A Comparison of IEEE C95.7 A Comparison of IEEE C95.7 Radio Frequency (RF) Safety Radio Frequency (RF) Safety

Program Elements with Program Elements with Elements Recommended for Elements Recommended for

Laser Safety Laser Safety in the ANSI Z136.1 Standardin the ANSI Z136.1 Standard

Stephen W. Hemperly, CIH, CSP, CLSOStephen W. Hemperly, CIH, CSP, CLSOHitachi Global Storage TechnologiesHitachi Global Storage Technologies

San Jose, CASan Jose, CAAIHCE 2006 AIHCE 2006 –– Roundtable 217Roundtable 217

Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline

Background on Background on nonionizingnonionizing radiation (NIR) radiation (NIR) safety programsafety program--related guidelines & related guidelines & standardsstandardsRadio frequency (RF) & laser radiation Radio frequency (RF) & laser radiation sourcessourcesRF and laser safety program elementsRF and laser safety program elementsSummarySummary

BackgroundBackground

““Nonionizing radiation safety programs Nonionizing radiation safety programs exclusive of laser safety programs, are rare. exclusive of laser safety programs, are rare. This is likely because the ANSI Z136.1 This is likely because the ANSI Z136.1 Standard for Safe Use of LasersStandard for Safe Use of Lasers (ANSI (ANSI 1993) addresses the complete laser safety 1993) addresses the complete laser safety program.program.””R.T. Hitchcock and R.M. Patterson: R.T. Hitchcock and R.M. Patterson: Radiation Control Radiation Control Program. In RadioProgram. In Radio--Frequency and ELF Electromagnetic Frequency and ELF Electromagnetic Energies.Energies. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1995. p. 475. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1995. p. 475.

Nonionizing Radiation Protection Nonionizing Radiation Protection Program ElementsProgram Elements

Program responsibilityProgram responsibilityInventory of sourcesInventory of sourcesPrePre--purchase approval of purchase approval of sourcessourcesHazard assessmentHazard assessmentAccident / incident Accident / incident investigationinvestigationControl measuresControl measuresInformation and trainingInformation and training

Hazard communicationHazard communicationMedical surveillanceMedical surveillanceInstrument calibrationInstrument calibrationSelfSelf--checks and auditschecks and auditsDocumentation Documentation RecordkeepingRecordkeeping

R.T. Hitchcock, C.E. Moss, W.E. Murray, R.M. Patterson, and R. James Rockwell: Chapter 22, Nonionizing Radiation in The Occupational Environment: Its Evaluation, Control, and Management, 2nd Edition. Fairfax, VA: AIHA, 2003. p. 547.

Elements of a Comprehensive RF Elements of a Comprehensive RF Protection Program:Protection Program:

RF source equipment RF source equipment meeting RF or other meeting RF or other safety standardssafety standardsRF hazard ID & periodic RF hazard ID & periodic surveillance by surveillance by competent personcompetent personRF hazard area ID/controlRF hazard area ID/controlControl RF exposures to Control RF exposures to applicable guidelinesapplicable guidelinesRF safety & health RF safety & health training training

Employee involvement in Employee involvement in program structure and program structure and operationoperationImplementation of Implementation of appropriate medical appropriate medical surveillancesurveillancePeriodic review of program Periodic review of program effectivenesseffectivenessResponsibility, authority, & Responsibility, authority, & resources to implement & resources to implement & enforce program aspectsenforce program aspects

R.A. Curtis (Director USDOL/OSHA Health Response Team: Presentation to National Assoc. of Broadcasters at Broadcast Engineers Conference; Las Vegas, NV; April 12, 1995

Nonionizing Radiation Protection Nonionizing Radiation Protection Program ElementsProgram Elements

Program responsibilityProgram responsibilityInventory of sourcesInventory of sourcesPrePre--purchase approval of purchase approval of sourcessourcesHazard assessmentHazard assessmentAccident / incident Accident / incident investigationinvestigationControl measuresControl measuresInformation and trainingInformation and training

Hazard communicationHazard communicationMedical surveillanceMedical surveillanceInstrument calibrationInstrument calibrationSelfSelf--checks and auditschecks and auditsDocumentation Documentation RecordkeepingRecordkeeping

R.T. Hitchcock, C.E. Moss, W.E. Murray, R.M. Patterson, and R. James Rockwell: Chapter 22, Nonionizing Radiation in The Occupational Environment: Its Evaluation, Control, and Management, 2nd Edition. Fairfax, VA: AIHA, 2003. p. 547.

