A COMPARATIVE CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF THE …repository.ump.ac.id/7578/1/Eko Pamuji ........

i

A COMPARATIVE CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF THE AMERICAN

FIRST LADIES NOMINEE (SELF) REPRESENTATION SPEECH:

MICHELLE OBAMA VS MELANIA TRUMP

An Undergraduate Thesis

Submitted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements

for Sarjana Sastra Degree

Eko Pamuji

1409010020

FACULTY OF LETTERS

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH PURWOKERTO

JANUARY 2018

A COMPARATIVE CRITICAL, …. Eko Pamuji FAKULTAS SASTRA UMP 2018

ii


iii


iv


v

MOTTO

Never be bullied into silence. Never allow yourself to be made a victim.

Accept no one’s definition of your life; define yourself (Harvey Fierstein).

Nothing in life is to be feared, it is only to be understood. Now is the time

to understand more so that we may fear less (Marie Curie).

Ask yourself if what you’re doing today will get you closer to where you

want to be tomorrow (Anonymous).

It’s important to celebrate your failures as much as your successes. If you

celebrate your failures really well, and if you get to the motto and say,

“Wow, I failed, I tried, I was wrong, I learned something”, then you realize

you have no fear, and when your fear goes away, you can move the world

(Sebastian Thrun).


vi

DEDICATION

This little piece of my superlative work is

dedicated to my wonderful heroes, my mother and father.


vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my thankful and gratitude to Allah SWT who has given

me grace and blessing so that I am able to finish my undergraduate thesis as a

partial fulfilment of the requirement for Sarjana Sastra degree in Faculty of Letters,

Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto.

I have accumulated a long list of debts in writing this undergraduate thesis

which I hope to humbly repay by acknowledging them with my deepest gratitude.

Sincerely, without their helps and guidance, I will never finish this thesis. Herewith,

I would like to thank:

Ambar Pujiyatno, S.S., M.Hum., as the dean of Faculty of Letters and

also my supervisor who has already given me so much helps, support

and has spent much time for guiding and advising in finishing this

undergraduate thesis. I can only hope this work would have made him

proud.

Khristianto, S.S., M.Hum., who has made me interested to select the

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) subject as the theory being applied in

this undergraduate thesis so that I became extremely consistent to use

this subject.

Besides, I would also like to say many thanks to those who have provided support

and passion to finish this thesis:

Fitri Rakhmawati, S.S., M.Pd., as the Head of Study Program of Faculty

of Letters who has been like my own friend by always giving directions

and suggestions to be able to complete this thesis as soon as possible.

All of my lectures, Titik Wahyuningsih, S.S., M.Hum., Condro Nur Alim,

P.hD., Sulasih Nurhayati, S.S., M.Hum., Widya Nirmalawati, S.S., M.A.,

Bustanudin As Suaidy, S.S., who have already given me much

knowledge, lessons, and attention.


viii


ix

ABSTRACT

This study belongs to the realm of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). The purpose of this research is to compare between the two figures who become the object of research material in relation to their ideologies and powers in bringing their (self) representation speeches. The present research employs the theory of CDA proposed by Teun A. van Dijk (2004) namely Ideological Discourse Structure alongside with another theory called Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) by M.A.K Halliday. Then, the data of this research are speeches of both American First Ladies namely Michelle Obama and Melania Trump while they were conveying their (self) representation speech to their husbands during a campaign in their respective parties.

After the theory is applied to the data for analysis, then there are three line answers of the research aims. The first is the analysis of linguistic features on the speeches. The second is the analysis using Ideological Discourse Structure which shows the ideology brought by American First Ladies nominee to deliver their speeches, thus influencing the way in which they convey the speeches and what materials they select to be raised in the speech. The third result is a power analysis that shows what powers of these two American First Ladies nominee have and how they use it to attract attention and persuade people to vote their husbands. Then, the final result of this study is the conclusion of the comparison between the two American First Ladies nominee in which Michelle upholds the human right equality which leads to more specific ideologies such as gender equality, anti-racist, feminism, ageist ideology and all of them become the American dream ideology. Meanwhile, Melania is careless, greedy, selfish, ignorant which lead her to have the self-absorbed ideology and class-ideology.

