“A Continent of Villages” “When Worlds Collide”.
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Transcript of “A Continent of Villages” “When Worlds Collide”.
Unit 1: “New World?”
“A Continent of Villages”“When Worlds Collide”
Crash Course US History
*Students should have an understanding of the
pre-Columbian Americas, before European exploration.
*Worldwide exploration begins in the 15th century. Students need a good chronology of the voyages of Columbus and other explorers of the New World.
*European contact with the New World has an ecological impact.
*The Spanish conquer the New World creating an enormous empire.
A.P. FOCUS
North and South American cultures, such as the
Aztecs and Incas, developed prior to contact with Europe. There were already well established economic systems that shaped the cultures prior to the arrival of the Spaniards and Europeans.
The Columbian Exchange led to the growth of international commerce and a profound impact around the globe. The transfers of foodstuffs, crops, and disease were transported each way. The age of discovery and the internationalization of commerce affected the growth and development of slavery.
A.P. Notes
FOCUS QUESTIONS
1.) What was Native American society like before
European contact? What similarities and differences existed?
2.) What factors led to Europe’s increased exploration and the discovery of the New World?
3.) What is the Columbian exchange? What are some of the results of the Columbian exchange?
4.) What was the role of conquistadores and encomienda in establishing a Spanish empire in the New World?
5.) What was the extent of the Spanish empire? What nations challenged Spain?
The Shaping of North America
Recorded history began about 6,000 years ago
however, the history of Europeans on this continent begins only 500 years ago
The most widely accepted theory is that there was one giant continent Pangaea
the continents then splitthe tectonic plates formed the Appalachian and Rocky MtsA great Ice age rocked North America and changed the Midwest
Pangaea
A supercontinent that formed about 300 million years ago‘Pangaea’ comes from Ancient Greek and means “entire earth”The main evidence that supports this theory is fossils that appear on two completely different continents and similarly, the same plants on different continents
Peopling the Americas
The most accepted theory shows that a land bridge formed in what is now the Bering Sea that allowed people to cross before sea level rose- this happened about 35,000 years agoMany people were able to traverse the land bridge and spread to North, Central, and South America- And estimated 2,000 languages were present
Draw a Native American (5 min) Share with someone next to you Draw a European from the same time period Share with someone next to you What group is your Native American from? What country is your European from?
Major Groups: Pre-Columbian (Central/South)
Mayans Central America Sophisticated
mathematics and astronomy (Mayan calendar)
Highly developed social structure
Mysterious collapse 900 AD.
Mayans cont…
Collapsed in A.D. 900 Exploited rain forests
w/ excessive farming Deforestation=erosion Overpopulation
prompted civil unrest and civil war
Defeated by Toltecs (who mysteriously withdrew A.D. 1200)
Aztecs
A.D. 1300-1519 5 million population
(comparable to present day Lebanon or US states of CO or WI)
Massive networks of roads/trade
Aztecs cont…
Montezuma II Tenochtitlan Elaborate and brutal
sacrifice rituals 16,000/year England alone
7,500/year Conquered by Cortez
in 1521 (tricks + smallpox)
Incas
12 million population (comparable to
modern day Greece or Illinois)
Sophisticated diplomacy and military alliances
Farming, infrastructure
Incas cont…
Francis Pizzaro (1531) Conquistador Defeated Incas Emergence of
mestizos
Major Groups: Pre-Columbian (N. America)
Pacific NW Midwest Mississippi Southwest Relatively
undisturbed for 15,000 years
Common warfare amongst tribes
N. American Indians 1500
10 million on continent 1) Eastern
Woodlands 2) Great Plains 3) Western Tribes
1) Eastern Woodlands
Algonquian Fishing, hunting,
wigwams East coast to Carolinas
and along Great Lakes Iroquoian
Corn, longhouses, matriarchal
Upstate NY through Penn Muskogean
Creeks, Chickasaws, Choctaws
2) Great Plains
Blackfeet, Cheyenne, Arapahoe, Comanche, Apache, Sioux.
Nomadic hunters and gatherers
What’s missing from the picture?
Pacific Coast Fishing, sealing, whaling. Tillamook, Chinook, Pomo, Chumash.
3) Western Tribes
At least 15,000 years Indians occupied N.A.
undisturbed by outside invaders However, they consistently ‘disturbed’ each
other as warfare was common.
Native Americans (vs. Europeans)
1.Native Americans felt no man owned the land, the tribe died. (Europeans liked private property)
2.Indians felt nature was mixed with many spirits. (Europeans were Christian and monotheistic)
3.Indians felt nature was sacred. (Europeans believed nature and land was given to man by God in Genesis to be subdued and put to use).