Radio Frequency (RF) Safety Radio Frequency (RF) Safety StandardsStandards

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) ANSIInc. (IEEE) ANSI–– approved voluntary standardsapproved voluntary standards–– C95.1C95.1---- ““Safety Levels with Respect to Human Safety Levels with Respect to Human

Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz3 kHz to 300 GHz””

–– C95.2 C95.2 –– RF energy and current flow symbolsRF energy and current flow symbols–– C95.3 C95.3 ---- Measurements & computations of RF fieldsMeasurements & computations of RF fields–– C95.4 C95.4 –– Safe distances between RF antennas and Safe distances between RF antennas and

blasting capsblasting caps–– C95.6 C95.6 –– Safety Levels for 0Safety Levels for 0--3 kHz (sub3 kHz (sub--RF) fieldsRF) fields–– C95.7 C95.7 –– ““Recommended Practice for Radio Recommended Practice for Radio

Frequency Safety Programs, 3 kHz to 300 GHzFrequency Safety Programs, 3 kHz to 300 GHz””

IEEE C95.7 IEEE C95.7 –– 2005 Recommended 2005 Recommended Practice for RF Safety ProgramsPractice for RF Safety Programs

1.1. Overview (Scope, Purpose, Application)Overview (Scope, Purpose, Application)2.2. ReferencesReferences3.3. Definitions, abbreviations, etc.Definitions, abbreviations, etc.4.4. RF safety program elementsRF safety program elementsPlus Nine Appendices (Informative)Plus Nine Appendices (Informative)

Laser Safety StandardsLaser Safety Standards

Most current Z136.1 version published in 2000Most current Z136.1 version published in 2000Updated version (2006?)Updated version (2006?)Z136.1 Z136.1 –– ““MotherMother”” of laser safety standard familyof laser safety standard family–– Z136.2 Z136.2 –– Optical fiber communication systemsOptical fiber communication systems–– Z136.3 Z136.3 –– Health Care FacilitiesHealth Care Facilities–– Z136.4 Z136.4 –– Measurements and InstrumentationMeasurements and Instrumentation–– Z136.5 Z136.5 –– Educational InstitutionsEducational Institutions–– Z136.6 Z136.6 –– Outdoor UseOutdoor Use–– Z136.7 Z136.7 –– Protective Devices (draft)Protective Devices (draft)

EuropeEurope’’s International Electrotechnical s International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Commission (IEC) –– additional set of standardsadditional set of standards

ANSI Z136.1 ANSI Z136.1 --20002000Safe Use of LasersSafe Use of Lasers

1.1. General (Scope, General (Scope, Application, LSO)Application, LSO)

2.2. DefinitionsDefinitions3.3. Hazard Evaluation and Hazard Evaluation and

ClassificationClassification4.4. Control MeasuresControl Measures5.5. Laser Safety ProgramsLaser Safety Programs

& Employee Training& Employee Training6.6. Medical SurveillanceMedical Surveillance7.7. NonNon--beam Hazardsbeam Hazards

8.8. Criteria for Exposure to Criteria for Exposure to Skin and EyesSkin and Eyes

9.9. MeasurementsMeasurements10.10. Revision of Standards Revision of Standards

Referred to in This Referred to in This DocumentDocument

Tables & Figures (part of Tables & Figures (part of standard)standard)

Eight Appendices (for Eight Appendices (for Information only)Information only)

ScopeScope

Wavelength range:Wavelength range:180 nm to 1 mm 180 nm to 1 mm

Wavelength range: Wavelength range: 1 meter (m) to 101 meter (m) to 1055 mm

Frequency range: Frequency range: (generally not used a laser (generally not used a laser

source descriptor)source descriptor)

Frequency range: Frequency range: 300 GHz 300 GHz –– 3 kHz3 kHz

Microwave (MW) subset: Microwave (MW) subset: 300 GHz to 300 MHz300 GHz to 300 MHz

ACGIH: 30 kHz to 3 kHz is ACGIH: 30 kHz to 3 kHz is subsub--radiofrequencyradiofrequency

Recommendations for safe Recommendations for safe laser uselaser use

Guidelines/procedures for RF Guidelines/procedures for RF safety program safety program

ANSI Z136.1ANSI Z136.1--20002000IEEE C95.7IEEE C95.7--20052005

Purpose and ApplicationPurpose and Application

References other special References other special laser application standards laser application standards in Z136 seriesin Z136 series

