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A Comparison of Physical andEmotional Health After Divorcein a Canadian and UnitedStates' SampleRichard J. Huddleston PhD a & Lucille Hawkins BEd ba Faculty, Red Deer College, Red Deer, AB, T4N 5H5,Canadab Staff, Red Deer Catholic Board of Education, RedDeer, AB, CanadaPublished online: 11 Sep 2009.

To cite this article: Richard J. Huddleston PhD & Lucille Hawkins BEd (1991) AComparison of Physical and Emotional Health After Divorce in a Canadian and UnitedStates' Sample, Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 15:1-2, 193-207, DOI: 10.1300/J087v15n01_12

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J087v15n01_12

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A Comparison of Physical and Emotional Health

After Divorce in a Canadian and United States' Sample,

Richard J. Huddleston Lucille Hawkings

SUMMARY. The physical and emotional health of persons has been found to change when they undergo divorce. Divorce a pears to work as a relief to one's stress while married, or works to ! urther increase the stress already encountered in a marria e. The current study was designed to compare changes in physica f and emotional health of separated or divorced persons in a Canadian and U.S. sam- 'ple. Health changes in the two groups were highly similar. Health improved for the majority of subjects in both samples but leftover negative emotions continued to be experienced. The need for expert professional help for those suffering increased distress was empha- sized.

The physical and emotional experiences of the individuals under- going divorce have been the subject of several research studies. In 1951, Willard Waller predicted that divorce, the movement from an 'old love' to a 'new love,' would be a very painful experience, but would result in eventual happiness. Waller thought the level of dis- tress that a couple would experience in dissolving their relationship would be severe. Since Waller's (1951) work, Goode (1956) con- firmed the pattern of experiences predicted by Waller, but sug-

Richard J. Huddleston, PhD, is on the faculty, Red Deer College, P.O. Box 5005, Red Deer, Alberta, Canada T4N 5H5. Lucille Hawkings, BEd, is on the staff, Red Deer Catholic Board of Education, 3827-39 Street, Red Deer, Alberta, Canada.

O 1991 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved. 193

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194 MRIUL lNSTABlL17YAND DlVORCE OUTCOMES 0

gested the level of distress experienced was not as high as forecast. Bloom, White, and Asher's (1978) research suggested the general effects of divorce were severe as Waller predicted. They noted that individuals divorcing had a higher probability for car acddents, psychiatric problems, suicide, homicide and mortality from dis- ease.

The physical health of the divorcee at the time of separation ap- pears to be poorer than that of the general population (Spanier and Thompson, 1984). This conclusion was supported in a recent study by the authors (Huddleston and Hawkings, 1986) where forty per cent of their sample of separated or divorced persons were in poor health at the time of their interview. On measures of psychosomatic symptoms, Spanier and Thompson (1984) found that some suffered more of these symptoms, while a similar proportion experienced a decrease in the same symptoms. They concluded that divorce can be characterized by relief and distress. For some, divorce brings relief, even though other negative aspects are present. For others, the divorce is a heightened period of distress. .

The emotional effects of divorce have also received much atten- tion in the literature. Loneliness, anger, ambivalence, depression, lowered self-esteem, lowered self-confidence, and feelings of in- competence have been experienced by those divorcing (Heatherington, 1977; Spanier and Casto, 1979; Weiss, 1979). However, positive emotions felt after divorce have been reported, too. Using the Bradburn measures of current emotional experience, Spanier and Thompson (1984) found that a sizeable percentage of separated individuals experienced regular positive emotional states two years after separation, supporting Waller's idea that a final stage of divorce would be characterized by positive events. Holistic measures of self-esteem, life satisfaction and life evaluation also supported the trend toward a more positive life after divorce. About eighty per cent of their sample reported that life was much better for them two years after their divorce.

The evidence about the effect of divorce on a person's emotional life and physical well-being may work initially in two ways. The divorce may bring relief along with more pleasurable emotions or it may heighten distress with added negative emotional states. After a short period of readjustment, the outcome for the person in either

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.Divorce Outcome Palterns 195

situation is usually positive, but with some residual negative emo- tional effects.

