A Changing A Changing Nation Nation

Unit 4Unit 4

Chapter 12: The Age of JacksonChapter 12: The Age of JacksonSection 1: Politics of the PeopleSection 1: Politics of the People

Section 2: JacksonSection 2: Jackson’’s Policy Toward Native Americanss Policy Toward Native Americans

WeWe’’re up to 1824re up to 1824 And we need a new President.And we need a new President. Andrew JacksonAndrew Jackson runs against John Quincy Adams runs against John Quincy Adams

– – and loses. and loses. Adams had a lot of things he wanted to do as Adams had a lot of things he wanted to do as

president but Congress defeated most of his president but Congress defeated most of his proposals (led by Andrew Jackson supporters).proposals (led by Andrew Jackson supporters).

One thing that happened while One thing that happened while John Quincy Adams was John Quincy Adams was

president:president: On July 4On July 4thth, 1826 both , 1826 both

John Adams and John Adams and Thomas Jefferson died Thomas Jefferson died (Jefferson 1(Jefferson 1stst) )

……50 years - to the 50 years - to the day…day…

This was seen as a This was seen as a ““sign from Godsign from God”” that that America was truly a America was truly a special place.special place.

Actually for a long while the Actually for a long while the two didntwo didn’’t get alongt get along

Remember – they had Remember – they had completely different completely different views on how views on how government should be government should be run.run.

And after George And after George Washington left office Washington left office those two formed the those two formed the first American political first American political parties – and they parties – and they became bitter rivals.became bitter rivals.

Later in their lives Later in their lives (1811) they became (1811) they became friends and wrote to friends and wrote to each other ofteneach other often

But in 1828 Andrew Jackson But in 1828 Andrew Jackson does get elected president.does get elected president.

People remembered him and People remembered him and liked him as a General during liked him as a General during the War of 1812 (Remember the War of 1812 (Remember TheBattle of New Orleans?)TheBattle of New Orleans?)

Jackson claimed to represent Jackson claimed to represent the the ““common mancommon man””

Jackson ideas centered Jackson ideas centered around around all the people all the people having having political power (Jeffersonpolitical power (Jefferson’’s s ideas?)ideas?)

He does quite a few things He does quite a few things and these changes are known and these changes are known as as Jacksonian Democracy.Jacksonian Democracy.

Andrew Jackson hard a hard lifeAndrew Jackson hard a hard life His dad died before His dad died before

Andrew was born.Andrew was born. Grew up on a frontier farm.Grew up on a frontier farm. Taken prisoner in the Taken prisoner in the

Revolution (joined at 13).Revolution (joined at 13). Had smallpox, but mother Had smallpox, but mother

helped him get better and helped him get better and then she died.then she died.

His wife died right after he His wife died right after he became president. became president.

But he:But he: Studied law after the Studied law after the

Revolution.Revolution. Had a successful legal Had a successful legal

practice.practice. Bought and sold land.Bought and sold land. Ran for Congress.Ran for Congress. Became a General in the Became a General in the

War of 1812 and became a War of 1812 and became a national war hero.national war hero.

Called Called ““Old HickoryOld Hickory”” because was as tough as because was as tough as hickory wood.hickory wood.

Jackson promised to reform Jackson promised to reform governmentgovernment

And he did make And he did make changes, but not changes, but not always good ones.always good ones.

One good one – One good one – while he was while he was president, more president, more people gained the people gained the right to vote (but right to vote (but still only white still only white males)males)

One One ““badbad”” one one Jackson replaced Jackson replaced

many government many government officials with his own officials with his own supporters.supporters.

This is now known as This is now known as ““the spoils systemthe spoils system””

Andrew Jackson may have done Andrew Jackson may have done more to mistreat Native Americans more to mistreat Native Americans

than anyone else in American than anyone else in American HistoryHistory

While he was a General While he was a General during the War of during the War of 1812, he was asked to 1812, he was asked to make some treaties make some treaties with Native Americanswith Native Americans

These treaties were These treaties were ““forcedforced”” on the Native on the Native Americans.Americans.

In these treaties, the In these treaties, the U.S. government U.S. government gained large areas of gained large areas of land.land.

At this time in American At this time in American history… history…

People were hoping People were hoping Native Americans could Native Americans could become more become more ““whitewhite””

There were some who There were some who tried – they were even tried – they were even called the called the ““Five Five Civilized TribesCivilized Tribes””

(Cherokee, Chickasaw, (Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole)Seminole)

The Oklahoma State Seal consists of a large five-pointed star containing the emblems of the Five Civilized Tribes in the points

of each ray.

Especially the Cherokee – who agreed to Especially the Cherokee – who agreed to move to an area where North Carolina is move to an area where North Carolina is

todaytoday

But right after that, But right after that, gold was discovered gold was discovered on some of their land on some of their land (in Northern Georgia).(in Northern Georgia).

It was decided to take It was decided to take all Native Americans all Native Americans east of the Mississippi east of the Mississippi and move them to and move them to the west.the west.

Andrew Jackson felt the U.S. government Andrew Jackson felt the U.S. government had the right to decide where Native had the right to decide where Native

Americans could live.Americans could live.

Congress even passed the Congress even passed the ““Indian Removal ActIndian Removal Act”” requiring these natives to requiring these natives to move west.move west.

Most did on their own – to Most did on their own – to ““Indian TerritoryIndian Territory”” but a but a group of group of CherokeeCherokee didn didn’’t t want to.want to.

So in 1838, federal troops So in 1838, federal troops went in and forced the went in and forced the Cherokee to move west. It Cherokee to move west. It was winter – many got sick was winter – many got sick and died.and died.