References other standards in References other standards in IEEE C95 seriesIEEE C95 series

Based on placement of Based on placement of lasers/laser systems into a lasers/laser systems into a hazard classhazard class

Based on characterizing areas Based on characterizing areas subject to RF energies into one subject to RF energies into one of of four exposure categoriesfour exposure categories

Provide reasonable and Provide reasonable and adequate guidance for safe adequate guidance for safe use of lasers and laser use of lasers and laser systemssystems

•• Assist in RF safety programAssist in RF safety programdevelopmentdevelopment

•• Control potentially hazardousControl potentially hazardousexposure to worker or publicexposure to worker or public

ANSI Z136.1ANSI Z136.1--20002000IEEE C95.7IEEE C95.7--20052005

RF Exposure CategoriesRF Exposure Categories

Restrict source Restrict source output or prevent output or prevent personnel accesspersonnel access

Exposure limit Exposure limit exceeded in exceeded in

accessible areasaccessible areas

44

More program More program elements, RFSO, elements, RFSO,

more training, more training,

Exposure limit Exposure limit exceedance w/o exceedance w/o

mitigating controlsmitigating controls

33

Some program Some program elements, signage, elements, signage,

time averagingtime averaging

Possible action level, Possible action level, but not exposure but not exposure limit, exceedancelimit, exceedance

22

None; except when None; except when action level exceededaction level exceeded

Action level not Action level not exceededexceeded

11

Control Actions Control Actions RequiredRequired

Exposure ConditionExposure ConditionRFSP RFSP CategoryCategory

RF Exposure SourcesRF Exposure Sources

Dielectric heaters (10Dielectric heaters (10--100 MHz, many at 27 MHz)100 MHz, many at 27 MHz)Induction furnaces (<10 kHz) and Induction furnaces (<10 kHz) and heaters (3.9 kHz heaters (3.9 kHz –– 1.25 MHz)1.25 MHz)Microwave heaters (915 and 2450 MHz)Microwave heaters (915 and 2450 MHz)Plasma processors (100 kHz Plasma processors (100 kHz –– 2450 MHz, typically 2450 MHz, typically 13.56 MHz)13.56 MHz)Broadcasting (535 kHz Broadcasting (535 kHz –– 890 MHz)890 MHz)Communications (3 Communications (3 –– 2000 MHz, 432000 MHz, 43--45 & 94 GHz)45 & 94 GHz)Radar (primarily 1Radar (primarily 1--35 GHz)35 GHz)VDTs and Televisions (10VDTs and Televisions (10--75 kHz w/ higher harmonics)75 kHz w/ higher harmonics)Medical devices (500 KHz Medical devices (500 KHz –– 100MHz)100MHz)

Sputtering DeviceSputtering Device

Laser Hazard ClassesLaser Hazard Classes

No optical aids; or aids No optical aids; or aids adequately attenuatedadequately attenuated

Class 2, except with Class 2, except with optical aidsoptical aids

2M2M(visible)(visible)

LSO; harmful access LSO; harmful access preventing controlspreventing controls

Unsafe for intrabeam Unsafe for intrabeam viewingviewing

3B3B

No optical aids; or aids No optical aids; or aids adequately attenuatedadequately attenuated

Class 1, except with Class 1, except with optical aidsoptical aids

1M1M

Restrict source output or Restrict source output or prevent personnel accessprevent personnel access

Eye and skin hazardEye and skin hazard44

Limited controls (e.g. Limited controls (e.g. labels and training)labels and training)

Marginally unsafe for Marginally unsafe for intrabeam viewingintrabeam viewing

3R3R

0.25 sec. aversion 0.25 sec. aversion response protectiveresponse protective

Safe for momentary Safe for momentary viewingviewing

22(visible)(visible)

None None –– except for except for enclosed Class 3B or 4enclosed Class 3B or 4

Eye safe, even with Eye safe, even with optical aidsoptical aids

11

Control Actions RequiredControl Actions RequiredExposure ConditionExposure ConditionClassClass