4.Indians had little or no concept or interest in money. (Europeans loved money or gold)
HTS Exercise: Comparison
4 groups of 6 Work in twos within
your group Assign one of the
following to each pair: Cahokia Anasazi Powhatan Chinook
Find images that illustrate the following: Community layout of the
nation Community “daily
scene” as depicted by an artist
Set of tools Artwork from that nation Political structure One unique aspect Environmental impact on
daily life
HTS cont…
Create a shared google doc as a group and place images in shared doc
Present/explain your images to your group
Assessment: Thesis Statement—Compare and contrast the political and economic structure of three of the four Indian nations presented by your group.
European Arrival
Vikings (1001) (Greenland)
Spain (1492) Ruled the most
extensive empire to date for 250 years.
Columbus (Portugal) Sea-faring nation very
experienced with slave trade
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
Amerigo Vespuchi (1499)
What spurred exploration?
(contextualization) 1) Renaissance
Printing press (1440) “Flat world” myth
2) Trade Merchant class (led to
modern corporations) 3) Nationalism 4) Crusades
Feudal lords died changing social structure
Muslims v. Christians = new route to Asia
Columbian Exchange
Europe to American Indians Horses, cattle,
sheep, goats, chickens
Wheat, oats, wine grapes, coffee, bananas, dandelions
American Indians to Europeans Bison, cougars,
opossums, hummingbirds, turkeys, llamas
Corn, potatoes, beans, squash, peppers, tomatoes, pineapples, avocado, cacoa, chicle (gum)
Columbian Exchange
Disease: smallpox, typhus, diphtheria, bubonic plague, malaria, yellow fever, cholera
Unprecedented death Disintegrated social
structures Within 10 years 8
million died in Central Mexico alone.
Spanish America (1492-1607)
Columbus (1492) Hispaniola (Haiti & DR) Caribs, Caribbean Sea, and caníbal
Spanish America
Encomiendas Landowners/laborers Mid 1500s=N.I.
nearly extinct 1503=African slaves
Catholicism de Las Casas European conflicts
3 Centuries of Influence
Spanish N. America
DeSoto=modern US exploration (Florida)
Coronado=New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, California
Meant to be a ‘buffer’ to protect wealth in Central/South Americans French, Russians Spread religion
Spanish SW
Haciendas (land ownership > labor ownership)
Pueblo revolt (1598) Were required to pay
tribute, endure torture, sexual favors, etc…
500 Pueblo men, 300 women and children died.
Survivors had foot severed and children were taken to missions.
Spanish SW cont…
Pope’s Revolt (1680) Tortured and
executed priests, Destroyed all relics
of Christianity Greatest defeat of
Europeans by Indians
Took 14 years to regain control
Implications… changed everything for Plains
Indians Indians acquired hundreds of
horses for trade (prior it was illegal)
Pueblos traded with Navajo, Apache…
Transformed mobility and power, tribes were reinvented
Brought prosperity in the short run—increased mobility increased spread of disease in the long run
Increased intertribal warfare, polygamy.
In the meantime…Protestant Reformation
16th Century Protestant vs. Catholic
French 2-4 million dead in 70 years
Historical Impact: 1) 95 Theses (1517) 2) Theology + Politics 3) Protestants=Anabaptists
= Quakers and Baptists John Calvin (1536)
democracy, separation of church/state
Side note…Henry VIII & Divorce
Wanted to divorce Catherine (Spanish Queen) to marry Anne Boleyn (who he later beheaded)
Queen Elizabeth (1558-1603)
Anglican Church: severed political ties with Catholic Church and became Protestant + mix of Catholicism to make people happy
Some wished to ‘purify’ England of Catholic traditions
How does this drama-filled story impact American history?
Challenges to Spain
French: Jacques Cartier and Canada
Protestant Dutch Revolt (independence from Spain)
Dutch and British (secretly) plundered Spanish ships
Mary Queen of Scots was beheaded (made Catholic Spanish king angry)
=war b/w Spain and England—Spanish Armada
Began England’s naval supremacy and Colonization
Roanoke (1587) Sir Walter Raleigh Governor John White Virginia=‘virgin
queen’ Abandoned (1590)
Tree-ring samples indicate drought.
1603=no British colonies on the continent
End of Period 1
Highlights? Soundtrack
Assignment Periodization
hashtags Test (MC + SA)
FOCUS QUESTIONS
1.) What was Native American society like before
European contact? What similarities and differences existed?
2.) What factors led to Europe’s increased exploration and the discovery of the New World?
3.) What is the Columbian exchange? What are some of the results of the Columbian exchange?
4.) What was the role of conquistadores and encomienda in establishing a Spanish empire in the New World?
5.) What was the extent of the Spanish empire? What nations challenged Spain?