They had to leave They had to leave everything behind.everything behind.

One fourth of the Cherokee One fourth of the Cherokee died just on the trip.died just on the trip.

This trip became know as This trip became know as ““The Trail of TearsThe Trail of Tears””

There were some other battles There were some other battles over Native American removalsover Native American removals One of these was One of these was

with the Seminole with the Seminole in Florida. in Florida.

Some of them hid Some of them hid out in the out in the Everglades, and Everglades, and their descendants their descendants are still in the are still in the Florida area todayFlorida area today

Around here…Around here…

Shawnee, Ottawa, Shawnee, Ottawa, Potawatomi, Sauk, Potawatomi, Sauk, and Fox were all and Fox were all forced to move.forced to move.

But one Sauk chief But one Sauk chief came back to fight came back to fight for his lands.for his lands.

(Chief Black Hawk (Chief Black Hawk – but he ended up – but he ended up losing)losing)

                                                                                

              

Chapter 13: Manifest DestinyChapter 13: Manifest DestinySection 1: Trails WestSection 1: Trails West

Would anyone like to know about Would anyone like to know about JacksonJackson’’s s ““Tariff of AbominationsTariff of Abominations””??

Or the Or the ““crisis of nullificationcrisis of nullification””?? William Henry HarrisonWilliam Henry Harrison’’s run for the s run for the

presidency against John Tyler?presidency against John Tyler? The rise of the Whig party?The rise of the Whig party?

Then read about it in your book – weThen read about it in your book – we’’re re not not going over it going over it in classin class

The west was really beginning The west was really beginning to open up in the mid 1800to open up in the mid 1800’’ss

Some of the first white Some of the first white people in the west people in the west were were ““mountain menmountain men””

These men were These men were independent, tough, independent, tough, adventurous, willing to adventurous, willing to take on anything.take on anything.

Many of them were Many of them were trappers – looking for trappers – looking for animal skins to animal skins to eventually send east.eventually send east.

TheyThey’’d spend their time trapping animals.d spend their time trapping animals. TheyThey’’d agree to meet traders from the east once in d agree to meet traders from the east once in

a while. a while. These meetings were called the These meetings were called the ““rendezvousrendezvous””

system.system. (a rendezvous is a meeting)(a rendezvous is a meeting) TheyThey’’d then get supplies to last them while they d then get supplies to last them while they

hunted some more.hunted some more.

The next wave of people went The next wave of people went west because of landwest because of land

Land speculatorsLand speculators bought huge areas bought huge areas of land.of land.

They would divide They would divide it up and smaller it up and smaller pieces to pieces to newcomers in the newcomers in the west and make a west and make a good profit.good profit.

The next group came west as The next group came west as farmers – good productive farmers – good productive

land.land. Then came groups Then came groups

of people like of people like merchants and merchants and manufacturers – manufacturers – trying to make trying to make money by selling money by selling farmers products.farmers products.

How would you get west?How would you get west?

On one of the several On one of the several main trails west main trails west

The Oregon TrailThe Oregon Trail The California TrailThe California Trail The Santa Fe TrailThe Santa Fe Trail The Old Spanish TrailThe Old Spanish Trail The Mormon TrailThe Mormon Trail

The one you took The one you took depended on the depended on the purpose of your trippurpose of your trip

For example: The Santa Fe For example: The Santa Fe TrailTrail

Was for American Was for American businessmen who businessmen who hoped to make a profit hoped to make a profit selling new products in selling new products in Mexico – and some of Mexico – and some of them became them became VERYVERY rich.rich.

When people heard how When people heard how much money you could much money you could make, lots more went – make, lots more went – thatthat’’s the first time you s the first time you hear of the hear of the ““prairie prairie schooner.schooner.””

From Missouri to Mexico From Missouri to Mexico was about 800 miles was about 800 miles and the trip might take and the trip might take 2-3 months.2-3 months.

One most people have heard One most people have heard about: about: The Oregon TrailThe Oregon Trail

The first white men The first white men to Oregon were to Oregon were missionaries.missionaries.

Then came stories Then came stories about the rich land about the rich land and thousands and thousands decided that decided that Oregon was the Oregon was the place to go.place to go.

Today… if you decide you want to go Today… if you decide you want to go to Oregon, you might fly, or at least to Oregon, you might fly, or at least

get in a car and take a couple of days get in a car and take a couple of days to drive there.to drive there.

But in 1840 it But in 1840 it wasnwasn’’t that easyt that easy..

Indians?Indians? Animals?Animals? Sickness/disease?Sickness/disease? Accidents?Accidents? Starvation/no water?Starvation/no water? Freeze to death in Freeze to death in

the mountains?the mountains?

Your packet has aYour packet has a““11stst person account person account”” of the Oregon Trail of the Oregon Trail

Why that might be Why that might be a good description a good description of what happened:of what happened:

Why that might be Why that might be a bad description a bad description of what happened:of what happened:

The one group people sometimes talk The one group people sometimes talk about were about were ””the Donner partythe Donner party””

They became trapped in the Sierra They became trapped in the Sierra Nevada Mountains and were forced Nevada Mountains and were forced to build a winter camp with little to build a winter camp with little food to sustain them. When the food to sustain them. When the food ran out, some survived by food ran out, some survived by eating the corpses of their eating the corpses of their companions. It was several weeks companions. It was several weeks before rescue parties could be sent before rescue parties could be sent to help because of the Mexican to help because of the Mexican War. Even after the war ended, not War. Even after the war ended, not everyone could be rescued at once everyone could be rescued at once because of the harsh weather because of the harsh weather conditions and difficult terrain. The conditions and difficult terrain. The last of the survivors reached last of the survivors reached Sutter's Fort (now Sacramento) Sutter's Fort (now Sacramento) almost exactly one year later. Of almost exactly one year later. Of the 87 members of the Donner the 87 members of the Donner Party, 46 survived. Party, 46 survived.