Laser Exposure SourcesLaser Exposure Sources

Material processing lasers (Nd:YAG, COMaterial processing lasers (Nd:YAG, CO22, excimer, , excimer, Nd:glass)Nd:glass)Research & medical lasers (Research & medical lasers (COCO22, argon, excimer, , argon, excimer, krypton, HeNe, Nd:YAG & freq.krypton, HeNe, Nd:YAG & freq.--doubled Nd:YAG) doubled Nd:YAG) Laser pointers (HeNe, diodes, and freq.Laser pointers (HeNe, diodes, and freq.--doubled doubled Nd:YAG lasers)Nd:YAG lasers)Telecommunication lasers (diodes in fiber optics; Telecommunication lasers (diodes in fiber optics; VCSELs in free space optical communication systems)VCSELs in free space optical communication systems)Military lasers (Nd:YAG & visible diode)Military lasers (Nd:YAG & visible diode)Alignment lasers (HeNe & visible diodeAlignment lasers (HeNe & visible diodeBar codeBar code--reading lasers (HeNe & diode)reading lasers (HeNe & diode)

While this can not really happen, one CAN get a thermal lesion on one's retina by staring long enough down the axis of a laser pointer's beam. Please remember that laser pointers are tools not toys!

Lasers in Research LabLasers in Research Lab

Laser Research LaboratoryLaser Research Laboratory

Free Space Optical Communication Free Space Optical Communication with RF Backupwith RF Backup

RF output

5.4 to 5.8 GHz

100 mW

Linkhead with Class IM

output from multiple (4)

850 nm

Vertical Cavity

Surface Emitting Lasers

(VCSELs)

LaserLaser--Containing ToolContaining Tool

RF RF -- Excessive Exposure EffectsExcessive Exposure Effects

••Ocular effects (restrained Ocular effects (restrained animals only)animals only)

•• Skin burns (delayed & Skin burns (delayed & similar to sunburn)similar to sunburn)•• MW clicking MW clicking –– cochlear cochlear

thermal elastic expansion &thermal elastic expansion &contractioncontraction

Thermal effectsThermal effects•• Behavioral/other nervous Behavioral/other nervous

system effect (reversible)system effect (reversible)•• Reproductive & Reproductive &

developmental effectsdevelopmental effects(animal data only)(animal data only)

•• Cancer (animal data only Cancer (animal data only ––inconclusive)inconclusive)

Frequency (thus, wavelength) dependentFrequency (thus, wavelength) dependent

Note: Specific nonNote: Specific non--thermal effect mechanism not thermal effect mechanism not identified identified –– no effects clearly linked to nonno effects clearly linked to non--thermal thermal exposuresexposures

Lasers Lasers -- Excessive Exposure Excessive Exposure EffectsEffects

Eye injuryEye injury•• Retinal thermal burns, acoustic damage,Retinal thermal burns, acoustic damage,photochemical injuryphotochemical injury•• LensLens--related damagerelated damage•• Corneal damageCorneal damage

•• Skin damage (thermal & photochemical)Skin damage (thermal & photochemical)

Laser Effects Laser Effects ---- Wavelength dependentWavelength dependent(e.g., 400(e.g., 400--1400 nm 1400 nm –– retinal hazard region)retinal hazard region)

Viewing Conditions

LASER

Intrabeam -Direct (primary)

Beam

LASER

Intrabeam - Flat Surface Specular

Reflection

LASER

Intrabeam - Curved Surface Specular

Reflection

Curved mirror

Point Source Diffusion Reflection (Extended Source Viewing When Apparent

Visual Angle Exceeds Some Minimum)

LASER

visual angle

Optical Gain of the Eye

LensCornea

Iris

Aqueous

Ciliary MuscleChoroid Sclera

Optic Nerve

Optic Disk

Macula Lutea

Fovea Centralis

Pigment EpitheliumRetina

For wavelengths that focus on the retina, the optical gain of the eye is ~ 100,000 times: if irradiance at cornea is 1 mW / cm², then irradiance at the retina will be 100 W /cm².

Radio Frequency Safety Program Radio Frequency Safety Program (RFSP) Elements per IEEE C95.7(RFSP) Elements per IEEE C95.7Administrative (includes designation of Administrative (includes designation of Radio Frequency Safety Officer [RFSO])Radio Frequency Safety Officer [RFSO])Identification of Potential RF HazardsIdentification of Potential RF HazardsControlsControlsPersonal Protective Equipment (PPE)Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)TrainingTrainingRFSP AuditRFSP AuditAncillary HazardsAncillary Hazards

Laser Safety Program Elements Laser Safety Program Elements per ANSI Z136.1 (Sec. 5 & App. D)per ANSI Z136.1 (Sec. 5 & App. D)

Designated Laser Safety Officer (LSO)Designated Laser Safety Officer (LSO)Education and TrainingEducation and TrainingHazard Control MeasuresHazard Control MeasuresIncident InvestigationsIncident InvestigationsAppropriate Medical SurveillanceAppropriate Medical Surveillance