Keywords: Critical Discourse Analysis, Ideological Discourse Structure, Ideology and power, American First Ladies nominee


x

INTISARI

Penelitian ini merupakan kajian di bidang Analisis Wacana Kritis. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan antara dua tokoh yang menjadi obyek materi analisis sehubungan dengan ideologi dan kekuatan mereka dalam membawakan pidato perwakilan (diri). Penelitian ini menggunakan teori Analisis Wacana Kritis yang ditemukan oleh Teun A. van Dijk (2004) yaitu Struktur Wacana Ideologi berdampingan dengan teori yang lain yaitu Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) oleh M.A.K Halliday. Kemudian, data penelitian adalah pidato kedua Ibu Negara Amerika Serikat yaitu Michelle Obama dan Melania Trump saat menyampaikan pidato perwakilan (diri) atas suami mereka saat berkampanye di pihak partai masing-masing.

Setelah teori diaplikasikan ke data untuk analisis, terdapat tiga hasil secara garis besar sesuai dengan tujuan penelitian. Pertama adalah analisis ciri-ciri linguistik di dalam pidato. Kedua adalah analisis menggunakan Struktur Wacana Ideologi untuk menunjukan ideologi yang dibawa oleh kedua calon Ibu Negara Amerika Serikat saat menyampaikan pidatonya yang mempengaruhi bagaimana cara mereka membawakan pidato mereka dan materi apa yang mereka angkat didalam pidato mereka masing-masing. Hasil ketiga adalah analisis kekuatan yang menunjukkan kekuatan apa yang dimiliki kedua calon Ibu Negara Amerika Serikat dan bagaimana mereka menggunakannya untuk menarik perhatian dan membujuk orang-orang untuk memilih suami mereka. Kemudian, hasil akhir pada penelitian ini adalah hasil kesimpulan atas perbandingan antara kedua calon Ibu Negara Amerika Serikat yaitu Michelle menjunjung tinggi kesetaraan hak manusia yang membuat dia memiliki ideologi-ideologi yang lebih spesifik seperti kesetaraan gender, anti-rasis, feminisme, ideologi usia dan semua ideologi tersebut menjadi satu ideologi yaitu mimpi Amerika. Sementara itu, Melania adalah pribadi yang kurang peduli, tamak, egois, yang tidak tahu dan tidak menyadari yang mana membuat dia memiliki ideologi egoistis dan ideologi kelas.

Katakunci: Analisis Wacana Kritis, Struktur Wacana Ideologi, Ideologi dan kekuatan, Calon Ibu Negara Amerika Serikat


xi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1

A.1 Background of the Research ................................................................................. 1

A.2 Problems of the Research ..................................................................................... 9

A.3 Objectives of the Research ................................................................................... 9

A.4 Significance of the Research ................................................................................. 9

A.5 Limitation of the Research .................................................................................. 10

A.6 Organization of the Research .............................................................................. 11

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................... 13

B.1 Theoretical Framework ....................................................................................... 14

B.1.1 Critical Discourse Analysis of Teun A. van Dijk Model........................................ 14

B.1.1.1 Ideology in Cognition, Society and Discourse ............................................. 15

B.1.1.2 Ideology as Social Cognition ...................................................................... 16

B.1.1.2.1. Propositional Format ......................................................................... 16

B.1.1.2.2 The Organization of Ideologies ............................................................ 17

B.1.1.3 Ideology in Society .................................................................................... 17

B.1.1.3.1 Ideology and Social Interaction ........................................................... 18

B.1.1.3.2 Groups ............................................................................................... 19


xii

B.1.1.3.3 Ideological Institutions ....................................................................... 19

B.1.1.3.4 Ideology, Power, Access and Discourse ............................................... 20