And… the Mormon TrailAnd… the Mormon Trail

MormonsMormons are from the are from the ““Church of Jesus Christ of Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day SaintsLatter Day Saints””

Their religion claims Jesus Their religion claims Jesus came to Vermont to Joseph came to Vermont to Joseph Smith and told him to start a Smith and told him to start a new Christian church in the new Christian church in the Americas.Americas.

Mormons had some ideas Mormons had some ideas that others didnthat others didn’’t like: such t like: such as polygamy as polygamy (many wives) (many wives)

The Mormons were chased The Mormons were chased out of New England and out of New England and moved to Illinois (Nauvoo).moved to Illinois (Nauvoo).

In Illinois, an anti Mormon mob killed Joseph In Illinois, an anti Mormon mob killed Joseph Smith and they decided they needed a place Smith and they decided they needed a place

to live where no-one would bother themto live where no-one would bother them

This place was out west This place was out west – to the Utah Territory – to the Utah Territory (their new leader was (their new leader was Brigham Young).Brigham Young).

Utah at that time was Utah at that time was actually part of Mexico.actually part of Mexico.

When they got there, When they got there, they settled by the they settled by the Great Salt Lake – and Great Salt Lake – and theythey’’re still there today.re still there today.

Today, Utah is about 60-Today, Utah is about 60-75% Mormon75% Mormon

Chapter 13: Manifest DestinyChapter 13: Manifest DestinySection 2: The Texas Section 2: The Texas

RevolutionRevolution

Today weToday we’’re going to look at re going to look at Mexicans and AmericansMexicans and Americans

And how one group – especially the And how one group – especially the immigrants are causing all kinds of problems.immigrants are causing all kinds of problems.

No one wants these immigrants to be there – No one wants these immigrants to be there – they should go back home to their own they should go back home to their own country.country.

They always break laws – theyThey always break laws – they’’re all a bunch re all a bunch of criminals.of criminals.

They donThey don’’t understand how to live in their t understand how to live in their new country.new country.

They take advantage of money and tax They take advantage of money and tax situations in their new country.situations in their new country.

Around 1800Around 1800

There was some Spanish There was some Spanish land near the Louisiana land near the Louisiana Territory called Tejas.Territory called Tejas.

Parts of this land had Parts of this land had great forests.great forests.

Parts had great Parts had great farmland.farmland.

Parts had huge grazing Parts had huge grazing land for cattle.land for cattle.

There were some good There were some good rivers leading to the Gulf rivers leading to the Gulf of Mexico.of Mexico.

But not many But not many TejanosTejanos lived in lived in MexicoMexico

(Spanish people who lived in (Spanish people who lived in Mexico)Mexico)

Comanche, Comanche, Apache, and other Apache, and other tribes fought tribes fought against more against more Spanish people Spanish people settling in Texassettling in Texas

The Spanish The Spanish wanted more wanted more Spanish settlers to Spanish settlers to move there – to move there – to help fight the help fight the Native Americans – Native Americans – and keep out and keep out AmericansAmericans

They just couldnThey just couldn’’t find any t find any Spanish settlers who would Spanish settlers who would

move theremove there So they started letting So they started letting

some Americans come – some Americans come – like Moses Austin and his like Moses Austin and his son Stephen Austin.son Stephen Austin.

But in 1820: Mexico But in 1820: Mexico gained its Independence gained its Independence from Spain.from Spain.

Mexico wouldnMexico wouldn’’t let them t let them have this land for free like have this land for free like the Spanish did.the Spanish did.The 5th of May is not Mexican Independence Day, but it should be!  And Cinco

de Mayo is not an American holiday, but it should be.  Mexico declared its independence from mother Spain on midnight, the 15th of September, 1810.  And it took 11 years before the first Spanish soldiers were told and forced to

leave Mexico.

The American settlers had to The American settlers had to agree to live by certain rules:agree to live by certain rules:

They had to become They had to become Mexican citizens.Mexican citizens.

The had to become The had to become members of the members of the Catholic Church.Catholic Church.

Stephen Austin even Stephen Austin even required that his required that his settler families were settler families were moral, would work moral, would work hard, and would not hard, and would not drink.drink.

But more and more Americans moved But more and more Americans moved into Texas (The into Texas (The Mexican TerritoryMexican Territory of of

Texas)Texas)

It got to the point where It got to the point where Mexico said there were too Mexico said there were too many Americans many Americans immigrating to their land.immigrating to their land.

Very few of these Very few of these immigrants spoke the immigrants spoke the Mexican language – and Mexican language – and refused to learn.refused to learn.

Mexicans thought the Mexicans thought the Americans were difficult to Americans were difficult to live with (they always live with (they always wanted special treatment).wanted special treatment).

Americans seemed Americans seemed unwilling to adapt to unwilling to adapt to Mexican laws.Mexican laws.

The Mexican Government decided to The Mexican Government decided to crack down on all these immigrantscrack down on all these immigrants

They tried to stop American immigration.They tried to stop American immigration. The Mexicans made Texan settlers pay taxes for the first The Mexicans made Texan settlers pay taxes for the first

time.time. They sent more Mexican troops to Texas to enforce the new They sent more Mexican troops to Texas to enforce the new

rules.rules.

ThereThere’’s talk of a rebellions talk of a rebellion

And eventually And eventually there is one – there is one – between American between American settlers in Mexicosettlers in Mexico’’s s Texas – and the Texas – and the Mexican Mexican government.government.

