A CONCEPTUAL STUDY ON DRIVERS’ PSYCHOLOGY AND THE SURREALISTIC ATTITUDE OF DRIVERS - THE CAUSE FOR...

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),

ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME

214

A CONCEPTUAL STUDY ON DRIVERS PSYCHOLOGY AND THE

SURREALISTIC ATTITUDE OF DRIVERS - THE CAUSE FOR ROAD

TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS

1. T.Sivakumar, Research Scholar,

School of Management, SRM University, &Assistant Chief Engineer, Traffic Lab,

Quality Assurance and Research,

Highways Department,

Chennai,TamilNadu,India.

[email protected]

2. Dr.R.Krishnaraj, Research Supervisor,

&Assistant Professor,

School of Management,

SRM University, Kattankulathur

Chennai,TamilNadu,India.

[email protected]

Be wary then, best safety lies in fear

-William Shakespeare, Hamlet

ABSTRACT

One of the major areas of potential social psychological contribution to accident

prevention is the study of driver attitude. Traffic fatalities are by far the most important

contributor to the danger of leaving home. Road Traffic Accidents (RTAs) are the major

cause of worry around the world as more than 1.2 million people die in road accidents each

year. An additional of 20 to 50 millions are injured or permanently disabled1. Moreover, in

low-and middle income countries, the rate of Road Traffic Incidents is twice as high as indeveloped nations. In India in an average there is one road accident every minute and as per

the statistics there is one death on the Indian road every four minutes and this is expected to

escalate to one death every three minutes by 2020, an alarming figure hard to digest. Of this

by various studies, it is estimated that around 75 to 90 % of the accidents are due to human

errors. Hence, the study of accidents from the perspective of psychology hardly requires

justification. Though there are many types of human errors, this paper discusses on the

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ISSN 0976 6308 (Print)

ISSN 0976 6316(Online)

Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), pp. 214-228

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human attitude towards driving and focuses on the surrealistic side of the human attitude

which may be the cause of road accidents.

KEYWORDS: Road Traffic Accidents (RTAs), Human Attitude, Human Errors,

Reciprocity, Surrealistic Attitude, Driver Psychology.

1. INTRODUCTIONEvery day around the world, almost 16000 people die from all types of injuries.

Injuries represent 12% of the global burden of disease, the third most important cause of

overall mortality and the main cause of death among 140-year-olds2. The category of

injuries worldwide is dominated by those incurred in road crashes. According to World

Health Organization data, deaths from road traffic injuries account for around 25% of all

deaths from injury3.

Road Traffic Accidents (RTAs) are one of the leading causes of fatalities all over the

world and the maximum number of fatalities occur in India every year i.e., around 140000

per year4. National crime records Bureau statistics show 13 people die in our country every

hour due to RTAs. The average cost of RTA s in India is approximately 12.5 billion dollars(Rs.7 lakh crores). This does not include the economic burden of permanent disability of

more than 10 lakhs people who survive major accidents every year. 85 % of the victims of

these fatalities are men in the age group 20-50 years. Majority of these men are the bread-

winners for their families. An analysis of Road Accident data by Ministry of Road Transport

and Highways reveals that drivers fault is the most important factor responsible for

accidents. This highlights the dire need for studies towards the cause of human errors in depth

and to find out the remedial measures to avoid this.

2. ROAD ACCIDENT

An accident (collision ,over turning or slipping) which occur or originate on a road

open to public traffic resulting in either injury or loss of life or damage to property in which

at least one moving vehicle was involved.

3. HUMAN ATTITUDE

An attitude can be defined5

as a positive or negative evaluation of people, objects,

event, activities, ideas, or just about anything in your environment (Zimbardo et al., 1999). In

the opinion of Bain (1927), an attitude is "the relatively stable overt behaviour of a person

which affects his status." "Attitudes which are different to a group are thus social attitudes or

`values' in the Thomasonian sense.

