• �A certain individual, called X, lives in El Paso Texas and comes from a neighborhood where it is not considered the ‘in thing’ to do well in school. As a result, X and all of X’s friends don’t care about school and rarely show up. Instead, they walk around the neighborhood looking for things to keep them from getting bored. For example, they like to write their nicknames in beautiful designs on public bridges. They also like to go to X’s apartment when X’s parents and siblings are out, and drink beer.

What is your impression?

• Beauty Pageant

Models of Cognitive Processing

• Rational Model

• Automatic Model

Schemas • Definition:

– Mental representation of all information relevant to a concept

• Types

– Person schema = impression

– Self-schema = self-concept

– Event schema = script

– Group schema = stereotype

Embodied Integration

March 16, 2013

Biola University

What Embodied Integration is NOT

• It does not mean that the instructor embodies integration

• It does not mean that there is a behavioral application to faith

• It does not mean that there is not a cognitive component to integration

What does Embodied Integration Mean?

• Embodied Integration comes from the larger psychological literature on embodiment

• Embodied Integration suggests that learning about integration happens in an embodied way

The Theology of Embodiment

• The idea that we learn in an embodied way is reflected throughout the Bible

– God created us in physical bodies

– Christ came in a physical body

– There will be a physical resurrection

• Christ teaches in an embodied way

– Before introducing himself as “the way, the truth, and the life,” he introduces himself as “the bread” and “the gate.”

• We worship in an embodied way

– sitting, standing, kneeling, hand-raising

What characterizes an embodied integration approach to teaching? • Physiological arousal precedes cognition

• Specific cases precede general ones

• Concrete cases precede abstract ones

Social Psychology: Cognitive Schemas

LAUNDRY

The procedure is quite simple. First, you arrange things into different groups. Of course, one pile may be sufficient, depending on how much there is to do. If you have to go somewhere else due to lack of facilities, that is the next step; otherwise you are pretty well set. It is important not to overdo things. That is, it is better to do too few things at once than too many. At first the whole procedure will seem complicated. Soon, however, it will become just another facet of life.

Advantages of using Schemas

• Interpret information

Pat and Jamie were running low on cash. They’d spent everything they’d gotten from the heist they had pulled on a convenience store two months ago. To try to reduce their chances of being caught, they decided to pull the next robbery in a suburb eight miles out of town. They decided to break into a house this time, rather than a store. After a week of looking, they spotted a house where the owners seemed clearly to be on vacation – papers were piling up outside the door, and they had never seen a light on in the house. What will Pat and Jamie think of this house?

(Zadny & Gerard)

The time came for them to go to the house. No one was in sight, so they decided to examine the house carefully from the outside. They looked carefully at the front of the house, and noticed that the paint on the porch was beginning to peel. They walked around the side, and looked through the windows into the spacious living room. The room was luxuriously furnished. The owners had arranged the furniture to orient towards a television with a fairly large screen. A VCR and a new stereo completed the entertainment center. The living room was split-level, and going down three stairs, there was a vast stone fireplace. In front of this was a sofa and a coffee table, on top of which sat a laptop computer. A sliding glass door in the back wall opened to an outside patio.

They then went around the other side of the house. The first room they saw was the dining room, which was big enough to house a table for eight. A cabinet on one side held crystal, china, and silverware. Despite this evidence of luxury, the wallpaper appeared yellowed and faded.

(Zadny & Gerard)

The backyard was fenced in with a gate at one end. Looking around carefully again, they saw that there was still no one in sight. They tried the latch of the gate, and it opened easily. Going into the backyard, the first thing they spotted was the large deck running the full length of the house. Behind one of the bedrooms, the deck featured a spa. To ensure privacy, the entire backyard was surrounded by a 6-foot-tall fence. This was something that Pat and Jamie thought was just ideal.

The next room they peered into was the master bedroom—a large room with a walk-in closet, airily furnished. A television and VCR sat in front of the bed. A large mirror in front of the dressing table reflected a jewelry collection that showed that the lady of the house had expensive tastes.

The next room beyond this was another bedroom used as office space, as the desk and computer suggested. Apparently someone in the household was into photography, as a nice camera and a camcorder were both mounted on tripods standing in the room. This room, like the others in back, opened onto the deck.

