A+ Certification Guide - WordPress.com · 2014-09-26 · A+ Certification Guide Chapter 3 BIOS,...
Transcript of A+ Certification Guide - WordPress.com · 2014-09-26 · A+ Certification Guide Chapter 3 BIOS,...
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A+ Certification Guide
Chapter 3
BIOS, CMOS, and Firmware
Bootup and Configuration Files
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Chapter 4Objectives
� Understand BIOS, CMOS, and Firmware:
– Explain the motherboard’s firmware, known as the BIOS.
– Describe the relationship between the CMOS and the BIOS.
� Configure the System BIOS:
– Demonstrate how to access the BIOS and modify settings—for example, RAM, processor, and video settings.
� Power-On Self-Test and Error Reporting:
– Describe the POST and audible and visible errors that the POST reports.
� BIOS Updates:
– Learn how to upgrade the BIOS through flashing.
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What Is BIOS?
� BIOS = Basic Input Output System
– BIOS is firmware that
• Identifies connected system devices.
– CPU
– RAM
– Keyboard
– Mouse
– CD-ROM
– Display
• Tests system devices (Power-On Self-Test)
• Initializes the system devices
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Where Is BIOS Found?
– Firmware:
• Software that comes embedded in its own memory chip.
– Two types of memory used for BIOS firmware:
• EEPROM
– Electronically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
• EPROM
– Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
– Older PCs used EPROM
– Could be erased by exposure to ultraviolet light:
» Also known as “Flashing the BIOS.”
– Motherboard is set up to initialize its operations using BIOS.
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BIOS Locations (Look for Battery)
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What Is CMOS?
� CMOS = Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor:
– A type of random access memory (RAM).
– Memory can be lost without a power source.
– On-board battery keeps this functional.
� CMOS stores settings used by BIOS:
– Boot sequence; hard drive parameters.
– BIOS/CMOS access password.
– These options are passed to the BIOS soon after
the power is turned on.
– Settings can be changed by using the CMOS editor.
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BIOS Settings and Screens
� Common methods to access the BIOS/CMOS editor
during bootup:
– Esc
– Del
– F1
– F2
– F10
– Ctrl+Alt+?
– Most system splash screens provide information on
which key to press.
� When in doubt, consult the motherboard manual.
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Alterable BIOS Settings
� Sampling of more frequently used options:
– Boot sequence: hard drive, CD-ROM, USB
– Memory configuration
– CPU clock and frequency (overclocking)
– CPU memory cache
– Hardware monitor (to get status of fans in case)
– Onboard audio/modem/network
– Integrated peripherals (disable/enable)
– PS/2 mouse (disable if using USB mouse)
– USB legacy for non-Windows USB keyboard
– Serial and parallel ports
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Alterable BIOS Settings
� USB options for 2.0 and 3.0
� Keyboard options
� Plug-and-play OS
� Primary VGA BIOS
� AGP card speed
� Serial and parallel ports
� Shadowing (for video BIOS)
� Boot Time Diagnostics
� Power management
� Virtualization
� Setup/BIOS password
� SATA/PATA drives
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BIOS Auto-Configuration
� Most preferred choice versus manual setup
� Three options:
– BIOS defaults:
• Original BIOS settings
– Setup defaults:
• Optimized settings
– Turbo:
• Engages overclocking when CPU is not under
stress
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Sample CMOS Editor
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CMOS Editor—System Information
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Setting Boot Sequence
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Integrated Peripherals
What are integrated peripherals?
Functions that used to be
optional but are now
considered mandatory:
• Onboard video
• Onboard audio
• Onboard network card
• HDMI port
• USB ports
• External SATA drive port
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Power Management
� Advanced Configuration Power Interface (ACPI):
– Offers less power consumption when enabled.
– Six standard setting options (S0-S5):
• S0 means no power management is in effect.
– Inputs, CPU, memory, and hard drive running.
• S1/POS (power on standby)
– CPU is off; memory is being refreshed.
– PSU is on; hard drive is off.
• S3/STR (suspend to RAM)
– Microsoft calls this standby.
– PSU is off; RAM is refreshed.
• S0, S2, S4, and S5 are not commonly used.
– Note: S4 is “hibernate;” RAM saved to disk.
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Power Management
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Enabling Virtualization
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CPU System Clock and Overclocking Considerations
� CPU “speed” is set as a multiplier of the clock frequency.
� No adjustments are needed unless overclocking is employed.
� Should you overclock?
– Better to set BIOS to “turbo” or “extreme.”
• These allow temporary overclocking in unusual circumstances (gaming).
– Prolonged overclocking means:
• Need bigger fan/cooling apparatus
• Better power supply (PSU)
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Understanding BIOS Error Codes
� Power-On Self-Test (POST):
– Codes for RAM, hard drive, and CPU failure.
– Memory, keyboard, and graphics cards are checked.
� Problems can be indicated by:
– Beep codes
– On-screen error codes:
• Text display
• Hexadecimal codes
� Be sure to review this section of the book before taking the A+ exam.
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Having a Successful BIOS Upgrade
� Do you need a BIOS upgrade?
– Usually not…“If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it.”
– Issues that sometimes require a BIOS upgrade for
the system to work properly:
• New hardware, such as large SATA and
PATA/IDE hard drives, and different types of
removable-storage drives
• Faster CPUs
• New operating systems and features
• New BIOS options
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Before Doing a BIOS Upgrade
� Back up all important data.
� Record BIOS settings or take a digital picture of them:
– Identify the current version of the BIOS software.
– Identify the exact make/model of your motherboard.
� Download the BIOS update software:
– Most vendors provide an .exe file that requires
minimal effort.
� Highly recommended that the PC is plugged into a
UPS:
– Power interruption during BIOS upgrade may make
the entire motherboard unusable.
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When Things Go Wrong
� Some newer motherboards have two BIOS chips:
– Reboot using the alternative BIOS chip if the new
BIOS upgrade fails.
� Check for a flash “write protect” jumper.
� Reset the flash recovery jumper:
• Video may not work during this process.
– Listen for beeps.
• Reset jumper to normal.
� Obtain a new flash chip from the motherboard
manufacturer.
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Chapter 3Summary
� Understand BIOS, CMOS, and Firmware:
– Explain the motherboard’s firmware, known as the BIOS.
– Describe the relationship between the CMOS and the BIOS.
� Configure the System BIOS:
– Demonstrate how to access the BIOS and modify settings—for
example, RAM, processor, and video settings.
� Power-On Self-Test and Error Reporting:
– Describe the POST and audible and visible errors that the POST
reports.
� BIOS Updates:
– Learn how to upgrade the BIOS through a process known as
flashing.
Next Lesson: Chapter 4