A Contract and Balancing Mechanism for Sharing Capacity in...
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A Contract and Balancing Mechanism forSharing Capacity in a Communication Network
Richard SteinbergUniversity of Cambridge
Joint with
Eddie Anderson, AGSMFrank Kelly, University of Cambridge
July 2005
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Problem
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Problem
The owner of a communication network wishes tosell bandwidth to users
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Problem
The owner of a communication network wishes tosell bandwidth to users
• Bandwidth: Amount of data that can be transmitted per unit time via fibre optic cables (specified in bits per second, bps)
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Problem
The owner of a communication network wishes tosell bandwidth to users
• Bandwidth: Amount of data that can be transmitted per unit time via fibre optic cables (specified in bits per second, bps)
• Users are those who require a dedicated network
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Problem
The owner of a communication network wishes tosell bandwidth to users
• Bandwidth: Amount of data that can be transmitted per unit time via fibre optic cables (specified in bits per second, bps)
• Users are those who require a dedicated network
- small telecoms companies
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Problem
The owner of a communication network wishes tosell bandwidth to users
• Bandwidth: Amount of data that can be transmitted per unit time via fibre optic cables (specified in bits per second, bps)
• Users are those who require a dedicated network
- small telecoms companies
- business that host network applications (e.g., BlockbusterEntertainment on demand)
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Problem
The owner of a communication network wishes tosell bandwidth to users
• Bandwidth: Amount of data that can be transmitted per unit time via fibre optic cables (specified in bits per second, bps)
• Users are those who require a dedicated network
- small telecoms companies
- business that host network applications (e.g., BlockbusterEntertainment on demand)
- other (e.g., Merrill Lynch, for one-off video broadcast forits analysts)
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The Customers’ Dilemma
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The Customers’ Dilemma
Customers can either:
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The Customers’ Dilemma
Customers can either:
(1) Buy capacity for only their regular needs
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The Customers’ Dilemma
Customers can either:
(1) Buy capacity for only their regular needs
- But then they’ll have problems when usage spikes
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The Customers’ Dilemma
Customers can either:
(1) Buy capacity for only their regular needs
- But then they’ll have problems when usage spikes
(2) Buy sufficient capacity to serve maximum demand
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The Customers’ Dilemma
Customers can either:
(1) Buy capacity for only their regular needs
- But then they’ll have problems when usage spikes
(2) Buy sufficient capacity to serve maximum demand
- But then they waste money on access they’re not using
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Two types of communication networks
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Two types of communication networks
• Circuit-switched networks
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Two types of communication networks
• Circuit-switched networks
- A specific path to destination is obtained for the message
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Two types of communication networks
• Circuit-switched networks
- A specific path to destination is obtained for the message- No other information travels along the lines involved
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Two types of communication networks
• Circuit-switched networks
- A specific path to destination is obtained for the message- No other information travels along the lines involved- Example: the public telephone network
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Two types of communication networks
• Circuit-switched networks
- A specific path to destination is obtained for the message- No other information travels along the lines involved- Example: the public telephone network
• Packet-switched (IP) networks
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Two types of communication networks
• Circuit-switched networks
- A specific path to destination is obtained for the message- No other information travels along the lines involved- Example: the public telephone network
• Packet-switched (IP) networks
- Data is broken down into small units, called packets
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Two types of communication networks
• Circuit-switched networks
- A specific path to destination is obtained for the message- No other information travels along the lines involved- Example: the public telephone network
• Packet-switched (IP) networks
- Data is broken down into small units, called packets- Packets individually routed & re-assembled at destination
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Two types of communication networks
• Circuit-switched networks
- A specific path to destination is obtained for the message- No other information travels along the lines involved- Example: the public telephone network
• Packet-switched (IP) networks
- Data is broken down into small units, called packets- Packets individually routed & re-assembled at destination
Our focus will be on packet-switched networks.
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Sharing capacity
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Sharing capacity
• IP networks have congestion control mechanisms to allow users to share capacity...
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Sharing capacity
• IP networks have congestion control mechanisms to allow users to share capacity...
... and thus absorb random fluctuations in users’ demands
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Sharing capacity
• IP networks have congestion control mechanisms to allow users to share capacity...