Attitude may combine both instinct and habit in any proportion; it avoids the extreme

commitments of both the instinct theory and environmentalism. This term likewise is elastic

theory to apply either to the dispositions of single, isolated individuals or to broad patterns of

culture.

4. CAUSES OF ROAD ACCIDENTS

The causes of road accidents are classified as Human Related, Vehicle Related, Road

Related and Environment related factors. Of which most of the studies reveals that about 90%

of the road accidents are Human Related.


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A 1985 report based on British and American crash data, found that driver error,

intoxication and other human factors contribute wholly or partly to about 93% of crashes.

(Harry & Reagan, 1995).As shown in Figure 1,it is found that 57% of crashes were solely

due to driver factors, 27% to combined roadway and driver factors, 6% to combined vehicle

and driver factors, 3% to combined roadway, driver, and vehicle factors, 2% solely to vehicle

factors and 1% to combined roadway and vehicle factors.

6,7

FIGURE 1

The total number of Road Accidents in India where there are more number of road

fatalities is 146361 of which 1026208were due to Human Errors during 2011.The details of

Road accidents according to their causes in India in which about 78% are due to human

faults over the past three years is shown in Figure 2.

FIGURE 2

ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN INDIA ACCORDING TO CAUSES

2009 2010

2011


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International Journal of Civil En

ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volum

Total number of accident

Errors over the past three years

that about 78% of the accidents

necessary to find out the contro

road accidents.

An analysis of mishap-State Road Development Corpo

accidents9

on the Pune-Mumbai

TABLE 1 DET

YearTotal No.

of RTAs

Tota

Fatalit

2009 486384 1256

2010 499628 13451

2011 498471 1463

COMPARISON BETWEEN

FATALITIES

FIGURE 3

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

400000

450000

500000

2009 2010 2011

486384 499628 498471

381648 389885 3858

ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS

ineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976

3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME

217

s and fatalities and the accidents and fatalities

is given in Table 1, Figure 3 and 4.This will cl

occur due to Drivers errors and hence it will

lling measures for the human factors which is

elated statistics in six years from 2006 by theation, India (MSRDC), indicates that eighty-fo

xpressway are human error driven.

ILS OF ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN

l

ies

RTAs

due to

Drivers'

Error

Fatalities

due to

Drivers'

Error

% of RTAs

due to

Drivers'

Fault

0 381648 90053 78.47

3 389885 100319 78.04

1 385806 102620 77.40

OTAL ROAD ACCIDENTS, FATALITIES

DUE TO DRIVERS ERROR IN INDIA

FIGURE 4

6

IN INDIA

Total No. of

RTAs

RTAs due to

Drivers' Erro

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

2009 2010 2011

125660134513

146361

90053

100319 10262

FATALITIES DUE TO RTA

6308 (Print),

ue to Human

early indicate

e very much

the cause of

Maharashtraur per cent of

INDIA

% of

Fatalities

due to

Drivers'

Fault

71.66

74.58

70.11

AND RTAs ,

0

in INDIA

Total Fataliti

RTAs

Fatalities due

Drivers' Error


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5. HUMAN ERRORS AND ROAD ACCIDENTS

The above studies and statistics clearly indicate that human errors are the major

causative factors for road accidents. There are many human factors and errors responsible for

road accidents like the Drivers Age, Education Level, Training, Experience, Physical

Fitness, Vision, Knowledge of Traffic rules, Socio Economic Conditions, Psycho Social

Behaviour etc., Not following the traffic rules/signals, Rash driving, Drunken Driving, Usingof Mobile phones, Unnecessary lane changing, tailgating are some of the most deliberate

human errors which leads to accidents which may be avoided by self discipline or

enforcement of stringent laws.