Program Elements ComparisonRF Safety (IEEE C95.7)RF Safety (IEEE C95.7)

Designation of RFSODesignation of RFSOPotential RF hazard IDPotential RF hazard IDControlsControls–– EngineeringEngineering–– AdministrativeAdministrative

Education & TrainingEducation & TrainingPPEPPERFSP AuditsRFSP Audits

RF Safety CommitteeRF Safety CommitteeMedical SurveillanceMedical Surveillance

Laser Safety (ANSI Z136.1) Laser Safety (ANSI Z136.1) Designation of LSODesignation of LSOPotential laser hazard IDPotential laser hazard IDControl MeasuresControl Measures–– EngineeringEngineering–– AdministrativeAdministrative

Education & TrainingEducation & TrainingPPEPPESurveys / InspectionsSurveys / InspectionsIncident InvestigationIncident InvestigationLaser Safety CommitteeLaser Safety CommitteeMedical surveillanceMedical surveillance

LSO Responsibilities LSO Responsibilities Conducting or verifying Conducting or verifying laser classificationlaser classificationEvaluating laser hazardsEvaluating laser hazardsAssuring control measure Assuring control measure implementationimplementationApproving proceduresApproving proceduresRecommending/approving Recommending/approving protective equipmentprotective equipmentApproving signs & labelsApproving signs & labelsApproving laser facilities & Approving laser facilities & equipmentequipmentAuditing safety featuresAuditing safety featuresAssuring provision of Assuring provision of trainingtraining

Determining medical Determining medical surveillancesurveillanceProviding or ensuring the Providing or ensuring the provision of laser safety provision of laser safety consultation servicesconsultation servicesEstablishing/maintaining Establishing/maintaining laser hazard control laser hazard control policies/procedurespolicies/proceduresSuspending, restricting, or Suspending, restricting, or terminating laser operations terminating laser operations deemed unsafedeemed unsafeEnsuring maintenance of Ensuring maintenance of necessary records necessary records Conducting surveys Conducting surveys inspections/accident inspections/accident investigationsinvestigations

RFSO DutiesRFSO DutiesConducting/arranging Conducting/arranging regular site auditsregular site auditsConducting annual RF Conducting annual RF hazard survey policies & hazard survey policies & procedures reviewprocedures reviewManaging policy & Managing policy & procedure breaches, procedure breaches, including accidental overincluding accidental over--exposure incidentsexposure incidentsDeveloping/approving RF Developing/approving RF hazard assessment toolshazard assessment toolsArranging for regular Arranging for regular survey/monitoring survey/monitoring equipment calibrationequipment calibrationEnsuring proper Ensuring proper documentation control and documentation control and central archivingcentral archiving

Initially evaluating RF sourcesInitially evaluating RF sourcesMaintaining RF source Maintaining RF source inventoryinventoryEvaluating safety procedures Evaluating safety procedures Evaluating existing RF Evaluating existing RF exposure safety program exposure safety program documentationdocumentationDisseminating RF safety policyDisseminating RF safety policyProviding authoritative adviceProviding authoritative adviceReviewing/authorizing RF Reviewing/authorizing RF surveys & control measuressurveys & control measuresAuthorizing designated RF Authorizing designated RF safety personnelsafety personnelCoordinating RF safety Coordinating RF safety awarenessawareness

RF Safety TrainingRF Safety TrainingGeneral awareness training for General awareness training for ““all personsall persons”” with access to with access to areas where RF exposure may exceed applicable limits. areas where RF exposure may exceed applicable limits. Commensurate with exposure situation include:Commensurate with exposure situation include:–– Introduction to RF sources & RF safety (RF generation, Introduction to RF sources & RF safety (RF generation,

propagation, transmission, antennas, etc.)propagation, transmission, antennas, etc.)–– Discussion of biological effects/hazardsDiscussion of biological effects/hazards–– Explanation of standards/regulations and basis for them Explanation of standards/regulations and basis for them –– Information about potential excessive exposure situations Information about potential excessive exposure situations

& their control& their control–– RF safety program elementsRF safety program elements–– Instruction on how to respond to overInstruction on how to respond to over--exposure incidentsexposure incidents–– Information about potential RF susceptibility of medical Information about potential RF susceptibility of medical

devices/implants & electrodevices/implants & electro--explosive devices at field explosive devices at field strengths substantially less than human exposure limitsstrengths substantially less than human exposure limits

