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A Case Study on Bangladesh Railway
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Transcript of A Case Study on Bangladesh Railway
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Assignment On
Long term Planning Problem in Public Sector Of Bangladesh
(A case study on Bangladesh Railway)
Course code: ACTCourse Title: Managerial Accounting
Submitted toMr. Iehit Sharma
LectureDepartment of Business Administration
Leading University
Submitted by
Name IDFaglul Karim Raihan 1001010142Md.Ahadujjaman 1001010131Gulam Sarwar 1001010060Ashfaqur Rahman 1001010141Adbul Aziz 1001010127
Sec-C, 24th batch
Department of Business AdministrationLeading University, Sylhet
Date of Submission: March 6, 2012
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Table of Contents
Serial No Content Name Page No
1 Introduction
1.1 Background 1-2
1.2 Objectives of the Study 2
1.3 Scope of the Study 2
1.4 Limitations of the Study 2
1.5 Methodology of the Study 3
2 Operational Definitions 3-4
3 Bangladesh Railway at a glance
4-5
4 Few Long-Term Plans of government for Railways sector
5-7
5 Problens of Long Term Planning
7-9
6 Recommendation 10
7 References 10
Acknowledgement
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First of all we pay a special thanks to our almighty God, who made us able to complete this
assignment. Then I would like to give thanks to Renowned Philanthropist Mr.Ragib Ali as he
established Leading University and we got this opportunity to read here. After wards, we would
like to express our heartfelt gratitude to Prof. Dr. Mr. Bashir Ahmed Bhuiyan, Head of the
Department of Business Administration, Leading University-Sylhet.
We would like to thanks our course instructor Mr. Iehit Sharma, respected lecturer of Leading
University for giving us this chance to make a assignment on “Marketing plan”. Our thanks also
goes to our family members and friends who are co-operated with us at any of the steps of the
assignment and continuously support us without any hesitation and make themselves an
important part of this job
1. Introduction 1.1 Background:
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Exercise aimed at formulating a long-term plan, to meet future needs estimated usually by
extrapolation of present or known needs. It begins with the current status and charts out a path to
the projected status, and generally includes short-term (operational or tactical plans) for
achieving interim goals. Planning is also very much important for government sector. Railway is
one of important government sector. Railway organizations worldwide have traditionally
evolved as vertically integrated transport operating enterprises under public ownership and
control. To the extent that they have been sheltered from competition by government regulatory
controls, they have been able to grow to dominant positions in the domestic transportation
activity of many countries, both within and outside of the Asia-Pacific region.
Bangladesh Railway at present has got 2855 route kilometers. It required sustained efforts for
over a century to build the network .The story dates back to 1862, when the first section of 53.11
kilometers of board gauge line was opened for traffic on 15th November that year between
Darsana and Jagati. The next railway connection opened to traffic was between Dhaka and
Narayangonj, a distance of 14.98 kilometers on 4th January 1885. Then gradually, these rail lines
were extended and new sections constructed to cover more areas. In 1891, the construction of
then Assam-Bengal Railway was taken up with British Government assistance but that was later
on taken over by the Assam-Bengal Railway Company.On 1st July 1895, two sections of meter
gauge lines were opened between Chittagong and Comilla, a length of 149.89 kilometers and
between Laksam and Cahndpur, a length of 50.89 kilometers.
Railway Companies formed in England took up the construction and operation of these sections
in middle and late 19th century. Their primary objective was to operate these sections purely
commercial considerations. But later on when various sections were liked up, the British
Government of India found them very important for their strategic, political and economic points
of views and therefore, the Government also came in the picture with statutory control and
regulations for operation and management of the Railway.
On 1st January 1942, the Assam –Bengal Railway was amalgamated with the Eastern Bengal
Railway under the name “Bengal and Assam Railway .At time of the partition of India in 1947,
Bengal-Assam Railway was split up and the portion of the system, about 2,603.92 kilometers
long which fell within the boundary of erstwhile East Pakistan was named as Eastern Bengal
Railway, the control remaining with the central Government of Pakistan Later with the effect
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from 1st February 1961, Eastern Bengal Railway was renamed as Pakistan Railway. Then in the
year 1962, the control of Pakistan Eastern Railway was transferred from the Central Government
to the Government of then East Pakistan and placed under the management of a Railway Board
with the effect from the financial year 1962-63 by the presidential Order of 9th June 1962.
At the end of 1996-97, Bangladesh Railway had a total of 459 numbers of stations, 241 in
Eastern Zone and 218 in the Western Zone, spread over 2768 route kilometers of tracks
consisting of two gauges ,viz, Broad Gauge (1676mm) of 914kilometers in the Western Zone
only and Meter Gauge (1000mm) of 1296 kilometers and 558 kilometers on the East Zone and
the west Zone respectively. In 1996-97, it owned a fleet of 284 locomotives, 1,245 passengers
carriages, 152 other coaching vehicle and 1,2948 units of freight wagons, but effectively
availability for services was much less.