While driving schemas are necessary for motorists, they introduce the tendency of

unconscious driving. Unexamined schemas continue to be automatically reinforced with each

new traffic incident, reducing our ability to be aware of our own driving persona. A lifelong

and unrecognized habit of bad driving affects the individual intellectually, morally, and

spiritually. The capacity for objectivity and rational thinking is reduced, while extreme

emotions of impatience, frustration, and aggression are turned loose within our minds. An

otherwise nice person turns into a driving demon whose thoughts and feelings, if seen on-

screen, would horrify them and their friends. These types of behaviour, the surrealistic

attitude of a person the causes and the possible control measures are being discussed in thispaper. A person reacts on the road differently without even being aware of his reactions.

6. DRIVER BEHAVIOUR, HUMAN ATTITUDE AND ROAD ACCIDENTS

In the field of driver behaviour, the relationship between attitude and behaviour is

more evident.

Attitudes are more are less emotionalized. They are acquired from personal experience. They are as much and varied as the situation to which they respond.

Attitude influence behaviourDriving behaviour that creates a hazardous situation either for the driver himself or

for others may be said to be evidence for bad attitude. Normally the driving attitude is

broadly divided into two categories passive and active dangerous attitudes.

Passive attitude are indifferent attitude, rural attitude, blas attitude, the lazy attitude,

the euphoric attitude and the over cautious attitude.

Active dangerous attitudes are attitude to tenseness, over assertive attitude, the

arrogant attitude, the belligerent attitude, the egotistical attitude, the irritable attitude, the

unstable driver and the resentful attitude.

7. THE PSYCOLOGY BEHIND DRIVINGDriving is not as simple as we think. If driving is simple by this time driving

machines would have replaced drivers .Driving is a complex task, one have to reactaccording to the external environment which is not predefined, which is very dynamic in

nature and decision has to be taken instantly and so the response. It is an incredibly complex

and demanding task. It involves huge amount of sensory and cognitive activity. Humans are

fundamentally limited in their activity to divide attention between competing tasks and that,

under certain conditions (i.e., when the tasks are highly similar, highly demanding and

require continuous attention), the performance of one or both will inevitably suffer. As


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driving is a complex multitask activity, it needs full attention. But it is not so in the real world

condition.

Traffic problem is more of a human problem than anything else. The road, more than

simply a system of regulations and designs, is a place where many millions of us, with only

loose parameters how to behave , are thrown together daily in a kind of massive Petri dish in

which all kinds of uncharted, little understood dynamics are at work. There is no other place

in the world where so many people from different walks of life different ages, races, classes,

religions, genders, political preference, life choices, levels of psychological stability mingle

so freely. And hence the system is made more complex that too in conditions like India where

there is heterogeneous traffic.

8. TRAFFIC CULTURE AND THE SURREALISTIC SIDE OF HUMAN ATTITUDE:

Traffic has become a way of life. We drive the way we live. Traffic culture is more

important than laws or infrastructure in determining the feel of a place. Traffic Culture

originally reflects the attitude of people in their life, for example the Japanese culture is

rigorously formal and polite. It is not so in India. This is also well reflected in the traffic

culture. In Japan even in a rainy night , no person around ,the drivers will follow the trafficrules i.e., stops at the red signal but it is not so in India for example, most of the drivers will

comfortably cross the red signal if they feel that no one is watching them. That is the real

reflection of culture.

On the road daily we can observe the following sorts of inventive but disturbing

tactics,

Tailgating Giving Stares and dirty Looks Speeding by Revving the engine Cutting in and cutting off Performing threatening gestures Yelling through the window Giving Chase, Trying to run someone off the road

If we ask the following questions and answers true to our conscious , we can understand

that consciously or subconsciously we also involve in one or other kind of activities listed

above when we drive,

If there is heavy traffic in front of me going in the same direction, I weave and try to getahead.

When another car is trying to cross my path or enter my lane, I close the gap to prevent itfrom entering.

When I'm late in getting to my destination, I become less patient and tailgate slowmoving motorists.

When someone cuts me off and then proceeds to slow down, I feel like hitting that carfrom the back.

When a driver cuts in front of me suddenly, especially without signalling first, I get verynasty thoughts about them.