Little published research has compared the effect of divorce on Canadian populations with the effect on U.S. populations. In a pre- vious study, the authors compared the effects of divorce on a small sample of Canadian divorcees with the published effects on U.S. samples, and found that the effects were similar (Huddleston and Hawkings, 1986). However, the difference in measuring instru- ments used in the Canadian and U.S. studies left some question about the accuracy of the comparisons. The present study was therefore designed to compare the effects of divorce using more similar measures. Three topics were chosen for study: the health, feelings, and life evaluation of persons before and after they di- vorced. The authors adopted a divorce questionnaire used by Spa- nier and Thompson (1984) in a study of the effects of divorce in a sample of separated persons in Pennsylvania.

METHOD

A procedure similar to that used by Spanier and Thompson (1984) was used to select subjects for this study. Subjects were chosen from the divorce petition files registered in the last two years at the Court of Queen's Bench in Red Deer, Alberta, Canada. Four hundred and twenty-five names were selected from the files dated between January, 1985.and October, 1986. A letter was sent to each subject outlining the purpose of the study and requesting their par- ticipation in the study. The authors estimated that two hundred and eighty-eight subjects actually received the letters; one hundred and thirty-seven letters were returned unopened. Seventy persons re-. sponded to the letter. Five refused to participate and sixty-five agreed to complete the Divorce Questionnaire. Questionnaires were mailed to all those who agreed to help; sixty-two completed forms were returned. The response rate was calculated to be twenty-two per cent.

Subjects were evenly divided by gender, thirty-two females and thirty males. They were all white, had an average age of thirty- seven years, had 12.83 years of schooling, and as a group had an

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196 IUARITAL INSTABILITYAND DIVORCE OUTCOMES

average of 1.9 children. The subjects had been married for an aver- age of nine years and had been separated eleven and a half years.'

Four measures were adopted to assess the health of the subjects. These included a self-rating of overall health before and after sepa- ration, a rating of change in psychosomatic symptoms, a measure of the number of doctor visits made in the year prior to completing the questionnaire, and a measure of the health problems experienced near the time of completing the questionnaire. Two measures were used to assess the feelings of the subjects. One was the Bradburn set of scales which assessed pleasurable and unpleasurable feelings in current experience (Bradburn and Caplovitz, 1965), and the second was a set of questions about suicide. Life evaluation was measured by asking subjects to rate their satisfaction with their current life now and right after separation, and by rating themselves on the Cantril self-anchoring scale. This scale was an assessment on a ten- point ladder of their life now, three years ago, and three years into the future (Cantril, 1965).

Published data from the Spanier and Thompson (1984) study were compared to data from the Alberta study on health ratings, changes in psychosomatic symptoms, doctor visits, and responses about suicide. Differences in the data were tested with a 2-test, with the assumption that the standard deviations of the two samples were unequal. This assumption was made for three reasons; (1) the re- sponse rates of persons willing to participate were different; (2) cultural differences may have affected the responses of the sub- jects; and (3) there was a large difference in the average time be- tween the separation and the dates of the divorce research in the two samples.

RESULTS

The general ratings of health by respondents in Pennsylvania and Alberta were very similar. There were no significant differences in the proportions of those who rated their health to be excellent, good, fair or poor. About eighty per cent of the persons judged their health to be good or excellent while only four per cent thought their health was poor (see Table I).

The ratings of health by the Alberta group suggest that poorer

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Divorce Outcome Pattern 197

Table I

Ratings of Health Since Separation

Percentage Reporting

Rating Pennsylvania Alberta sample sample

Excellent health 3 3 33.9

Good health 43 45.2

Fair health 20 16.1

Poor health 4 4.8

health was experienced before separation. A smaller proportion re- ported excellent health before separation than after separation, and

larger proportion of the group reported poor health before separa- tion than after separation (see Table 11).

Changes in psychosomatic symptoms after separation in the Pennsylvania sample were compared with those in the Alberta sam- ple. The changes reported were highly similar. There were only eight significant differences in eighty comparisons, which could be expected by chance factors alone. For both samples, the symptoms which increased the most for some were the same symptoms which decreased the most for others. The symptoms showing the largest changes were tiredness, moodiness, sleeplessness, and nervous- ness. Headaches decreased in a large proportion of individuals but there was no corresponding increase in this symptom after divorce (see Table 111).

The frequency of doctor visits by subjects in both samples showed similar patterns. The largest percentage of men and women saw a doctor once or twice in the year preceding their involvement in the divorce research. A significantly smaller proportion of Al- berta divorcees saw a doctor eight or more times in the year. The medical complaints reported by the Alberta group covered a wide range of medical concerns, including sore knees, colds, headaches, and general checkups. The type of medical complaint did not change with separation occurring. At the time of the divorce inter- view, about forty per cent of the people in each sample reported health problems (see Table IV).