There actually ends There actually ends up being a war up being a war between the twobetween the two

One of the more famous places they One of the more famous places they fought:fought:

At an old mission near At an old mission near where San Antonio is where San Antonio is today.today.

About 200 members of the About 200 members of the Texas army fought against Texas army fought against 2000 Mexican forces.2000 Mexican forces.

They actually held them off They actually held them off during a 13 day siege but during a 13 day siege but eventually ran out of eventually ran out of ammunition and supplies.ammunition and supplies.

The battle cry of this war The battle cry of this war became:became:

““Remember the AlamoRemember the Alamo””

Surrounding and trying Surrounding and trying to capture somethingto capture something

The Alamo - San Antonio, TX

The Alamo Site, History, Pictures, News, & More

Another famous battle Another famous battle took place at San Jacintotook place at San Jacinto

In this battle half the In this battle half the Mexican army died in Mexican army died in an 18 minute span.an 18 minute span.

Mexican General Mexican General Santa Anna was Santa Anna was forced to sign a forced to sign a peace treaty – giving peace treaty – giving Texas its freedom, Texas its freedom, and its and its independence.independence.

Texas became: The Lone Star Texas became: The Lone Star RepublicRepublic

It was itIt was it’’s own country s own country (even though it kept (even though it kept asking the U.S. if it could asking the U.S. if it could be added as a new state.be added as a new state.

The U.S. kept saying no – it The U.S. kept saying no – it would probably become a would probably become a slave state. slave state.

That would make one more That would make one more slave than free states.slave than free states.

Mexico would probably end Mexico would probably end up wanting to go to war up wanting to go to war with the United States – with the United States – and not just Texas.and not just Texas.

So itSo it’’s true abouts true aboutMexicans and AmericansMexicans and Americans

And how one group – especially the And how one group – especially the immigrants are causing all kinds of problems.immigrants are causing all kinds of problems.

No one wants these immigrants to be there – No one wants these immigrants to be there – they should go back home to their own they should go back home to their own country.country.

They always break laws – theyThey always break laws – they’’re all a bunch re all a bunch of criminals.of criminals.

They donThey don’’t understand how to live in their t understand how to live in their new country.new country.

They take advantage of money and tax They take advantage of money and tax situations in their new country.situations in their new country.

Chapter 13: Manifest DestinyChapter 13: Manifest DestinySection 3: The War with Section 3: The War with

MexicoMexico

White Americans saw all the lands White Americans saw all the lands west of the Mississippi as west of the Mississippi as ““unoccupiedunoccupied”” ((Even though Native Americans, Mexicans, Spanish, and Texan Tejanos lived Even though Native Americans, Mexicans, Spanish, and Texan Tejanos lived

there)there)

They felt it was They felt it was ““GodGod’’s plan that America grow s plan that America grow

and expand and take over all of North America.and expand and take over all of North America.””

They called this idea Manifest Destiny

In 1845 the United States did In 1845 the United States did admit Texas to the Union as a admit Texas to the Union as a

slave stateslave state Mexico saw this as an Mexico saw this as an

act of war – like the act of war – like the United States stole this United States stole this land from them.land from them.

Some people call this Some people call this the Texas Annexationthe Texas Annexation

The United States tried The United States tried to make them happy to make them happy and even offered to and even offered to give Mexico 25 million give Mexico 25 million dollars (for Texas, dollars (for Texas, California, and New California, and New Mexico) – but Mexico Mexico) – but Mexico said said NO!!!NO!!!

The United States wanted this The United States wanted this land (it was their land (it was their ““destinydestiny”” to to

have it) have it) So they kind of set up So they kind of set up

the Mexicans.the Mexicans. The U.S. put some The U.S. put some

troops near the Rio troops near the Rio Grande (in a disputed Grande (in a disputed area) and the area) and the Mexicans got mad and Mexicans got mad and attacked them.attacked them.

Well, to America this Well, to America this was an act of war – so was an act of war – so a war started between a war started between Mexico and America… Mexico and America… so it was called….so it was called….

The Mexican – American The Mexican – American WarWar

The U.S. army won many battles and soon The U.S. army won many battles and soon

took control of New Mexico (without firing a took control of New Mexico (without firing a shot), and then took California. One shot), and then took California. One

Mexican officer even said: Mexican officer even said: ““God must be a God must be a Yankee.Yankee.””

An American – usually one who

lived in a northern city

Fighting in Mexico against the Fighting in Mexico against the Mexicans was a little tougher.Mexicans was a little tougher.

But, eventually (on 2/2/1848) the war ended.But, eventually (on 2/2/1848) the war ended.

In the Peace Treaty: In the Peace Treaty: ((The Treaty of Guadalupe The Treaty of Guadalupe

HidalgoHidalgo):):

Mexico recognized Texas Mexico recognized Texas was now a U.S. state.was now a U.S. state.

The Rio Grande was the The Rio Grande was the official border between official border between U.S. and Mexico.U.S. and Mexico.

Mexico also gave up half Mexico also gave up half itit’’s land.s land.

This is called: This is called: the Mexican Cessionthe Mexican Cession

The United States agreed The United States agreed to pay Mexico 15 million to pay Mexico 15 million dollars.dollars.

The U.S. promised to The U.S. promised to protect Mexicans who were protect Mexicans who were now living in U.S. landnow living in U.S. land

This now meant:This now meant:Good for U.S.:Good for U.S.:

Got a lot more land.Got a lot more land. These new people would These new people would

be able to add to the be able to add to the culture and economy of culture and economy of the U.S.the U.S.