When I'm showing off for friends, I take too many risks. When I'm listening to loud, fast music on my stereo, I drive like I feel.


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When I drive late at night, I become a speed demon. When I encounter road hugging pedestrians, I feel like pushing them out of my way. When other drivers become aggressive or tailgate me, I slow down to punish them. When I'm surrounded by other automobiles and I get that closed in feeling, I feel like

bolting out.

When I'm under stress due to work, I get very angry at all the other drivers and take it outon them.

When I have problems on my mind and it's hot and people cut in front of me, I wanteverybody else to get off the road.

When a passenger criticizes me, it puts me in a bad mood and I retaliate verbally. When there is an aggressive environment around me and cocky motorists drive

recklessly next to me, I get into an angry rebellious mood.

When other drivers think that they are the only ones on the road and act carelessly, I starthating them.

When cars next to me or behind me do something stupid like signalling and then notturning, I call them bad names in my mind.

When others squeeze their cars in front of me and I have to come to a screeching halt, Ifeel like crashing into them to teach them a lesson.

When other people don't follow traffic signals like failing to make a full stop, I lambastethem with terrible words.

When I'm in a rush to get somewhere, upset, or frustrated and I feel that it's taking moretime than I can afford, I then cut in front of other cars and go through yellow lights.

Note that the things that aggravate us are the very things that we all do. So we're

doing it to each other. But we all think we are better drivers than others, we always believe

that our own crash risk is lower than other drivers but it is not so. Whats best for us on the

road is often not best for everyone else.

Every individual has a specific role to play like Father, Husband, Engineer Friend,

Colleague etc.; one has to satisfy the expectations are requirements of each role which is

shown in Fig.4.

FIGURE 4

Examples for Individual Roll Settings


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But when on road, as a driver it is not only your like, dislike or role play which decides

the way you drive. On the road, on traffic driving depends not only on the behaviour of the

individual, one has to respond, act according to the actions of the other drivers who share the

same space and of course it not only involves the response of the other driver but also with

the pedestrians, environment and so many other factors10

which is shown in Figure 5

FIGURE 5 Focus on the Notion of the Environment

The definition of environment for the social spheres scheme consequently should enclose:

The understanding of the road as a place of social interaction according to formal,codified rules, informal rules and conventions,

The other drivers, The other participants of the road, The social space or social context: what are social expectations towards a specific

environment; this is shown in Figure 6.

FIGURE 6

A Broader Understanding of the Environment


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9. ROAD USER BEHAVIOUR

The behaviour of a road user depends on so many internal and external factors like

attitude of the individual, his/her needs, values, life style, skills, habits the social influence

etc., On traffic the behaviour of the driver thus not only depends on the individual it depends

on the behaviour of other drivers, pedestrians etc., Regulars on that highway, or perhaps some

self-appointed bully type personas, exert strong pressure on other drivers to conform. They

use all sorts of inventive but disturbing tactics. If we see others committing a mistake such as

not following the traffic rules, we are also induced to do the same thing. If we have started

living with indiscipline, we will not feel there is any indiscipline. And thus it is clear the

behaviour of the road is influenced by the behaviour of others around him. The model of

road user behaviour is shown in Figure 7.

FIGURE 7

Model of Road User Behaviour

(a)Individual and Social Sphere

A number of sociologically relevant factors will be integrated in a broader analysisframe that will further be referred to as social spheres analysis scheme or the social

spheres. The idea of the sphere is to be surrounding, without involving necessarily a notion

of hierarchy. We, Social beings are living in a social environment, and this environment is

layered in several spheres of political, social or cultural dimensions, influencing themselves

mutually. The social spheres scheme invites to consider a broader definition of

environment as it is usually applied in accident causation analysis.

Another idea of a social spheres scheme is the dynamics of all the parts towards

each other, which present a central dimension in sociology .Also, the fact that social

individuals tend to attribute a sense to their own actions and to the actions of others, which

creates a highly dynamic framework of mutual orientation.