The responses to the Bradburn scales,that listed a variety of plea-

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198 M A R I U L lNSTABlLl7YAND DIVORCE OUTCOMES

Rating

Table I1

Ratings of Health Before and After Separation in the Alberta Sample

Percentage Reporting Assessment

~ e e o r e ~f tee separation Separation

Excellent health 21.0 33.9

Good health 45.2 45.2

Fair health 17.7 16.1

Poor health 16.1 4.8

surable and unpleasurable emotional events, are reported in Table V below. The authors considered the experience of such events to be important in the life of the divorcee even if only experienced once in a week. The percentages of those who reported the experience once, several times, or often, were grouped together. In the week before the divorce interview, most divorcees had experienced a va- riety of pleasurable events. The experience of excitement and inter- est, of comfort while having time for oneself, of pleasure in accom- plishment of some task, o f a feeling that things were going one's way, and the general experience of contentment was reported by over eighty per cent of the Alberta sample. Negative feelings were not experienced by as large a proportion of the same group. The feelings of anger, tiredness and emotional pain were experienced by about seventy per cent of the Alberta divorcees. Feelings of loneli- ness, confusion, and a sense of loss and fear of the future had been experienced by about fifty per cent of the group.

The current ratings of Albertans' satisfaction with five aspects of lifestyle were high. Between eighty and ninety per cent of the group were either extremely satisfied or somewhat satisfied with their sit- uation (see Table VI).

A general rating of life satisfaction was taken for the period right after separation and the time of the divorce interview. Sixty per cent of the Alberta group gave themselves a negative rating right after separation. Only twenty per cent expressed life satisfaction right after separation. Ratings of life satisfaction were higher at the time of the divorce interview. Eighty-five per cent of the group indicated

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Divorce Ourcome Patterns

Table 111

Changes After Divorce in Psyc5osomatic Symptoms

Symptom sample

Sleeplessness P I

Nervousness

Being tired

Headaches

Indigestion

Allergies

Colds, flu, fever

Irregularity

Moody spells

Trouble with periods (women only) A

% Increased

2 5 . 4

2 9 . 0

2 7 . 3

2 6 . 2

2 8 . 8

37.7.

1 3 . 7

1 1 . 5

1 3 . 2

1 6 . 7

6 . 8

8 . 2

7 . 8

3.3

7 . 4

6 .5

29 .4

3 1 . 1

1 5 . 7

1 0 . 0

% Rema:ned the same

27.3

22.6

26 .9

2 4 . 6

41.5

31.1 '

3 0 . 7

3 1 . 1

31 .2

26 .7

2 4 . 4

2 1 . 3

61.0

47.5'

41 .2

3 4 . 4

3 2 . 3

21.3 '

4 0 . 0

46.7

% Decreased

2 2 . 9

2 7 . 3

3 3 . 2

42 .6 '

2 4 . 4

2 2 . 9

2 7 . 3

2 7 . 9

1 8 . 5

2 3 . 3

5 . 9

9 .8

16 .6

2 2 . 9

1 3 . 2

1 8 . 0

2 8 . 4

36.0 '

1 2 . 2

2 0 . 0

% Never had this condition

2 4 . 4

2 1 . 1

1 2 . 7

6 . 5 .

5 . 4

8 . 2

28.3

29.5

3 7 . 1

3 3 . 3

6 2 . 9

6 0 . 6

1 4 . 6

26.2.

3 8 . 2

4 1 . 0

8 .8

11 .5

32 .2

23 .3 '

Pennsylvania sample ? Alberta sample

Significant at the .05 level

life satisfaction was either 'pretty good' or 'very good' (see Ta- ble VII).

~ f t e r separation, suicide was considered by respondents in Penn- sylvania and Alberta. About forty per cent had thought of suicide as an option; fifteen per cent had seriously considered taking their

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200 MARITAL INSTABILllYAND DIVORCE OUTCOMES

Table IV

a. Frequency of Doctor Visits in the Year Before

the Divorce Interview

Percentage in each sample

Number of visits Pennsylvania Alberta

0 1 1 8.1

1-2 4 5 45.2

3-7 2 7 30.6

8 + 17 9 . 7 *

b. Percentage Bothered by Health Problems at the

Time of Interview

Pennsylvania sample: 44%

Alberta sample: 38.1%

significant at the .05 level.

lives; ten per cent actually made plans; and about six per cent had made an attempt on their lives (see Table VIII).