Bad for Mexico:Bad for Mexico: Lost half their land – and Lost half their land – and

have always been more have always been more than a little upset about than a little upset about that.that.

Lost a lot of places that Lost a lot of places that would have been good for would have been good for their economics (farms, their economics (farms, ranches, mines, rivers, ranches, mines, rivers, etc.).etc.).

Ended up a minority in Ended up a minority in their their ““new new ““ country country

The United States did end up The United States did end up buying one more part of buying one more part of

MexicoMexicoCalled Called the Gadsden Purchase the Gadsden Purchase

(10 Million) for railroad land (for the transcontinental (10 Million) for railroad land (for the transcontinental railroad)railroad)

Chapter 13: Manifest DestinyChapter 13: Manifest DestinySection 4: The California Gold Section 4: The California Gold

RushRush

Chapter 13: Manifest DestinyChapter 13: Manifest DestinySection 4: The California Gold Section 4: The California Gold

RushRush

Until 1848 California was Until 1848 California was populated by 150,000 Native populated by 150,000 Native

AmericansAmericans And 6000 CaliforniosAnd 6000 Californios

(Spanish or Mexican (Spanish or Mexican settlers)settlers)

(When Mexico owned (When Mexico owned California they didnCalifornia they didn’’t want t want any American foreigners any American foreigners

there)there)

One Swiss immigrant One Swiss immigrant did move there though did move there though – John Sutter – who – John Sutter – who convinced the convinced the Mexican governor to Mexican governor to give him 50,000 acres give him 50,000 acres of land of land

(for a farm)(for a farm)

Sutter was having a sawmill built, and one Sutter was having a sawmill built, and one day his carpenter found some gold on the day his carpenter found some gold on the

ground.ground. Well, you know what Well, you know what

happens next – EVERYONE happens next – EVERYONE (thousands) want to come (thousands) want to come to California to get rich as to California to get rich as part of the part of the California Gold California Gold Rush.Rush.

California was a hard California was a hard place to get to (way out place to get to (way out west and over the west and over the Rockies) but people still Rockies) but people still came (mostly young men came (mostly young men though).though).

These people are called These people are called 49ers because they 49ers because they started their started their migrationmigration to to California in: California in:

18____18____

Moving to a new place

1 ounce of gold:1 ounce of gold:size/weight of one penny todaysize/weight of one penny today

Today: worth Today: worth about ____ dollarsabout ____ dollars

In 1849: worth In 1849: worth about ____ dollarsabout ____ dollars

(it would take a (it would take a cabinet maker cabinet maker about 200 hours about 200 hours work to make work to make that much that much money)money)

Why was gold so Why was gold so ““magicalmagical””/special?/special?

In the mid 1800In the mid 1800’’s: it was s: it was an easy way to get rich - an easy way to get rich -

quickquickTodayToday’’s ways to get rich quick:s ways to get rich quick:

Lottery / GamblingLottery / Gambling

Investments?Investments?

StealSteal

Sell DrugsSell Drugs

TodayToday’’s ways to get rich quick:s ways to get rich quick:

Lottery / GamblingLottery / Gambling

Investments?Investments?

StealSteal

Sell DrugsSell Drugs

People came from all over the People came from all over the worldworld

About 2/3 were Americans.About 2/3 were Americans. Also: Native Americans, Also: Native Americans,

free Blacks, and even free Blacks, and even some enslaved African some enslaved African Americans.Americans.

Some from Mexico. Some from Mexico. Others from Europe, South Others from Europe, South

America, Australia.America, Australia. Even China (by 1851 10% Even China (by 1851 10%

of the miners were Chinese of the miners were Chinese – and they ended up being – and they ended up being some of the best miners).some of the best miners).

Very few women – it just Very few women – it just wasnwasn’’t the kind of thing t the kind of thing ““ladiesladies”” did. did.

Living there was Living there was

For one thing, you can For one thing, you can guess how men would live guess how men would live if there were never any if there were never any women around.women around.

Miners Miners ““camped outcamped out”” a lot a lot more than they lived in more than they lived in ““homes.homes.””

Looking for gold was hot, Looking for gold was hot, sweaty and dirty work.sweaty and dirty work.

There was great There was great competition for the best competition for the best ““claims.claims.””

And there were always And there were always people looking to cheat people looking to cheat you, or simply rob you of you, or simply rob you of anything you found.anything you found.

How to find gold:How to find gold:

PanningPanning Crevicing / Crevicing / DiggingDigging

For fun and entertainment:For fun and entertainment:

Bull and bear fightsBull and bear fights Bear and donkey Bear and donkey

fightsfights WrestlingWrestling BoxingBoxing Magic ShowsMagic Shows

By 1852… By 1852…

The gold rush was The gold rush was mostly over.mostly over.

All the easy gold All the easy gold had been found.had been found.

The government The government put a tax on put a tax on foreign miners – foreign miners – that most of them that most of them couldncouldn’’t afford.t afford.

There were other There were other gold rushes, but gold rushes, but California is the California is the one people hear one people hear about the most.about the most.

Montana, Colorado, Montana, Colorado, Alaska, Alaska, Central/South Central/South America.America.

The gold rush had a huge The gold rush had a huge impact on California – even up impact on California – even up

to todayto today California (and the San California (and the San

Francisco area became Francisco area became centers of banking, centers of banking, manufacturing, manufacturing, shipping, and trade.shipping, and trade.

Today – if California Today – if California was itwas it’’s own country it s own country it would be the sixth would be the sixth richest nation richest nation IN THE IN THE WORLD WORLD (because of (because of all itall it’’s resources and s resources and how theyhow they’’re used)re used)

But even though some good things But even though some good things happened happened

for the U.S. – for the U.S. – that doesnthat doesn’’t always mean good things for….t always mean good things for….