The logic of the social spheres11

is to give access to potential accident causation

factors which are situated outside the individual sphere, where the human error is analyzed

and so render visible upstream factors that can have an impact on the accident causation

process. There are some examples where the human accident causation factor is located

outside the individual sphere, that there are latent socio-cultural factors manifesting at an

accident outcome. This has been shown in Figure 8.

For example an accident as an outcome of drink driving, in combination of

influences from a reference group from a specific cultural context: the main cause for the

accident happened is situated outside the individual sphere, even if the individual caused


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the accident as a consequence of a decision and behavioural process. The determining factors

for the accident outcome where already prepared way ahead in specific socio-cultural settings

that let the individual decide to consume alcohol .Take the case of a Truck Driver on a

Highway, it is his usual practice to drink regularly . He may have his own reasons and

justifications. Until otherwise it affects the other individual, it may not even be considered as

a sin. The habit of drinking even depends on the factors like Life Style, Social Status,Professional Situation, Ethnic background, Customs etc., but whoever be the person and

whatever be the reason for which he drinks, in traffic where other individuals are involved,

drunken driving may lead to accidents which will in turn risk the life of other innocent road

user. And that is why alcohol consumption and driving somewhat was socially cautioned.

FIGURE 8

10. WHY WE DRIVE THE WAY WE DRIVE?

Everyone of us when get out of our door steps inevitably are in road, this is the only

place where people from different culture and attitude mingle so freely to share one common

platform and hence the road, the driving attitude reflects the true culture of the place, be it

town, city, state or country, it reflects the true culture of the people living in that area though

the individual attitude is different from person to person. This is reason for our driving

pattern. We all think we are better than the average driver. Traffic is a living laboratory of

human interactions. Traffic has a way of life. Man drives as he lives. In traffic we struggle to

stay human. Driving reflects ones true nature, most of the time this needs an instant reaction


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(d) Waiting in line? Waiting in traffic? Why we change lanes so often?

We change lanes quite often when we drive in highway or even when we wait in city

traffic. Does lane changes really beneficial to us in any way? In highway naturally while

overtaking we have to change lanes, that is in no way a faulty practice but unnecessary lane

changes which affects the way of other good drivers is not advisable. In city traffic while

waiting in traffic we tend to change lane unnecessarily with really of no specific advantage.By a study by Jane Austen Mansfield Park shows that when people are waiting, they are the

bad judges of time and every half a minute seems like five. David Maister15

, an expert in

the psychology of queuing has given the following series of propositions, they all hold

good in traffic. They are unoccupied time feels longer than occupied time, Anxiety makes

waits seem longer, Uncertain waits are longer than known finite waits, unfair waits are longer

than equitable waits and unexplained waits are longer than explained waits. This is the sole

reason timings are displayed in signals. If the cause of delay and time of delay is known the

frustration in waiting will normally be less.

(e) Modal Bias:

Normally as a human being we act according to the situation we are in, we act

differently at home, at office, at a meeting or at a party, the situation decides our role, this isknown as modal bias

16. The same occurs in traffic, we behave differently when we are a

pedestrian, drive a two wheeler or drive a car. As a pedestrian we blame the motorist for the

way we drive, but when we drive a motor cycle, we blame the pedestrian and the drivers of

car and other heavy vehicle operators and in the same way we blame others when we drive a

car. This is known as modal bias, the same person in traffic think and act differently

according to the mode we drive .This again due to our attitude.

(f) Ostentatious Narcissism:This is also a kind of modal bias but this is defined as an excessive erotic interest in

oneself the attempt of intention to attract notice. A person drives differently when he drives

different cars , for example if he drives a Maruthi Omni h drives very defensively but if he

drives a Benz or Audi he will drive very aggressively i.e., he wants to dominate , wants toshow his supremacy. This affects the way we drive in traffic and of course naturally exposes

our attitude.