Just as they completed their tour of the outside of the house, Pat and Jamie heard a noise around the front of the house. Heart pounding, Pat whispered to Jamie, “All right, let’s go!”

(Zadny & Gerard)

What do you remember about the house?

Pat and Jamie were looking for a house to buy. They were going to be married in June, and had asked their parents to contribute to their down payment as a wedding present. After several months of looking, one weekend while driving around, they spotted a house in their price range in a suburb eight miles out of town. They called the real estate agent listed on the posting, and arranged to see the house the following day.

What will Pat and Jamie think of the house?

(Zadny & Gerard)

• The time came for them to go to the house. No one was in sight, so they decided to examine the house carefully from the outside. They looked carefully at the front of the house, and noticed that the paint on the porch was beginning to peel. They walked around the side, and looked through the windows into the spacious living room. The room was luxuriously furnished. The owners had arranged the furniture to orient towards a television with a fairly large screen. A VCR and a new stereo completed the entertainment center. The living room was split-level, and going down three stairs, there was a vast stone fireplace. In front of this was a sofa and a coffee table, on top of which sat a laptop computer. A sliding glass door in the back wall opened to an outside patio.

• They then went around the other side of the house. The first room they saw was the dining room, which was big enough to house a table for eight. A cabinet on one side held crystal, china, and silverware. Despite this evidence of luxury, the wallpaper appeared yellowed and faded.

(Zadny & Gerard)

The backyard was fenced in with a gate at one end. Looking around carefully again, they saw that there was still no one in sight. They tried the latch of the gate, and it opened easily. Going into the backyard, the first thing they spotted was the large deck running the full length of the house. Behind one of the bedrooms, the deck featured a spa. To ensure privacy, the entire backyard was surrounded by a 6-foot tall fence. This was something that Pat and Jamie thought was just ideal.

The next room they peered into was the master bedroom—a large room with a walk-in closet, airily furnished. A television and VCR sat in front of the bed. A large mirror in front of the dressing table reflected a jewelry collection that showed that the lady of the house had expensive tastes.

• The next room beyond this was another bedroom used as office space, as the desk and computer suggested. Apparently someone in the household was into photography, as a nice camera and a camcorder were both mounted on tripods standing in the room. This room, like the others in back, opened onto the deck. Just as they completed their tour of the outside of the house, Pat and Jamie heard a noise around of the front of the house. Heart pounding, Pat whispered to Jamie, “All right, let’s go!”

(Zadny & Gerard)

What do you remember about the house?

Burglary Study (Zadny & Gerard)

Buying a House

• Peeling Paint

• Large rooms

• Fireplace

• New appliances

• Large deck

• Fence for privacy

Burglary

• Large screen TV

• VCR & Stereo

• Crystal & Silverware

• Jewelry

• Computer

• Fence for privacy

Advantages of using Schemas

• Interpret information

– Laundry Demonstration (Bransford)

• Influence what information is attended to

• Facilitate retrieval of information

– Burglary Study (Zadney & Gerard)

El Paso Study

• Was this information in the story?

– Does X vandalize?

– Is X Hispanic?

– Is X a male?

– Does X drink beer?

– Is X in a gang?

El Paso Study

• Was this information in the story?

– Does X vandalize? 87% say yes

– Is X Hispanic? 53% say yes

– Is X a male? 87% say yes

– Does X drink beer? 100% say yes

– Is X in a gang? 40% say yes

Advantages of using Schemas

• Interpret information

• Influence what information is attended to

• Facilitate retrieval of information

• Fill in missing information

– El Paso Study

Disadvantages of using Schemas

– The Amadou Diallo Case

Gun Bias Study (Payne)

400

420

440

460

480

500

Rea

ctio

n T

ime

White Face Black Face

Gun

Tool

Disadvantages of using Schemas

• Remembering what didn’t happen

– The Amadou Diallo Case

– Gun Bias Study (Payne)

The same kind of thinking that you demonstrated in the laundry example, the burglar example, and the El Paso example, is what led to the death of Amadou Diallo.

Features of an Embodied Approach

• Designed to create uncomfortable feelings that then prompt the student to think

• Gave specific examples first (beauty pageant contestant, laundry, burglars, el paso, amadou diallo) before presenting general principles (definition of schemas & advantages and disadvantages of schemas)

• The specific examples were concrete and then led to the more abstract question: “How should we use schemas?”