A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD
description
Transcript of A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD
![Page 1: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
THE IDEA OF GOD , CREATION STORIES ,
THE IDEA OF HEAVEN AND HELL
NIENKE MOOR
ARIANA NEED
WOUT ULTEERADBOUD UNIVERSITY NIJMEGEN
NWO-PROGRAMME EVOLUTION AND BEHAVIOUR
UTRECHT , DECEMBER 9, 2008
![Page 2: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
JUDAISM AND CHRISTIANITY : GOD MOLDED CLAY IN HIS OWN IMAGE , BLEW LIFE IN IT , AND MAN WAS CREATED
MICHELANGELO , 1508-1512 VATICAN , SISTINE CHAPEL CEILING , DETAIL
A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD
![Page 3: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
THIS IS AN EFFORT IN THE SOCIOLOGY OF RELIGION AND
IN GENERAL SOCIOLOGY
IN 1970 LENSKI DEVELOPED A GENERAL THEORY CALLED
ECOLOGICAL EVOLUTIONISM
EARLY SOCIOLOGY OF RELIGION :THERE ARE NO SOCIETIES WITHOUT RELIGION
WHY IS RELIGION A SOCIETAL UNIVERSAL ?RELIGION CONTRIBUTES TO SOCIETAL
SURVIVAL
![Page 4: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
ECOLOGICAL EVOLUTIONISM PROPOSES A PROBLEM SHIFT IN
THE SOCIOLOGY OF RELIGION
THE IDEA OF A GOD DIFFERS FROM SOCIETY TO SOCIETY
WHY RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY ?
ECOLOGICAL EVOLUTIONISM EXPLAINS RELIGIOUS IDEAS AS A BY-PRODUCT OF THE HUMAN TENDENCY
TO REASON BY ANALOGY
![Page 6: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY ACCORDING TOLENSKI , HUMAN SOCIETIES , FIRST EDITION 1970 , PAGE 134
FOUR TYPES OF REPRESENTATIONS OF GOD
![Page 7: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
THIS TABLE WAS OBTAINED FROM MURDOCK’S 1962 ETHNOGRAPHIC
ATLAS
A SYSTEMATIC CODING OF MONOGRAPHS
THAT REPORT FIELD WORK UNDERTAKEN IN PRE-INDUSTRIAL
SOCIETIES BEFORE 1950
IN THE STANDARD SAMPLE OF 186 SOCIETIES , SOCIETIES DO NOT BORDER SO THAT DIFFUSION
THEORIES ARE NOT APPLICABLE
![Page 8: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
ECOLOGICAL EVOLUTIONISM :
HUMAN POPULATIONS POSSESS TECHNOLOGIES ,
IN PARTICULAR KNOWLEDGE ABOUT SUBSISTENCE MAKING THE
BEST OF A SOCIETY’S ENVIRONMENT
AND THEY POSSESS IDEOLOGIES , WHICH LEGITIMIZE THE USE OF THIS KNOWLEDGE AND INSPIRE NORMS
AND VALUES
![Page 9: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
AGRICULTURE AS SUBSISTENCE : MAN PLOUGHING A FIELD,
SOUTHERN CHINA, 1995
![Page 10: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
HORTICULTURE AS SUBSISTENCE : ONLOOKING WOMAN AND MAN WORKING A GARDEN WITH A DIGGING STICK,
WEMALE, MALUKU (MOLUCCAS ISLANDS), 1948
![Page 11: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
HUNTING AS SUBSISTENCE : HUNTERS AT THE KEI-ISLAND OF
MALUKU 1886
![Page 12: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE :
HUNTING AND GATHERING
SIMPLE HORTICULTURE
ADVANCED HORTICULTURE
AGRICULTURE
INDUSTRY
TYPES ARE STAGES IN SOCIETAL EVOLUTION AND THERE ARE EVOLUTIONARY BYPATHS :
FISHING
SEAFARING
HERDING
![Page 13: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
ECOLOGICAL EVOLUTIONISM
THE HIGHER A SOCIETY’S LEVEL OF SUBSISTENCE TECHNOLOGY ,
THE MORE ACTIVE ITS GOD(S)
BUT WHY WOULD A HIGHER SUBSISTENCE TECHNOLOGY MAKE FOR THE IDEA OF MORE
ACTIVE GOD(S) ?