A second measure of life satisfaction, the Cantril (196.5) self- anchoring scale, revealed differences in life evaluation three years ago, now, and three years into the future. A '10' rating on the scale represented the very best possible life, and a '1' rating, the worst possible life the person could be experiencing. The average rating for the Alberta group three years ago was 3.2. At the time of the divorce research, their rating was 6.2. Their prediction of their life three years into the future was 8.8.

The impact of divorce on health in the Alberta sample was most prominent at either end of the health continuum. Before separation, there were fewer people in excellent health and more who judged themselves to be in poor health. No one health problem was out- standing but a group of psychosomatic symptoms were noted to

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Divorce Outcome Pattern

Table V

Bradburn Scale Measures of

Feelings Experienced After Separation

Feeling

Excitement or interest in something

Restless (extreme)

Anger

'Things going one's way'

Upset from criticism

~uphoria

Loneliness

Pleased with accomplish- ments

Bored

Discouraged

Proud after receiving compliments

Abandoned

Confused

A sense of loss -

Emotional pain

Afraid of the future

Guilt from separation

Remorse that marriage broke down

Contentment vith life

Tired

Comfortable having time for Oneself

Percentage Wha Experienced the Feeling Du~ing the Last Week

Never Once Several Often times

4 . 8 11.3 6 2 . 9 19.4

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202 MARllilL INSTABILITYAND DIVORCE OUTCOMES

Table VI

Level of Satisfaction vith Day-to-Day Life

Percentage reporting

Satisfaction vith: Extremely Somewhat Not satisfied satisfied Satisfied

Work

Homesetting

Way of life 4 1 . 9 48 .4 9.7

Leisure activities 3 7 . 1 5 1 . 6 11 .3

Health 4 1 . 9 50.0 8 . 1

Table VII

a . General Life Evaluation Nov and Immediately After Separation

Percentage reproting

Life evaluation NOV Right after separation

Very good 37 .1 6 . 4

pretty good 48.4 14.5

SO-SO 8 . 1 17.7

Not so good 1 . 6 1 9 . 4

Not at all good 1.6 4 0 . 3

b. Life Evaluation on the Cantril Self-Anchoring Scale

Average position on the scale now : 6 . 6

Average position on the scale 3 . 2 three years ago

Average position on the scale 8 . 8 three years from now

change in both geographic samples. The symptoms of nervousness, tiredness, moodiness, and sleeplessness changed, but they moved in both directions. These symptoms increased for some and de- creased for others after separation. The Alberta data supports Spa- nier and Thompson's (1984) hypothesis that divorce provides relief for some, and distress for others. The increase in symptoms after

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Divorce Outcome Patterns

Table VIII

Orientation to Suicide After Divorce

Sample Percentage Ansvering Yes

1. Thinking of suicide AI 4 6 . 8

P 2 4 1 . 5

2. Seriously consider- A 1 6 . 9 ing taking one's life P 1 4 . 5

3. Made plans to take A 10.2 one's life

P 1 1 . 5

4. Made an attempt A 6.7 on one's life

P 5.0

separation suggest that a sizeable number suffer emotionally, yet their overall health actually improved over time. Although these symptoms are unpleasant to endure, they were not strong enough to cause a deterioration in the health of the subjects.

The Bradburn scales were used as a measure of the happiness of the subjects after divorce. The items on the questionnaire required a period of reflection about one's circumstances. The authors as- sumed that the experience of pleasurable or unpleasurable events (described on the scale) even once during the previous week was a significant indicator of the subject's happiness or unhappiness. A high proportion of the Alberta subjects experienced pleasurable events the week prior to completing the questionnaire. Similar re- ports by Spanier and Thompson's (1984) sample indicate that after divorce, the divorcee's life is much more positive. The following comments by the subjects in the Alberta sample support this conclu- sion. One mother reported:

I felt a lot of relief when my husband moved - a big load was lifted. I loved my life as a siligle parent because there were no hassles.

Another young woman discussed her movement toward positive mental health:

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204 MARITAL INSUBILIWAND DIVORCE OUTCOMES

After my separation, I have done nothing but grow and learn. Life has such a purpose. Good and bad2 help us become the people we are and will be.

The strongest comment made about the experience of positive feel- ings was written by one of the female subjects:

My getting divorced has been one of the best things to have happened to me. It helped me grow stronger, wiser, and deeper. I've come to rely on my inner strength knowing from experience I survive and I grow.