Native AmericansNative Americans Of course – again – Of course – again –

they lost a lot of land.they lost a lot of land. Many died from Many died from

diseases brought by diseases brought by the newcomers.the newcomers.

Miners would even Miners would even hunt them down and hunt them down and kill them sometimes.kill them sometimes.

Or the original Spanish Or the original Spanish and Mexican settlers.and Mexican settlers.

Many lost all their Many lost all their legal rights and their legal rights and their heritage.heritage.

Many lost all their Many lost all their property.property.

Your culture and what you Your culture and what you get from your ancestorsget from your ancestors

Enough people did move to California Enough people did move to California that it could become a statethat it could become a state

A free stateA free state

California is home to more California is home to more than 10 percent of all than 10 percent of all Americans and a central Americans and a central element in the American element in the American cultural fabric. Although cultural fabric. Although more than two-thirds of more than two-thirds of native-born Americans live native-born Americans live in their state of birth, fewer in their state of birth, fewer than half of all Californians than half of all Californians were born in the state. were born in the state. Rather, California has been Rather, California has been an important destination for an important destination for U.S. internal migration in U.S. internal migration in nearly every decade since nearly every decade since 1850. 1850.

And now there was And now there was one more free state one more free state than slave states – than slave states – and that would cause and that would cause more political turmoil.more political turmoil.

(people getting (people getting upset)upset)

Chapter 14: A New Spirit of ChangeChapter 14: A New Spirit of ChangeSection 1: The Hopes of ImmigrantsSection 1: The Hopes of Immigrants

Section 3: Reforming American Section 3: Reforming American SocietySociety

Around the 1850Around the 1850’’s – s – a lot of immigrants began coming to a lot of immigrants began coming to

AmericaAmerica

An immigrant is: An immigrant is: someone who someone who comes into a comes into a country.country.

An emigrant is: An emigrant is: someone who someone who leaves a country.leaves a country.

Coming to America was much Coming to America was much different 150 years ago.different 150 years ago.

At that time, about 2/3 At that time, about 2/3 of all immigrants came of all immigrants came from Europe.from Europe.

They probably came They probably came over on a ship – with over on a ship – with the cheapest passage the cheapest passage possible.possible.

Conditions were filthy Conditions were filthy and people were often and people were often sick on the way over sick on the way over here.here.

When they got here, When they got here, many did the many did the ““Ellis Ellis Island thingIsland thing””

There are There are ““push-pullpush-pull”” factors for moving factors for moving

Europe had started to become Europe had started to become too crowded.too crowded.

Many European farmers were Many European farmers were forced off their lands. They forced off their lands. They needed a new place to live needed a new place to live and America had places they and America had places they might be able to continue to might be able to continue to farm.farm.

Some countries had crop Some countries had crop failures and famines – people failures and famines – people came here rather than starve came here rather than starve (The Irish Potato Famine).(The Irish Potato Famine).

The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution meant people had to look for meant people had to look for jobs in factories – and there jobs in factories – and there were more of those jobs in were more of those jobs in the U.S.the U.S.

Many people left Europe for Many people left Europe for religious and even political religious and even political reasons.reasons.

Freedom – people in the Freedom – people in the United States could be / do United States could be / do anything they wanted.anything they wanted.

There were better There were better economic opportunities in economic opportunities in the United States.the United States.

There were millions of There were millions of acres of open and acres of open and unclaimed land – just unclaimed land – just waiting for the waiting for the opportunity to be settled.opportunity to be settled.

One of the large immigrant One of the large immigrant groups:groups:

The Scandinavians The Scandinavians They liked that America They liked that America

had a lot of land.had a lot of land. They moved to places here They moved to places here

that were very much like that were very much like their homeland – farming their homeland – farming areas with lakes, forests, areas with lakes, forests, and colder weather and colder weather (Minnesota and Wisconsin)(Minnesota and Wisconsin)

Another 1800Another 1800’’s immigrant s immigrant group: The Germansgroup: The Germans

Liked Wisconsin – they Liked Wisconsin – they could farm and grow could farm and grow oats and grains (beer?) oats and grains (beer?) (and for a while the (and for a while the Catholic Bishop in Catholic Bishop in Milwaukee was a Milwaukee was a German).German).

Many also settled in Many also settled in Texas.Texas.

Many also became Many also became bakers, butchers, bakers, butchers, carpenters, printers, carpenters, printers, shoemakers, and shoemakers, and tailors.tailors.

The largest 1800The largest 1800’’s immigrant s immigrant group: The Irishgroup: The Irish

Most were Catholic.Most were Catholic. At that time Britain ruled At that time Britain ruled

Ireland and gave the Irish Ireland and gave the Irish no rights – they couldnno rights – they couldn ’’t t vote, own land, or go to vote, own land, or go to school, so some came to school, so some came to get away from that.get away from that.

But… in 1845 a disease But… in 1845 a disease attacked the Irish potato attacked the Irish potato crop and destroyed much crop and destroyed much of the Irish food supply. of the Irish food supply. Over 1 million Irish starved Over 1 million Irish starved to death and almost 2 to death and almost 2 million more left and came million more left and came to America.to America.

The IrishThe Irish In America they stayed in In America they stayed in

the cities they sailed to – the cities they sailed to – they had no money to move they had no money to move anywhere else.anywhere else.

By 1850 they were ¼ of the By 1850 they were ¼ of the populations of Boston, New populations of Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore.Baltimore.

They were mostly They were mostly uneducated with few skills uneducated with few skills and little training.and little training.