THE MORE THE MEMBERS OF A HUMAN SOCIETY INTERVENE FOR THEIR SUBSISTENCE IN THEIR
ENVIRONMENT ,THE MORE THEIR GOD(S) INTERVENE IN SOCIETY
![Page 14: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
THE UNDERLYING PROPOSITION ?
HUME 1757 ANTHROPOMORPHISM : PEOPLE MAKE GODS IN THEIR OWN IMAGE
DURKHEIM 1912 SOCIOCENTRISM : PEOPLE ARE ONLY CAPABLE OF
REPRESENTING THE WORLD AFTER THE IMAGE OF THE SMALL SOCIAL WORLD IN
WHICH THEY LIVE
![Page 15: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
CONTEMPORARY EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY :
PINKER’S 1991 HUMAN UNIVERSALS INCLUDE ANTHROPOMORPHIZATION AND METAPHORS
ANALOGICAL REASONING AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO WILSON’S 2002 BLIND
VARIATION
DAWKINS’ 2006 THESIS THAT THE GOD DELUSION IS A BY-PRODUCT OF THE
INTENTIONAL STANCE
![Page 16: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
TOPITSCH’S 1954 PROPOSITION
PEOPLE COMPREHEND THE UNKNOWN BY ANALOGY WITH THE KNOWN
KNOWN ARE VITAL PROCESSES - BIOMORPHISM
KNOWN ARE TECHNICAL ACHIEVEMENTS - TECHNOMORPHISM
KNOWN ARE SOCIETAL ARRANGEMENTS – SOCIOMORPHISM
THE UNKNOWN : ORIGINS AND DESTINATIONS
![Page 17: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
IF THE WORLD AROSE BECAUSE HEAVEN MARRIED EARTH,
THIS IS AN INSTANCE OF BIOMORPHISM
IF GOD CREATED THE FIRST HUMAN BEING BY MOLDING CLAY INTO A SHAPE RESEMBLING GOD
THIS IS AN INSTANCE OF TECHNOMORPHISM
IF GOD RULES THE WORLD BY PUNISHING EVIL WITH HELL AND REWARDING THE GOOD WITH
HEAVEN
THIS IS AN INSTANCE OF SOCIOMORPHISM
![Page 18: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
LENSKI’S TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE
LINKED
TO THE TYPES OF ANALOGIES OF TOPITSCH :
HUNTING AND BIOMORPHISM NO SUPREME CREATOR
FISHING BIOMORPHISM NO SUPREME CREATOR
SIMPLE BIOMORPHISM NON-ACTIVE SUPREME CREATOR HORTICULTURE
ADVANCED TECHNOMORPHISM NON-MORAL SUPREME CREATOR HORTICULTURE
AGRICULTURE SOCIOMORPHISM MORAL SUPREME CREATOR
HERDING SOCIOMORPHISM MORAL SUPREME CREATOR
![Page 19: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
OF COURSE , THERE ARE NO DIRECT MEASURES FOR BIOMORPHISM ,
TECHNOMORPHISM AND SOCIOMORPHISM IN MURDOCK’S
ETHNOGRAPHIC ATLAS
BUT THE ETHNOGRAPHIC ATLAS CODES THE PRESENCE OF FULL-
TIME CRAFT SPECIALIZATION - THE PRIME MODEL FOR TECHNICAL
ANALOGIES
AND THE PRESENCE OF ONE RULER - THE PRIME MODEL FOR SOCIETAL
ANALOGIES
![Page 20: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
ADVANCED HORTICULTURE MAKES FOR CRAFT SPECIALIZATION , AND
AGRICULTURE ALSO FOR RULERS
AFTER ADDING TO LOGISTIC REGRESSION MODELS MEASURES FOR CRAFT SPECIALIZATION AND FOR THE
PRESENCE OF RULERS
THE EFFECT OF AGRICULTURE ON THE PRESENCE OF A MORAL SUPREME
CREATOR BECOMES INDIRECT
![Page 21: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
THE EFFECT OF CRAFT SPECIALIZATION IS
MORE PRONOUNCED THAN THAT OF RULERS
THE PRESENCE OF RULERS INCREASES
THE CHANCES OF A SUPREME CREATOR RATHER THAN NO
SUPREME CREATOR
![Page 22: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