... and thus absorb random fluctuations in users’ demands
• The rate at which a source sends packets to the destination is controlled by TCP
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Sharing capacity
• IP networks have congestion control mechanisms to allow users to share capacity...
... and thus absorb random fluctuations in users’ demands
• The rate at which a source sends packets to the destination is controlled by TCP
… implemented as software on computers on IP networks
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Sharing capacity
• IP networks have congestion control mechanisms to allow users to share capacity...
... and thus absorb random fluctuations in users’ demands
• The rate at which a source sends packets to the destination is controlled by TCP
… implemented as software on computers on IP networks
• TCP shares bandwidth amongst flows
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How TCP operates
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How TCP operates
• Each time a packet arrives at the destination, an acknowledgement packet is sent back to the source
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How TCP operates
• Each time a packet arrives at the destination, an acknowledgement packet is sent back to the source
• When the destination becomes overloaded, one or more packets are lost
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How TCP operates
• Each time a packet arrives at the destination, an acknowledgement packet is sent back to the source
• When the destination becomes overloaded, one or more packets are lost
- the source knows that the packet was lost because itfailed to receive an acknowledgement packet
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How TCP operates
• Each time a packet arrives at the destination, an acknowledgement packet is sent back to the source
• When the destination becomes overloaded, one or more packets are lost
- the source knows that the packet was lost because itfailed to receive an acknowledgement packet
- the source slows down
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How TCP operates
• Each time a packet arrives at the destination, an acknowledgement packet is sent back to the source
• When the destination becomes overloaded, one or more packets are lost
- the source knows that the packet was lost because itfailed to receive an acknowledgement packet
- the source slows down
• TCP gradually increases the sending rate until it again receives an indication of congestion
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How TCP operates
• Each time a packet arrives at the destination, an acknowledgement packet is sent back to the source
• When the destination becomes overloaded, one or more packets are lost
- the source knows that the packet was lost because itfailed to receive an acknowledgement packet
- the source slows down
• TCP gradually increases the sending rate until it again receives an indication of congestion
• In this way, TCP serves to discover and utilise whatever bandwidth is available and to share it amongst flows
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Structure of a Packet
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Structure of a Packet
• All packets have three parts
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Structure of a Packet
• All packets have three parts- IP header
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Structure of a Packet
• All packets have three parts- IP header - TCP header
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Structure of a Packet
• All packets have three parts- IP header - TCP header - data from “application layer”
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Structure of a Packet
• All packets have three parts- IP header - TCP header - data from “application layer”
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Structure of a Packet
• All packets have three parts- IP header - TCP header - data from “application layer”
• There is currently one bit in IP header reserved for some “future use”
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Structure of a Packet
• All packets have three parts- IP header - TCP header - data from “application layer”
• There is currently one bit in IP header reserved for some “future use” (can be set to 0 or 1)
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Is there a better way to signal congestion?
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Is there a better way to signal congestion?
Two problems with dropped packets
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Is there a better way to signal congestion?
Two problems with dropped packets
(1) Wasteful of system resources
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Is there a better way to signal congestion?
Two problems with dropped packets
(1) Wasteful of system resources
- Dropped packets need to be re-sent
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Is there a better way to signal congestion?
Two problems with dropped packets
(1) Wasteful of system resources
- Dropped packets need to be re-sent
(2) The congestion signal is delayed
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Is there a better way to signal congestion?
Two problems with dropped packets
(1) Wasteful of system resources
- Dropped packets need to be re-sent
(2) The congestion signal is delayed
- Until the point when packets begin to be dropped,users are unaware of imminent congestion problems
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Is there a better way to signal congestion?
Two problems with dropped packets
(1) Wasteful of system resources
- Dropped packets need to be re-sent
(2) The congestion signal is delayed
- Until the point when packets begin to be dropped,users are unaware of imminent congestion problems
A better way
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Is there a better way to signal congestion?
Two problems with dropped packets
(1) Wasteful of system resources
- Dropped packets need to be re-sent
(2) The congestion signal is delayed
- Until the point when packets begin to be dropped,users are unaware of imminent congestion problems
A better way
There is a ‘Proposed Standard’ for congestion control...