(g) Satisficed:Though explained finally this is one of the main causes of road accidents. As

discussed earlier driving is one of the most complex tasks, but at times we are not giving our

very best in driving, we are not giving our 100% concentration on driving. But still we drive

and reach the place safely. This very word is coined by the Nobel Prize winner, Herbert

Simon17,18

, who explains this as a behavioral situation where individuals do not have to do

their very best but rather, only have to do well enough to get the job done. This is the cause

for periodic optimality. This leads to driving without due care and attention.

11. NEED FOR RESEARCH

The study of accidents from the perspective of Driver psychology is in the initial

stages. Psychology has become so broad and complex that one cannot generalize about its

applicability in accidents19

. The behavior of the driver depends not only on his individual

wish and will, but it depends on the environment around him. Hence on the background of

individual-orientated human error approaches, a study on the integration of concepts which


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focus on social dimensions impacting individual action is certainly needed. These social

dimensions are located outside the individual sphere and subject to analytical approaches

which come from fields such as Sociology, Social Psychology or Ethnology. The scientific

approaches of those disciplines have in common, that their subject - the human being is

examined under a multidimensional perspective from the outside of the individual sphere.

Consequently, the central interest of these approaches is not focussed on the individualssingular behaviour, but merely places the interaction of several individuals inside a specific

social and cultural context at the centre of their research, by establishing a systemic

perspective.Soft factors, such as culture, social status or membership to specific social

groups, to give some examples, have an identifiable influence on individual behaviour.

One way to understand road accidents is to approach it as something produced by

individuals, interacting in a given social space these individuals are not neutral, they are

product of their specific history, in their specific cultural context and they are acting on

behalf of their multiple social roles. Also, people are not neutral before the accident happens;

they live their lives and exist in their specific social network and diversified social contexts.

Consequently, to dispose of some information regarding this life background and to have a

framework for its interpretation should present an advantage in the analysis of the accidents

production. The integration of such socio-cultural variables in -for example- human erroranalysis increases the predictability of human interaction regarding accident causation. And

certainly researches on the point of Drivers psychology are the need of the hour.

12. METHODS OF CHANGING DRIVING ATTITUDES

In India alone there are 140000 fatalities due to road accidents, if we assume that

about 25% of the accidents are purely due to drivers attitude which can be changed by

necessary measures, such being the case about 35000 invaluable human lives could be saved .

The problems of modifying Human Attitudes of drivers, particularly negligent operators, has

followed to a great extent the classical techniques established in social psychology.20, 21

Attempt to modify attitudes through exposing the individual to a situation about which heis presumed to have poor attitude. Eg., Let the individual to see the results of an accidentin which speeding was involved.

Exposing the individual to a motion picture designed to bring out the favourable andunfavourable attitudes.

Education- Teaching the drivers the correct attitudes during driver training courses. Education through Mass media. Organizing community forces to make prevention programs. Making drivers safety Conscious. By stringent enforcement of traffic rules.CONCLUSION

It is obvious that road traffic accidents are evolving into a biggest threat for human

survival in India. At present the death on the roads account for twice more than the death in

India by the combination of all serious diseases like HIV, Malaria, Cholera etc all put

together. A developing country like India can scarcely afford the financial and social burden

of road traffic accidents of this proportion. A person who does not follow road rules often

kills or disables another innocent person on the road. Many law-abiding citizens are killed for

no fault of theirs. It is the fundamental duty of the Government to enforce laws and make

road safe for its citizens.


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Drivers behaviour is one of the main causes of Road Accidents in India, if the

behaviour factor is controlled and reduces 25% of accidents, it could save about 40000 lives

every year. Necessary actions may be initiated to change the drivers attitude towards safe

driving.

Researches in the area of Drivers behaviour are only in infant stage. Attempts to

relate general attitude scales to driver behaviour have not proved productive. Accidentsituations are highly complex and often transient and that an individuals susceptibility may

involve a host of personal characteristics. Hence more specific research should be encouraged

in this area. The point of research should be not to find where people went wrong; but to

understand why their assessments and actions seemed right at the time.

