December2005, at <http://help.joins.com/joongang/eng/co_pride6.html>.

7. Everett M. Rogers, James M. Dearing, and Dorine Bregman, "TheAnatomy of Agenda-Setting Research," journal of Communication 43(spring 1993): 68-84; Gerald M. Kosicki, "Problems and Opportunities inAgenda-Setting Research," journal of Communication 43 (spring 1993):100-27; Maxwell E. McCombs and Donald L. Shaw, "The Evolution ofAgenda-Setting Research: Twenty-five Years in the Marketplace ofIdeas," Journal of Communication 43 {spring 1993): 58-67.

8. McCombs and Shaw, "The Evolution of Agenda-Setting,"9. Maxwell E. McCombs and Donald L. Shaw, "The Agenda-Setting

Eunction of Mass Media," Public Opinion Quarterly 36 (2,1972): 176-87.10. Warren Breed, "Newspaper Opinion Leaders and Processes of

Standardization," journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 32 (sum-mer 1955): 277-84.

11. Breed, "Newspaper Opinion," 277.

A CROSS-LAGGED ANALYSIS OF AGENDA SEWING 309

12. McCombs and Shaw, "The Agenda-Setting Function."13. Breed, "Newspaper Opinion."14. Lucig H. Danielian and Stephen D. Reese, "A Closer Look at

Intermedia Influences on Agenda-Setting: The Cocaine Issue of 1986" inCommunication Campaigns about Drugs: Government, Media, and the Public,ed. Pamela J. Shoemaker {New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,1989), 47-66.

15. Marilyn Roberts and Maxwell E. McCombs, "Agenda Settingand Political Advertising: Origins of the News Agenda," PoliticalCommunication 11 (3,1994): 249-62.

16. Esteban Lopez-Escobar, Juan P. Llamas, Maxwell E. McCombs,and Federico R. Lcnnon, "Two Levels of Agenda Setting Among Adver-tising and News in the 1995 Spanish Elections," Political Communication15 (2, 1998): 225-38; Thomas P Boyle, "Intermedia Agenda Setting in the1996 Presidential Election," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly78 (spring 2001): 26-44.

17. Marilyn M. Roberts, Wayne Wanta, and Tzong-Horng Dzwo,"Agenda Setting and Issue Salience Online," Communication Research 29(August 2002): 452-65.

18. McCombs and Shaw, "The Evolution of Agenda-Setting."19. Lopfz-Escobar et al., "Two Levels of Agenda Setting," 227.20. David M. White, "The Gatekeeper: A Case Study in the Selection

of News," journalism & Mass Cotnmunication Quarterly 27 (3, 1949): 383-90; Guido H. Stempel III, "How Newspapers Use the Associated PressAfternoon A-Wire," journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 41 {3,1964): 380-84; David Gold and Jerry L. Simmons, "News SelectionPatterns Among Iowa Dailies," Public Opinion Quarterly 29 (3,1965): 425-30; Paul B. Snider, "Mr. Gates Revisited: A 1966 Version of the 1949 CaseStudy," journalisvi & Mass Communication Quarterly 44 (autumn 1967):419-27.

21. White, "The Gatekeeper."22. Stempel, "How Newspapers Use."23. Gold and Simmons, "News Selection."24. White, "The Gatekeeper."25. Snider, "Mr. Gates Revisited."26. Maxwell E. McCombs and Donald L. Shaw, "Structuring the

Unseen Environment," Journal of Communication 26 {2,1976): 18-22.27. Charles D. Whitney and Lee B. Becker, "Keeping the Gates for

Gatekeepers: The Effects of Wire News," journalism & Mass Commu-nication Quarterly 59 (spring 1982): 60-65.

28. Rusty Todd, "New York Times Advisories and National/Inter-national News Selection," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 60{winter 1983): 705-08, 676.

29. Gunter, Nezvs and the Net.30. Gunter, News a)id the Net,31. Roberts, Wanta, and Dzwo, "Agenda Setting."32. Merrill Morris and Christine Ogan, "The Internet as Mass Me-

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310 JOURNALISM & MASS COMMUNICATION QUARTERLY

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37. Shannon E. Martin, "How News Gets from Paper to its OnlineCounterpart," Newspaper Research Journal 19 (spring 1998): 64-73.

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