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ECN: Explicit Congestion Notification
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ECN: Explicit Congestion Notification
• Packets encountering long queues can have that extrabit set to indicate congestion
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ECN: Explicit Congestion Notification
• Packets encountering long queues can have that extrabit set to indicate congestion
• Users detecting ECN marks should respond by reducing transmission rates
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ECN: Explicit Congestion Notification
• Packets encountering long queues can have that extrabit set to indicate congestion
• Users detecting ECN marks should respond by reducing transmission rates
• Thus, ECN marks are designed to be used to control congestion
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ECN: Explicit Congestion Notification
• Packets encountering long queues can have that extrabit set to indicate congestion
• Users detecting ECN marks should respond by reducing transmission rates
• Thus, ECN marks are designed to be used to control congestion
• Our idea: ECN marks can be also used to control the supply of capacity
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“Contract and Balancing Mechanism” (CBM)(Anderson, Kelly and Steinberg 2005)
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“Contract and Balancing Mechanism” (CBM)(Anderson, Kelly and Steinberg 2005)
• Owner of link sells contracts for usage over a period
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“Contract and Balancing Mechanism” (CBM)(Anderson, Kelly and Steinberg 2005)
• Owner of link sells contracts for usage over a period
• At end of period, users participate in a balancingprocess
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“Contract and Balancing Mechanism” (CBM)(Anderson, Kelly and Steinberg 2005)
• Owner of link sells contracts for usage over a period
• At end of period, users participate in a balancingprocess
• Users make or receive payments based on:
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“Contract and Balancing Mechanism” (CBM)(Anderson, Kelly and Steinberg 2005)
• Owner of link sells contracts for usage over a period
• At end of period, users participate in a balancingprocess
• Users make or receive payments based on:
- proportion of marks they received, compared with
![Page 63: A Contract and Balancing Mechanism for Sharing Capacity in ...cfp.mit.edu/publications/CFP_Presentations/All Member Meetings/ju… · A Contract and Balancing Mechanism for Sharing](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060905/60a03cbd6d98656e9d6c1678/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
“Contract and Balancing Mechanism” (CBM)(Anderson, Kelly and Steinberg 2005)
• Owner of link sells contracts for usage over a period
• At end of period, users participate in a balancingprocess
• Users make or receive payments based on:
- proportion of marks they received, compared with- capacity they had contracted for.
![Page 64: A Contract and Balancing Mechanism for Sharing Capacity in ...cfp.mit.edu/publications/CFP_Presentations/All Member Meetings/ju… · A Contract and Balancing Mechanism for Sharing](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060905/60a03cbd6d98656e9d6c1678/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
“Contract and Balancing Mechanism” (CBM)
Example
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“Contract and Balancing Mechanism” (CBM)
Example• Two users contract for part of 300 Mbps line for month
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“Contract and Balancing Mechanism” (CBM)
Example• Two users contract for part of 300 Mbps line for month
- User A contracts for 100 Mbps
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“Contract and Balancing Mechanism” (CBM)
Example• Two users contract for part of 300 Mbps line for month
- User A contracts for 100 Mbps- User B contracts for 200 Mbps
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“Contract and Balancing Mechanism” (CBM)
Example• Two users contract for part of 300 Mbps line for month
- User A contracts for 100 Mbps- User B contracts for 200 Mbps
• Rates charged by the owner
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“Contract and Balancing Mechanism” (CBM)
Example• Two users contract for part of 300 Mbps line for month
- User A contracts for 100 Mbps- User B contracts for 200 Mbps
• Rates charged by the owner- contractual rate: c dollars per megabit
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“Contract and Balancing Mechanism” (CBM)
Example• Two users contract for part of 300 Mbps line for month
- User A contracts for 100 Mbps- User B contracts for 200 Mbps
• Rates charged by the owner- contractual rate: c dollars per megabit- balancing charge: γ dollars per mark
![Page 71: A Contract and Balancing Mechanism for Sharing Capacity in ...cfp.mit.edu/publications/CFP_Presentations/All Member Meetings/ju… · A Contract and Balancing Mechanism for Sharing](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060905/60a03cbd6d98656e9d6c1678/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
“Contract and Balancing Mechanism” (CBM)
Example• Two users contract for part of 300 Mbps line for month
- User A contracts for 100 Mbps- User B contracts for 200 Mbps
• Rates charged by the owner- contractual rate: c dollars per megabit- balancing charge: γ dollars per mark
• At beginning of the month, owner receives
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“Contract and Balancing Mechanism” (CBM)