1.1.4 Ideological Discourse Structure..................................................................... 21

1.1.4.1 Meaning ................................................................................................ 22

1.1.4.2 Formal Structure.................................................................................... 25

1.1.4.3 Discourse Forms .................................................................................... 26

1.1.4.4 Argumentation ...................................................................................... 26

1.1.4.5 Rhetoric ................................................................................................ 27

B.1.2 Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar .......................................................... 27

B.1.2.1 Ideational Function ................................................................................... 28

B.1.2.1.1 Material Process ................................................................................. 28

B.1.2.1.2 Mental Process ................................................................................... 28

B.1.2.1.3 Relational Process .............................................................................. 28

B.1.2.1.4 Verbal Process .................................................................................... 29

B.1.2.1.5 Behavioral Process.............................................................................. 29

B.1.2.1.6 Existential Process .............................................................................. 29

B.1.2.2 Interpersonal Function .............................................................................. 29

B.1.2.3 Textual Function ....................................................................................... 30

B.2 Review of Related Research ................................................................................ 30

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .................................................................... 32

C.1 Type of the Research .......................................................................................... 32

C.2 Data and Source of the Data ............................................................................... 33

C.3 Method of Collecting Data .................................................................................. 33

C.4 Technique of Collecting Data............................................................................... 34

C.5 Method of Analyzing Data .................................................................................. 34

CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS ..................................................................................... 36

D.1 Data Description ................................................................................................ 36

D.2 Data Analysis ..................................................................................................... 37

D.2.1 The Analysis of Linguistic Features ................................................................... 38

D.2.1.1 Transitivity (Ideational Function Analysis) ................................................. 38

D.2.1.1.1 Material Process ................................................................................ 39


xiii

D.2.1.1.2 Behavioral Process ............................................................................. 42

D.2.1.1.3 Relational Process .............................................................................. 43

D.2.1.2 Modality (Interpersonal Function Analysis)................................................ 45

D.2.1.2.1 Modal Verbs ...................................................................................... 45

D.2.1.2.2 Tense ................................................................................................. 47

D.2.1.2.3 Personal Pronoun ............................................................................... 48

D.2.1.3 Textual Function Analysis .......................................................................... 50

D.2.2 The Comparative Analysis of Ideology .............................................................. 52

D.2.3 The Comparative Analysis of Power ................................................................. 63

D.3 Discussion .......................................................................................................... 71

D.3.1 The Analysis of Linguistic Feature .................................................................... 71

D.3.1.1 Ideational Function ................................................................................... 71

D.3.1.2 Interpersonal Function .............................................................................. 72

D.3.1.3 Textual Function ....................................................................................... 73

D.3.2 The Comparative of Ideology ........................................................................... 74

D.3.3 The Comparative Analysis of Power ................................................................. 77

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ............................................................. 80

E.1 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 80

E.2 Suggestion .......................................................................................................... 83

BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................... 84

APPENDIX ................................................................................................................ 88


xiv

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. The Statistic Data of the Speech ………………………………………………………… 36

Table 2. Overview of Process Types ………………………………………………………………… 38

Table 3. Ideational Process in the Speech ……………………………………………………….. 39

Table 4. Material Process in the Speech ………………………………………………………….. 39

Table 5. Behavioral Process in the Speech ………………………………………………………. 42

Table 6. Relational Process in the Speech ……………………………………………………….. 43

Table 7. Modal Verbs ……………………………………………………………………………………… 45

Table 8. Modal Verbs in the Speech ………………………………………………………………… 45

Table 9. Tense of Sentence in the Speech ……………………………………………………….. 47

Table 10. Personal Pronoun in the Speech ……………………………………………………… 48

Table 11. Textual Analysis in the Speech ………………………………………………………… 50


A COMPARATIVE CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF THE …repository.ump.ac.id/7578/1/Eko Pamuji ........

Documents

Transcript of A COMPARATIVE CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF THE …repository.ump.ac.id/7578/1/Eko Pamuji ........