They had to take the worst They had to take the worst jobs.jobs.

Irish immigrants often were Irish immigrants often were not wanted in America. Ads not wanted in America. Ads for employment often were for employment often were followed by "NO IRISH NEED followed by "NO IRISH NEED APPLY." APPLY."

Immigration laws

With all these immigrants cities With all these immigrants cities became VERY crowded – especially became VERY crowded – especially

east coast cities.east coast cities. Many cities doubled in size Many cities doubled in size

every 5-10 years.every 5-10 years. There often wasnThere often wasn’’t enough t enough

housing and many housing and many immigrants would have to immigrants would have to share the same apartments share the same apartments – because of money too).– because of money too).

It was also a time without It was also a time without modern plumbing, sewer, modern plumbing, sewer, and water systems, and water systems, garbage pickup, police and garbage pickup, police and fire departments, and had fire departments, and had overall poor general overall poor general sanitationsanitation

NYC - 1849

Wall Street - 1850

NYC – 1850 Tenement

There have always been There have always been people who are people who are prejudicedprejudiced

A negative opinion A negative opinion that is not based on that is not based on facts. facts.

Some people felt Some people felt these immigrants these immigrants would never learn would never learn American ways.American ways.

Some felt they might Some felt they might take over.take over.

Some felt all the Some felt all the Catholics might Catholics might somehow overthrow somehow overthrow our countryour country’’s ideals of s ideals of democracy.democracy.

These people who felt they needed to These people who felt they needed to eliminate foreigners were called eliminate foreigners were called

nativistsnativists

People who People who believed they were believed they were way better than way better than immigrantsimmigrants

Of course, the only group that Of course, the only group that is really is really ““nativenative”” to America: to America:

In the early 1800In the early 1800’’s Americans began to s Americans began to believe they could try and make their lives believe they could try and make their lives

betterbetter

There were several different ways they thought There were several different ways they thought

people could improve their lives.people could improve their lives.

TemperanceTemperance Societies: Societies:(not drinking alcohol)(not drinking alcohol)

People drank a lot of alcohol People drank a lot of alcohol in the early 1800in the early 1800’’s.s.

Some workers (men) spent Some workers (men) spent too much money on getting too much money on getting drunk and their wives got drunk and their wives got upset.upset.

Many women joined the Many women joined the temperance movement.temperance movement.

They were also supported by They were also supported by business owners who wanted business owners who wanted their workers at work (their workers at work (notnot hung over and hung over and notnot drunk). drunk).

Organized group that protects Organized group that protects and watches out for workersand watches out for workers Workers RightsWorkers Rights

Labor unionsLabor unions began to began to form – and they demanded form – and they demanded better working conditions. better working conditions.

TheyThey’’d even go on strike if d even go on strike if they needed to – for they needed to – for shorter working hours, shorter working hours, higher wages, and better higher wages, and better working conditions.working conditions.

In 1840, President Van In 1840, President Van Buren even passed a law – Buren even passed a law – government employees government employees were limited to 10 hour were limited to 10 hour working days. working days.

Improving EducationImproving Education

Better schools started Better schools started in the 1830in the 1830’’s.s.

Blame Horace Mann – Blame Horace Mann – the first person put in the first person put in charge of schools.charge of schools.

Boston – 1821 – 1Boston – 1821 – 1stst public high school.public high school.

Churches and private Churches and private groups began to open groups began to open up a lot of private up a lot of private colleges.colleges.

But…But…

Women usually couldWomen usually couldnn ’’t go to college.t go to college.

Elizabeth BlackwellElizabeth Blackwell: : 11stst woman with a woman with a medical degree – medical degree – 1849.1849.

African-AmericansAfrican-Americans In the south – illegal to In the south – illegal to

teach slaves after the teach slaves after the Nat Turner rebellion.Nat Turner rebellion.

In the north – they In the north – they usually were not usually were not allowed.allowed.

Later on – after the civil Later on – after the civil War (1865) – more Black War (1865) – more Black colleges / universities colleges / universities opened in the Southopened in the South

Caring for the needyCaring for the needy

Dorothea Dix did a lot to help Dorothea Dix did a lot to help both women – and both women – and women/people in jail.women/people in jail.

In those days the mentally ill In those days the mentally ill were put in jail – and all the were put in jail – and all the jails were horrible.jails were horrible.

TheyThey’’d put criminals, mentally d put criminals, mentally ill, and even children all in the ill, and even children all in the same cells.same cells.

They also started looking at They also started looking at the possibility of rehabilitating the possibility of rehabilitating prisoners.prisoners.

Another was helping the blind Another was helping the blind and/or deaf – like Thomas and/or deaf – like Thomas Gallaudet – whoGallaudet – who’’s school is still s school is still the best school in the country the best school in the country for the deaffor the deaf

Newspapers were really starting to grow – Newspapers were really starting to grow – and then everyone could know what was and then everyone could know what was

going on and be better informed.going on and be better informed.

Papers only cost a penny Papers only cost a penny and people could hear and people could hear all the up to date news.all the up to date news.

More magazines started to be More magazines started to be published – even special published – even special interest magazines interest magazines (Ladies(Ladies’’ Magazine / GodeyMagazine / Godey’’s Ladys Lady’’s s Book)Book)

Chapter 14: A New Spirit of ChangeChapter 14: A New Spirit of ChangeSection 4: Abolition and WomenSection 4: Abolition and Women’’s s

RightsRights

ThereThere’’s another reform movement s another reform movement that wasnthat wasn’’t discussed in the last t discussed in the last

sectionsection The biggest reform The biggest reform

movement of the 1800movement of the 1800’’s s had to do with had to do with improving the lives of….improving the lives of….