Example• Two users contract for part of 300 Mbps line for month
- User A contracts for 100 Mbps- User B contracts for 200 Mbps
• Rates charged by the owner- contractual rate: c dollars per megabit- balancing charge: γ dollars per mark
• At beginning of the month, owner receives- 100c dollars from User A
![Page 73: A Contract and Balancing Mechanism for Sharing Capacity in ...cfp.mit.edu/publications/CFP_Presentations/All Member Meetings/ju… · A Contract and Balancing Mechanism for Sharing](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060905/60a03cbd6d98656e9d6c1678/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
“Contract and Balancing Mechanism” (CBM)
Example• Two users contract for part of 300 Mbps line for month
- User A contracts for 100 Mbps- User B contracts for 200 Mbps
• Rates charged by the owner- contractual rate: c dollars per megabit- balancing charge: γ dollars per mark
• At beginning of the month, owner receives- 100c dollars from User A - 200c dollars from User B
![Page 74: A Contract and Balancing Mechanism for Sharing Capacity in ...cfp.mit.edu/publications/CFP_Presentations/All Member Meetings/ju… · A Contract and Balancing Mechanism for Sharing](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060905/60a03cbd6d98656e9d6c1678/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
During the month…
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During the month…
• Number of marks received by each user is recorded:
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During the month…
• Number of marks received by each user is recorded:
zA = number of marks received by User A
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During the month…
• Number of marks received by each user is recorded:
zA = number of marks received by User A
zB = number of marks received by User B
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At end of month…
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At end of month…
• If User A received exactly 1/3 the total marks,then no further payments are made
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At end of month…
• If User A received exactly 1/3 the total marks,then no further payments are made
• If User A received more than 1/3 the total marks, then A will pay B the balancing charge times the excess:
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At end of month…
• If User A received exactly 1/3 the total marks,then no further payments are made
• If User A received more than 1/3 the total marks, then A will pay B the balancing charge times the excess:
γ [zA - a (zA+ zB)]
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At end of month…
• If User A received exactly 1/3 the total marks,then no further payments are made
• If User A received more than 1/3 the total marks, then A will pay B the balancing charge times the excess:
γ [zA - a (zA+ zB)]
• If User A received less than 1/3 the total marks,then A will receive from B the above amount.
![Page 83: A Contract and Balancing Mechanism for Sharing Capacity in ...cfp.mit.edu/publications/CFP_Presentations/All Member Meetings/ju… · A Contract and Balancing Mechanism for Sharing](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060905/60a03cbd6d98656e9d6c1678/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
A word about ECN marking…
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A word about ECN marking…
• Recall the basic principle of ECN marking:
![Page 85: A Contract and Balancing Mechanism for Sharing Capacity in ...cfp.mit.edu/publications/CFP_Presentations/All Member Meetings/ju… · A Contract and Balancing Mechanism for Sharing](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060905/60a03cbd6d98656e9d6c1678/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
A word about ECN marking…
• Recall the basic principle of ECN marking:
Packets encountering long queues have a bit set to indicate congestion
![Page 86: A Contract and Balancing Mechanism for Sharing Capacity in ...cfp.mit.edu/publications/CFP_Presentations/All Member Meetings/ju… · A Contract and Balancing Mechanism for Sharing](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060905/60a03cbd6d98656e9d6c1678/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
A word about ECN marking…
• Recall the basic principle of ECN marking:
Packets encountering long queues have a bit set to indicate congestion
• We haven’t discussed the point at which a queue is considered to be `long’
![Page 87: A Contract and Balancing Mechanism for Sharing Capacity in ...cfp.mit.edu/publications/CFP_Presentations/All Member Meetings/ju… · A Contract and Balancing Mechanism for Sharing](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060905/60a03cbd6d98656e9d6c1678/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
A word about ECN marking…
• Recall the basic principle of ECN marking:
Packets encountering long queues have a bit set to indicate congestion
• We haven’t discussed the point at which a queue is considered to be `long’
• However, this is not very significant, as we only need to know the proportion of ECN marks received
![Page 88: A Contract and Balancing Mechanism for Sharing Capacity in ...cfp.mit.edu/publications/CFP_Presentations/All Member Meetings/ju… · A Contract and Balancing Mechanism for Sharing](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060905/60a03cbd6d98656e9d6c1678/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Player’s optimal contract amount
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Player’s optimal contract amount
Theorem: Suppose the users can each predict theirown usage over the period.