–– Additional information sourcesAdditional information sources

Exposure GuidelinesExposure Guidelines

Action LevelsAction Levels•• C95.1 Lower tier limitsC95.1 Lower tier limits•• Gen. public guidelines Gen. public guidelines

(FCC & ICNIRP)(FCC & ICNIRP)•• OneOne--fifth of ACGIH TLVsfifth of ACGIH TLVs

MPE valuesMPE valuesPer ANSI Per ANSI

Z136.1depending on Z136.1depending on emission characteristics emission characteristics and viewing conditionsand viewing conditions

Maximum Permissible Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE) values for Exposure (MPE) values for controlled and uncontrolled controlled and uncontrolled

environment environment Per IEEE Std. C95.1Per IEEE Std. C95.1

Laser RadiationLaser RadiationRadioRadio--frequency (RF) frequency (RF) RadiationRadiation

Laser Safety TrainingLaser Safety TrainingLaser safety training for Laser safety training for ““each employee working routinely each employee working routinely with or around lasers above Class 3awith or around lasers above Class 3a…”…” Commensurate Commensurate with the greatest potential hazards include:with the greatest potential hazards include:–– Fundamentals of laser operationFundamentals of laser operation–– Bioeffects of laser radiationBioeffects of laser radiation–– Specular vs. diffuse reflectionsSpecular vs. diffuse reflections–– NonNon--beam (ancillary) hazards of lasersbeam (ancillary) hazards of lasers–– Laser and laser system classesLaser and laser system classes–– Control measuresControl measures–– Management & employee responsibilitiesManagement & employee responsibilities–– Medical surveillance practicesMedical surveillance practices–– Electrical safety and CPR training, as applicableElectrical safety and CPR training, as applicable

Ancillary Hazards Ancillary Hazards –– RF SourcesRF Sources–– Trip hazardsTrip hazards–– Welding/cutting Welding/cutting

operationsoperations–– Heat stressHeat stress–– Toxic chemicals/gasesToxic chemicals/gases–– Cooling refrigerantsCooling refrigerants–– Optical radiation Optical radiation

sources, coherent sources, coherent (lasers) and non(lasers) and non--coherent sourcescoherent sources

–– Electric shockElectric shock–– Ionizing radiationIonizing radiation–– MechanicalMechanical–– Eye hazardsEye hazards–– Heat exchange Heat exchange

systemssystems–– Fall from heights Fall from heights

and/or through and/or through openingsopenings

–– Confined space Confined space entryentry

Per IEEE C95.7, Section 4.7Per IEEE C95.7, Section 4.7

Ancillary Hazards Ancillary Hazards -- LasersLasers

–– ElectricalElectrical–– LaserLaser--generated air generated air

contaminantscontaminants–– Collateral radiation Collateral radiation

(X(X--ray, UV, visible, RF, ray, UV, visible, RF, plasma radiation)plasma radiation)

–– FireFire–– ExplosionExplosion–– Compressed gasesCompressed gases

–– Laser dyes and Laser dyes and solventssolvents

–– Robotic mechanical Robotic mechanical –– NoiseNoise–– Waste disposalWaste disposal–– Limited work spaceLimited work space–– ErgonomicsErgonomics

Per ANSI Z136.1Per ANSI Z136.1--2000, Section 72000, Section 7

Elements Common to RF and Elements Common to RF and Laser Safety ProgramsLaser Safety Programs

Identification and inventorying of exposure Identification and inventorying of exposure sources (as well as potential exposure sources (as well as potential exposure populations)populations)Characterization of sources Characterization of sources ---- placement into: placement into: –– RFSP category based on exposure condition RFSP category based on exposure condition

assessment (instrument selection & measurements)assessment (instrument selection & measurements)–– Laser class by classifying or verifying laser Laser class by classifying or verifying laser

manufacturermanufacturer’’s classifications classificationAncillary hazards consideration / evaluationAncillary hazards consideration / evaluationSuitable control applicationSuitable control applicationTraining for potentially exposed individuals as Training for potentially exposed individuals as well as for RFSOs & LSOswell as for RFSOs & LSOs

Thank you for your kind attention!!!Thank you for your kind attention!!!

Should you have an interest in joining the Should you have an interest in joining the AIHA AIHA NonionizingNonionizing Radiation Committee Radiation Committee ––

or if you have questions after the conference, or if you have questions after the conference, I may be contacted at:I may be contacted at:

steve.hemperly@hitachigst.comsteve.hemperly@hitachigst.com