Negative experiences were reported by the Alberta subjects even after an average of eleven years from separation. Anger, tiredness, and emotional pain were most frequently experienced, and contin- ued to be felt. One subject commented:

1 always thought it would take two years to get over a separa- tionldivorce situation, but I now believe it takes at least three years.

Another wrote:

Divorce is worse than death. Death comes and goes in a shorter length of time than a long, drawn-out divorce case.

Although statistics from this study did not focus on drug and alcohol abuse, several comments were written about "hiding the emotional part of the separation with booze and drugs." Some re- ported the difficulty of adjusting positively when the spouse was out of control in the consumption of drugs, yet maintaining contact with their children. Others confessed their own use of drugs impeded progress. One mother underlined the need for professional attention to this problem:

I think Doctors, Psychiatrists, and Psychologists should be more aware. The two and a half years I was treated for depres- sion could have been so different if someone would have picked up on my drinking.

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Divorce Outcome Pattern 205

The presence of these negative feeling states could also be sur- mised from the results of the Cantril life evaluation measure. When Alberta respondents were asked to rate themselves three years ago, currently, and three years into the future, the highest ratings for future life suggested that not all was well in their present circum- stances. These ratings are consistent with the high proportion of subjects who rated themselves as only 'somewhat satisfied' with particular aspects of their current life.

After recognizing the importance of negative feelings experi- enced after divorce, it is important to emphasize the overall positive aspect of life after divorce. A high proportion of subjects from Al- berta were extremely satisfied with their new life situation and nearly eighty-five per cent rated themselves to be 'pretty good' or 'very good.' This is especially noteworthy when only twenty per cent gave themselves these positive ratings right after separation and another forty per cent classified themselves as 'not very good at all.' This data closely parallels that of Spanier and Thompson (1984) which indicated about eighty per cent of their sample were satisfied with their lives after separation.

CONCLUSION

The comparison of measured states of physical and emotional well-being of divorcees in a Canadian and U.S. sample revealed remarkable similarity between the two groups. Ratings of general health, psychosomatic .symptoms and frequencies of doctor visits showed a similar pattern. The health ratings suggested health is not as good before separation as it is after a period of readjustment. The common psychosomatic symptoms that changed with divorce were tiredness, nervousness, sleeplessness and moodiness. Given the in- crease in these symptoms for some and the decrease in these symp- toms for others, the present research supports the hypothesis of Spa- nier and Thompson (1984) that divorce may be a relief or a distress.

Attention needs to be directed toward those who experience an increase in distressing symptoms after divorce. Half of all those divorcing had thought about suicide, and between five and six per cent actually made an attempt. Many of the respondents in this study emphasized the need for professional help during the difficult

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206 MARITAL INSTABILITYAND DIVORCE OUTCOMES

middle period of divorce. They suggested that the professional helper must view a divorce situation from the broadest perspective, and should communicate clearly how divorce affects the individuals concerned. Help was requested with specific problems of readjust- ment, especially with drinking and drug abuse that slow the process toward good health.

The achievement of a final stage of divorce, that predicted by Waller (1951) to be one of healthy and positive readjustment, was reported by the subjects in the Alberta group, just as it was by the Pennsylvania sample (Spanier and Thompson, 1984). Alberta men and women experienced pleasurable life events at the time of the divorce research, and expressed general satisfaction with their work, leisure, health and lifestyle. There were, however, reports of 'leftover' negative experiences, most frequently those characterized by anger, fatigue and emotional pain. Even after several years of living away from their ex-spouse, these subjects felt the painfulness of the dissolution of their marriage. But for most, their view of the future was positive and suggested that these painful hangovers would diminish even more, and a more positive life would be expe- rienced.

NOTES

1. The average length of separation before divorce was striking in this sample, and much longer than the sixteen month average in the study by Spanier and Thompson (1984). The authors attributed this difference to a change in the divorce law in Canada in 1984 which allowed couples to petition for divorce on the basis of one year of separate habitation.

2. Her husband was a violent alcoholic.

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Bradburn, N. and Caplovitz, D. (1965). Reports on Happiness. Chicago: Univer- sity of Chicago Press.

Cantril, H. (1965). The P a n e m offfurnun Concern. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.

Goode, W.J. (1956). Aper Divorce. New York: Free Press. Heatherington, E.M., Cox, M., and Cox, R., (1977). "The aftermath of di-

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Divorce Outcome Partem 207

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