Slaves.Slaves. People who called for People who called for

the abolition of slavery the abolition of slavery were called were called abolitionists.abolitionists.

Abolitionism:Abolitionism: doing doing away with something away with something (slavery)(slavery)

Three of the more outspoken Three of the more outspoken abolitionists:abolitionists:

Frederick Frederick Douglas Douglas

Had a black Had a black mother and a mother and a white father.white father.

Had great Had great courage.courage.

Was a Was a talented talented public public speaker.speaker.

Was a slave Was a slave when he was when he was younger.younger.

Eventually Eventually published an published an anti-slavery anti-slavery newspaper.newspaper.

Sojourner TruthSojourner Truth Was a slave Was a slave

when she was when she was young, but young, but escaped.escaped.

Eventually lived Eventually lived with the with the Quakers, who Quakers, who set her free.set her free.

Huge crowds Huge crowds would come would come listen to her listen to her speak.speak.

Sara and Sara and Angelina Angelina Grimke Grimke

Sisters who Sisters who believed that believed that slavery was slavery was wrong.wrong.

At that time At that time though, women though, women were not were not supposed to supposed to speak in public.speak in public.

Lectured Lectured anyways.anyways.

Some things these people Some things these people did:did:

Petitioned Congress to pass Petitioned Congress to pass lawslaws

Elected sympathetic Elected sympathetic lawmakerslawmakers

LobbiedLobbied Held anti-slavery meetingsHeld anti-slavery meetings Wrote anti-slavery Wrote anti-slavery

newspapers and booksnewspapers and books Bought and freed slavesBought and freed slaves Helped slaves escape to Helped slaves escape to

freedomfreedom Some were real fanatics - Some were real fanatics -

people who are carried people who are carried away beyond reason away beyond reason (especially in politics or (especially in politics or religion)religion)

Some slaves would escape on: Some slaves would escape on:

the the UndergroundUnderground Railroad:Railroad: Not:Not: underground underground Not:Not: a railroad a railroad

It was:It was: a a ““networknetwork”” of people who helped of people who helped hide and transport slaves – escaping to hide and transport slaves – escaping to freedom in the North, or even into Canada.freedom in the North, or even into Canada.

The most famous The most famous ““conductorsconductors”” – the – the abolitionist that most people have abolitionist that most people have

heard of:heard of: Harriet TubmanHarriet Tubman African-American African-American

abolitionist, abolitionist, humanitarian, and Union humanitarian, and Union spy during the U.S. Civil spy during the U.S. Civil War. After escaping from War. After escaping from captivity, she made captivity, she made thirteen missions to thirteen missions to rescue over three rescue over three hundred slaves using the hundred slaves using the network of antislavery network of antislavery activists and safe houses activists and safe houses known as the known as the Underground Railroad. Underground Railroad. She later helped John She later helped John Brown recruit men for his Brown recruit men for his raid on Harpers Ferry, raid on Harpers Ferry, and in the post-war era and in the post-war era struggled for women's struggled for women's suffrage. suffrage.

Remember….Remember….

About ¾ of all About ¾ of all southerners southerners did notdid not own any slaves.own any slaves.

Only 1% of Only 1% of Southerners owned Southerners owned large plantations large plantations (but they had most (but they had most of the southof the south’’s s political and political and financial power).financial power).

A couple of other women who A couple of other women who were famous for helpingwere famous for helping

Elizabeth Cady Elizabeth Cady Stanton Stanton

Fought for womenFought for women’’s s suffrage suffrage – even into – even into the 1900the 1900’’s.s.

Lucretia MottLucretia Mott An abolitionist who An abolitionist who

also was a big part also was a big part of the womenof the women’’s s rights movementrights movement

The right to vote

And…. Susan B. AnthonyAnd…. Susan B. Anthony

Prominent, Prominent, independent and well-independent and well-educated American educated American civil rights leader who civil rights leader who played a pivotal role played a pivotal role in the 19th century in the 19th century women's rights women's rights movement to secure movement to secure women's suffrage in women's suffrage in the United States the United States

The The Seneca Falls ConventionSeneca Falls Convention is is a famous time for womena famous time for women’’s s

rightsrights The The Seneca Falls ConventionSeneca Falls Convention, held in Seneca Falls, New , held in Seneca Falls, New

York on July 19 to July 20, 1848, was the first women's rights York on July 19 to July 20, 1848, was the first women's rights convention held in the United States, and for that reason, it is convention held in the United States, and for that reason, it is often labeled as the birthplace of feminism. Prominent at the often labeled as the birthplace of feminism. Prominent at the 1848 convention were leading reformers, including Elizabeth 1848 convention were leading reformers, including Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott.Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott.

Different groups at different times have turned to the Different groups at different times have turned to the founding documents of the United States to meet their needs founding documents of the United States to meet their needs and to declare their entitlement to the promises of the and to declare their entitlement to the promises of the Revolution of 1776. At Seneca Falls, New York, in the Revolution of 1776. At Seneca Falls, New York, in the summer of 1848, a group of American women and men met summer of 1848, a group of American women and men met to discuss the legal limitations imposed on women during this to discuss the legal limitations imposed on women during this period. These discussions were informed by their period. These discussions were informed by their participation in the anti-slavery movement; eventually they participation in the anti-slavery movement; eventually they used the language and structure of the United States used the language and structure of the United States Declaration of Independence to state their claim to the Declaration of Independence to state their claim to the

rights they felt women were entitled to as American citizens rights they felt women were entitled to as American citizens in in

the Declaration of Sentiments.the Declaration of Sentiments.