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Player’s optimal contract amount
Theorem: Suppose the users can each predict theirown usage over the period.
Then a user’s optimal contract quantity is a weightedaverage of his anticipated usage over the period.
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Player’s optimal contract amount
Theorem: Suppose the users can each predict theirown usage over the period.
Then a user’s optimal contract quantity is a weightedaverage of his anticipated usage over the period.
Corollary: Users who are:
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Player’s optimal contract amount
Theorem: Suppose the users can each predict theirown usage over the period.
Then a user’s optimal contract quantity is a weightedaverage of his anticipated usage over the period.
Corollary: Users who are:
• price insensitive, or
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Player’s optimal contract amount
Theorem: Suppose the users can each predict theirown usage over the period.
Then a user’s optimal contract quantity is a weightedaverage of his anticipated usage over the period.
Corollary: Users who are:
• price insensitive, or• have a constant usage over time
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Player’s optimal contract amount
Theorem: Suppose the users can each predict theirown usage over the period.
Then a user’s optimal contract quantity is a weightedaverage of his anticipated usage over the period.
Corollary: Users who are:
• price insensitive, or• have a constant usage over time
should contract for precisely their anticipated usage.
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Conclusions
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Conclusions
Two benefits of the scheme
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Conclusions
Two benefits of the scheme
• If a user has constant bandwidth requirements, i.e., never delivers more than his contracted capacity...
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Conclusions
Two benefits of the scheme
• If a user has constant bandwidth requirements, i.e., never delivers more than his contracted capacity...
- Then he will only receive--never be required to make--payments in the balancing process.
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Conclusions
Two benefits of the scheme
• If a user has constant bandwidth requirements, i.e., never delivers more than his contracted capacity...
- Then he will only receive--never be required to make--payments in the balancing process.
• If capacity of a link is fully contracted, the network owner receives no additional payments from process.
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Conclusions
Two benefits of the scheme
• If a user has constant bandwidth requirements, i.e., never delivers more than his contracted capacity...
- Then he will only receive--never be required to make--payments in the balancing process.
• If capacity of a link is fully contracted, the network owner receives no additional payments from process.
- Thus, he is indifferent to short term behaviour of network.
![Page 101: A Contract and Balancing Mechanism for Sharing Capacity in ...cfp.mit.edu/publications/CFP_Presentations/All Member Meetings/ju… · A Contract and Balancing Mechanism for Sharing](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060905/60a03cbd6d98656e9d6c1678/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Conclusions
Two benefits of the scheme
• If a user has constant bandwidth requirements, i.e., never delivers more than his contracted capacity...
- Then he will only receive--never be required to make--payments in the balancing process.
• If capacity of a link is fully contracted, the network owner receives no additional payments from process.
- Thus, he is indifferent to short term behaviour of network.
![Page 102: A Contract and Balancing Mechanism for Sharing Capacity in ...cfp.mit.edu/publications/CFP_Presentations/All Member Meetings/ju… · A Contract and Balancing Mechanism for Sharing](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060905/60a03cbd6d98656e9d6c1678/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Conclusions
Two benefits of the scheme
• If a user has constant bandwidth requirements, i.e., never delivers more than his contracted capacity...
- Then he will only receive--never be required to make--payments in the balancing process.
• If capacity of a link is fully contracted, the network owner receives no additional payments from process.
- Thus, he is indifferent to short term behaviour of network.