GOD IN HEAVEN SITTING ON A
THRONE WITH A GLOBE IN HIS
HAND :
GOD AS RULER OF THE WORLD
CATHEDRAL OF GERONA IN SPAIN ,
MANUSCRIPT FROM 975
![Page 23: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
IF PEOPLE COMPREHEND THE UNKNOWN BY ANALOGY WITH THE KNOWN , QUESTIONS
ABOUT GOD ARE OFF THE MARK
A SECOND PROBLEM SHIFT IN ECOLOGICAL EVOLUTIONISM :
FROM QUESTIONS ABOUT GODS WHO NOW AND THEN CREATE
TO QUESTIONS ABOUT CREATIONS SOMETIMES INVOLVING A GOD
![Page 25: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
THE PREDECESSOR ON MURDOCK’S ETHNOGRAPHIC ATLAS IS THE HUMAN
RELATIONS AREA FILE ,
COMPRISING ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS
FOR 116 OF THE 186 PRE-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES IN THE STANDARD SAMPLE
WE FOUND CREATION STORIES
![Page 26: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
TO CODE CREATION STORIES , WE EXPANDED OUR LIST OF ANALOGIES
SANDAY 1981 MADE US DISTINGUISH MALE INFLUENCE MODELS FROM
FEMALE INFLUENCE MODELS
TOPITSCH 1988 MADE US DISTINGUISH KINSHIP MODELS FROM RULER MODELS
( BOTH FORMS OF SOCIOMORPHISM )
AND COBB 2006 MADE US BRING IN SPONTANEOUS CREATION MODELS
![Page 27: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
A society’s subsistence technology
Analogies in a society’s creation stories
Hunting and gathering – Spontaneous creation analogies, sexual reproduction analogies– Kinship analogies, female influence analogies
Fishing – Spontaneous creation analogies, sexual reproduction analogies– Kinship analogies, female influence analogies
Simple horticulture – Sexual reproduction analogies– Kinship analogies, female influence analogies
Advanced horticulture – Sexual reproduction analogies– Technical analogies– Kinship and ruler analogies, female influence analogies
Agriculture – Technical analogies– Ruler analogies, male dominance analogies
Herding – Technical analogies– Ruler analogies, male dominance analogies
POSTULATED LINKS
![Page 28: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
TESTING THE POSTULATED LINKSPresence of a female creator in creation stories of 116 pre-industrial societies according to the subsistence technology of these societies, percentages (absolute
frequencies in brackets)
Subsistence technology
Female creator present
Female creator not present
hunting and gathering/fishing
36 (15) 64 (27)
simple horticulture 23 (3) 77 (10)advanced horticulture
29 (9) 71 (22)
agriculture/herding 10 ** (3) 90 (27)
![Page 29: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
ONCE MORE TESTING THE LINKSPresence of a creator who is a parent or ruler in creation stories of
116 pre-industrial societies according to the subsistence technology of these societies, percentages (absolute frequencies in brackets)
Subsistence technology
Parent Ruler
YES NO YES NOhunting and gathering/fishing
41 (17) 59 (25) 17 (7) 83 (35)
simple horticulture 31 (4) 69 (9) 8 (1) 92 (12)advanced horticulture
26 (8) 74 (23) 23 (7) 77 (24)
agriculture/herding 13 ** (4) 87 (26) 23 (7) 77 (23)