Finally, I would like everyone to remember the warning from the Traffic Engineer

Henry Barnes of mid twentieth century As time goes on the technical problems become

more automatic, while the people problems become more surrealistic.

REFERENCE

1) World report on road traffic injury prevention Edited by David Sleet, Dinesh Mohan,

Adnan A. Hyder, Eva Jarawan and Colin Mathers, World Health Organization, Geeva 2004.

2) The world health report 2001. Mental health: new understanding, new hope. Geneva,

World Health Organization, 2001.

3) Peden M, McGee K, Sharma G. The injury chart book: a graphical overview of the global

burden of injuries. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2002.

4) Definition of Attitudes,

Accessed through http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_(psychology).

5) The Alarming facts of Road Traffic Accidents in India on behalf of Indian Orthopaedic

Association prepared by Dr.S.Rajasekaran, President - Indian Orthopaedic Association-

accessed through http://www.ioaindia.org/ROADTRAFFICACCIDENTS.pdf.

6) Harry Lum & Jerry A. Reagan (Winter 1995). Interactive

"Interactive Highway Safety Design Model: Accident Predictive Module". Public Roads

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9) Ramming parked Vehicles tops Human Errors in e-Way mishaps Manish Umbrajkar -

accessed through http://articles.timesofindia. indiatimes.com/

2012-05-29/pune/31887190_1_road- accidents-human-error-road-safety.

10) Traffic Accident Causation in Europe (TRACE),Project No.027763,Social and

Cultural factors, Ralf Angel

11) Bergdahl, J.: Ethnic and gender differences in attitudes toward driving; In: The Social

Sciences Journal 44 (2007) in the bibliographic chapter12) The Human Choice : Individuation, Reason, and Order vs

Deindividuation,Impulse,and Chaos,Philip Zimbardo.

13) Traffic-Why we drive the way we do?(and what it says about us)- Tom Vanderbilt.

14) Strong Reciprocity, Human Cooperation and the Enforcement of Social Norms- Human

Nature-Ernst Fehr, Urs Fischbache, and Simon Gachter.

15) The psychology of waiting in line-David Maister

16) Human Behaviour in Traffic, an interview with Tom Vanderbilt.


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17) Driver Distraction, theory effects and Mitigation ,Michael A.Regan, John D.Lee, Kristie

L.Young.

18) The Science of the Artificial , Simon ,H.A

19) Psychological Approaches by Thorndike, Goldstein, Cresswell and Froggatt.

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23) On the Philosophical Foundations of the Distracted Driver and Driving Distraction-Peter

A Hancock, Mustapha Moulana, and John W.Senders.

24) A Conceptual Analysis of the Accident Phenomenon, Edward A.Suchman.

25) Complementary Theories of Safety Psychology, Willard Kerr.

AUTHORS PROFILE

Mr.T.Sivakumar completed his B.E Civil Engineering from Madras University,M.SSystems and Information from BITS, Pilani and M.B.A from Madurai Kamaraj University,India.He is currently doing his Ph.D in the School of Management, S.R.MUniversity,India.He is working as Assistant Chief Engineer in Quality Assurance and

Research Wing(formerly Highways Research Station) Highways Department,TamilNadu,which is a premier research institute Established in the year 1957,taking up researchexclusively in the field of Highway Enginering. Three of his papers had been published inInternatinal Journals.He had presented a paper in the International Conference on BusinessResearch(ICBR) held at SRM University, India.

Dr.R.Krishnaraj is presently working as Assistant Professor in the school ofmanagement for the past five years. He has around twenty years of industrial experience,including three years of experience as Management Consultant. He has published papers intwelve international journals and presented around twenty five papers in various internationaland national conferences. He was awarded Ph.D in the functional area of marketing.

A CONCEPTUAL STUDY ON DRIVERS’ PSYCHOLOGY AND THE SURREALISTIC ATTITUDE OF DRIVERS - THE CAUSE FOR...

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