![Page 30: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Subsistence technology
Spontaneous creation
Sexual reproduction
Technical achievement
Command
yes no yes no yes no yes nohunting and gathering/ fishing
21 (9) 79 (33) 33 (14) 67 (28) 33 (14) 67 (28) 14 (6) 86 (36)
simple horticulture
23 (3) 77 (10) 46 (6) 54 (7) 46 (6) 54 (7) 39* (5) 61 (8)
advanced horticulture
10+ (3) 90 (28) 32 (10) 68 (21) 26 (8) 74 (23) 23 +(7) 77 (24)
agriculture/herding
23 (7) 77 (23) 13* (4) 87 (26) 30 (9) 70 (21) 30* (9) 70 (21)
ONCE MORE TESTING THE LINKSType of creative act in creation stories of pre-industrial societies according to
the subsistence technology of these societies, percentages; 116 pre-industrial societies (absolute frequencies in brackets)
![Page 31: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
REFUTATION OF HYPOTHESES , BUT :
TECHNICAL ANALOGIES APPEAR BEFORE FULL-TIME CRAFT SPECIALIZATION EMERGES
COMMAND ANALOGIES APPEAR THERE BEFORE RULERS BECOME
STRONG
![Page 32: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
FROM QUESTIONS ABOUT IDEAS OF
GOD IN PRE-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
TO QUESTIONS ABOUT
INDUSTRIALIZATION AND
SECULARIZATION
![Page 34: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
THE BIG ISSUE IN THE CONTEMPORARY SOCIOLOGY OF
RELIGION :
IS THERE A EUROPEAN , AND PERHAPS WORLD-WIDE , TREND
TOWARDS SECULARITY ,
OR DOES INDUSTRIALIZATION AND DEMOCRATIZATION MAKE FOR
SECULARIZATION ?
![Page 35: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
EXPANDED ECOLOGICAL EVOLUTIONISM LISTS THREE CAUSES FOR THE DECLINE OF OLD
ANALOGIES
THE SHIFT FROM AGRICULTURE TO INDUSTRY ERODES SEXUAL REPRODUCTION ANALOGIES
AND CRAFT ANALOGIES
DEMOCRATIZATION ERODES RULER ANALOGIES
THE INCREASING TENSION BETWEEN THE IDEA THAT HUMAN BEINGS INTERVENE
MORE AND MORE IN THEIR ENVIRONMENT AND THE IDEA THE GOD INTERVENES MORE AND MORE IN SOCIETY
![Page 36: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
ISSUE USED TO BE STUDIED WITH DATA ON CHURCH MEMBERSHIP AND
DATA ON CHURCH ATTENDANCE
NOWADAYS COMPARABLE DATA ARE AVAILABLE FOR MANY COUNTRIES ON
VARIOUS IDEAS OF GOD
THE EUROPEAN VALUES SURVEYS AND THE WORLD VALUES SURVEYS
THESE SURVEYS DO NOT EXPLICITLY MEASURE THE USE OF ANALOGIES
![Page 37: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Representations of God, by country EVS 1999-2000 (in %)personal god abstract god agnostic atheist N
Austria 31.1 52.9 8.9 7.1 1487Belgium 29.7 36.0 18.1 16.2 1782Denmark 24.5 38.1 19.0 18.4 909Finland 46.9 34.0 11.2 7.9 964France 21.8 31.5 26.1 20.5 1528Ireland 67.3 23.1 7.1 2.5 959Italy 70.8 19.5 6.9 2.9 1964Netherlands 23.5 49.2 14.3 12.9 999Portugal 78.9 14.8 3.5 2.9 979Spain 49.0 28.3 15.4 7.3 1123Sweden 16.2 54.4 15.8 13.6 983Great Britain 31.2 40.0 17.7 11.1 857West-Germany 38.6 35.1 12.2 14.1 983
![Page 38: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
industrialization and ideas about god
industrialization
personal godpersonal godabstract god abstract / personal god
abstract god
agnosticism agnosticism agnosticismatheism atheism
atheism
% %
![Page 39: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
AN AGRICULTURAL JOB AND A HIGHER PERCENT IN AGRICULTURE MAKE A
PERSONAL GOD MORE LIKELY
MORE EDUCATION AND A HIGHER AVERAGE EDUCATION MAKES A
PERSONAL GOD LESS LIKELY
VOTING FOR THE LEFT AND MORE LEFT-WING VOTING MAKE A PERSONAL GOD
LESS LIKELY
BELIEF IN A STRONG LEADER MAKES A PERSONAL GOD MORE LIKELY
![Page 40: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
ECOLOGICAL EVOLUTIONISM INVITES A THIRD PROBLEM SHIFT IN
THE CONTEMPORARY SOCIOLOGY OF RELIGION :
FROM QUESTIONS ABOUT GOD
TO QUESTIONS ABOUT HEAVEN AND HELL
JEROEN BOSCH, 1510
THE HELL PANEL FROM A TRIPTYCH MADRID, PRADO
![Page 42: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Religious acts and beliefs by type of society (%)
agrarian industrial post-industrial
eta sig
weekly church 44 25 20 .171 **belief in god 78 72 69 .016 n.s.
belief in heaven 63 45 43 0.94 *belief in hell 59 36 26 .228 ***
Norris and Inglehart 2004, page 57; data for 74 states from World Values Survey 1981-2001
![Page 43: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
BELIEF IN GOD IS LEAST RELATED TO TECHNOLOGY
BELIEF IN HEAVEN MORE SO
AND BELIEF IN HELL EVEN MORE SO
NORRIS AND INGLEHART HOLD THAT MORE MATERIAL SECURITY MAKES
FOR LESS BELIEF
BUT WHY DOES BELIEF IN HELL DECREASE MOST ?
![Page 44: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
AND IF RELIGION OFFERS AFTER-LIFE REWARDS FOR MATERIAL INSECURITY NOW ,
WHY DID PEOPLE EVER THINK THAT GOD PUNISHES PEOPLE BY SENDING THEM TO HELL ?
THE TOPITSCH-HYPOTHESIS :
IF THE UNKNOWN RESEMBLES THE KNOWN
AND IF IN DEMOCRATIC AND INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES MATERIAL INSECURITY DECLINES
BELIEF IN HELL SHOULD GO DOWN MORE THAN BELIEF IN HEAVEN
![Page 45: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Belief in heaven and hell by type of society (%)
belief in heaven and hell
agrarian Industrial post-industrial
belief in both heaven and hell
74.3 45.8 31.7
belief in heaven, not in hell
9.1 11.7 18.6
belief in hell, not in heaven
0.6 0.7 0.5
belief in none 16.0 41.8 49.2N 48297 77450 74093
WORLD VALUES SURVEY 1981-2001, 74 societies, own calculations
THERE ARE HARDLY ANY PEOPLE WHO BELIEVE IN HELL BUT NOT IN HEAVEN
![Page 46: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
AN AGRICULTURAL JOB AND A HIGHER PERCENT IN AGRICULTURE MAKE
BELIEF IN HEAVEN PLUS HELL MORE LIKELY
MORE EDUCATION AND A HIGHER AVERAGE EDUCATION MAKES
DISBELIEF IN BOTH HEAVEN AND HELL MORE LIKELY
VOTING FOR A LEFT WING PARTY AND MORE LEFT-WING VOTES MAKE
DISBELIEF IN BOTH HEAVEN AND HELL MORE LIKELY
![Page 47: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: A CREATION STORY INVOLVING A GOD](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081507/56815d7e550346895dcb89c7/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
IF YOU WISH TO SEE THIS POWERPOINT AT A LEISURELY PACE ,
GO TO
http://www.socsci.kun.nl/maw/sociologie/ultee
AND THEN CLICK FOREIGN PRESENTATIONS
OR TYPE IN GOOGLE
WOUT ULTEE
MY WEBSITE IS THE FIRST HIT