1.2 Objectives of the Study The specific objective of this study is to address various long term planning issues of Bangladesh
Railway. The broad objectives are to analyze and indentify the problems in long term planning in
public sector of Bangladesh.
1.3 Scope of the Study
The scope of the study is limited to the issues related to the long term planning program study of
Bangladesh Railway. The report will focus only on the long term planning Bangladesh Railway
with an emphasis of bangladesh Railway as a government sector.
1.4 Limitations of the Study Due to time constraints, the study has been conducted only on long term planning issues of
Bangladesh Railway based on secondary information. A macroscopic analysis (aggregate
analysis) has been made here for the unavailability of appropriate data in some cases. To prepare
this assignment we have faced a lot of problems such as unavailability of lab, electricity
problem, unavailability of related books, lack of time, unavailability of information in net etc.For
more accurate analysis, further detail studies are required.
1.5 Methodology of the Study
1.5.1 Type of Study
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The study is mainly a qualitative research, which involves analyzing of some important
information of railway transportation and long term planning effect of Bangladesh Railway and
finally suggesting some recommendation for Bangladesh Railway to remove problem in long
term planning.
1.5.2 Source of Data
The information used in this assignment is based on secondary source, which is mainly collected
from Bangladesh Railway, Planning Commission, Ministry of Communication, Bangladesh
Bureau of Statistics and Internet. Some other statistical data are collected from different
published booklets and transport journals.
2. Operational Definitions:
Planning: A scheme, program, or method worked out beforehand for the accomplishment of an
objective. Planning in organizations and public policy is both the organizational process of
creating and maintaining a plan; and the psychological process of thinking about the activities
required to create a desired goal on some scale. As such, it is a fundamental property of
intelligent behavior. This thought process is essential to the creation and refinement of a plan, or
integration of it with other plans, that is, it combines forecasting of developments with the
preparation of scenarios of how to react to them. An important, albeit often ignored aspect of
planning, is the relationship it holds with forecasting. Forecasting can be described as predicting
what the future will look like, whereas planning predicts what the future should look like.
The term is also used for describing the formal procedures used in such an endeavor, such as the
creation of documents, diagrams, or meetings to discuss the important issues to be addressed, the
objectives to be met, and the strategy to be followed. Beyond this, planning has a different
meaning depending on the political or economic context in which it is used.
Two attitudes to planning need to be held in tension: on the one hand we need to be prepared for
what may lie ahead, which may mean contingencies and flexible processes. On the other hand,
our future is shaped by consequences of our own planning and actions.
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Long Term Planning: In general, a plan with a planning horizon of five years or more. Also
called long Range plan.
Government Sector: The part of the economy concerned with providing basic government
services. The composition of the Government sector varies by country, but in most countries the
government sector includes such services as the police, military, public roads, public transit,
primary education and healthcare for the poor. The government sector might provide services
that non-payer cannot be excluded from (such as street lighting), services which benefit all of
society rather than just the individual who uses the service (such as public education), and
services that encourage equal opportunity.
3. Bangladesh Railway at a glance
Bangladesh railway, covering a length of 2854.96 route kilometers, managed by about 34,168
regular staffs, is the Government-owned and Government-managed largest transportation agency
of the country. Due to truncation from the main system of the then British India rail network, BR
is handicapped to serve the country effectively and efficiently without proper re-orientation and
development. Since the birth of Bangladesh in 1971, instead of constructing new railway lines,
some of the branch line railway sections were declared redundant and subsequently closed and
no proper attention to maintain the existing assets was being given.
Since its journey on November 15, 1862, BR has passed a glorious past. The historical events of
Bangladesh Railway are briefly presented at the end of this report (in appendix: A-1). As railway
is a very important mode of inland transport, linking the entire length and breadth of the country,
it’s healthy grow naturally contributes to the economic development of the country.
Bangladesh Railway covers 44 civil districts of the country. The rail-route is composed of MG &
DG (with a combination of DG in some sections) tracks. East Zone has 1,302 route kilometers of
MG track only and West Zone has 533 route kilometers of MG, 660 route kilometers of BG and
365 route kilometers of DG track. The total length of running track including track on double
line, in the yards and sidings is 4,442.95 kilometers. The railway network is shown in figure A-1
in the appendix.
Presently, Railway is under the Ministry of Communication and entrusted with Director General
(DG) drawn from the Railway professionals. It is bifurcated into two zones, East & West, under
the administrative control of two General Managers, who are responsible accountable to the DG
of BR.
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For policy guidance, a 9(nine) member Bangladesh Railway Authority (BRA) has been formed
with the Minster of Communications as its Chairman. The Director General is assisted by in
Additional Director General and second Joint Directors Generals. The General Managers of the
two zones are assisted by various specialized departments who are responsible for operation,
maintenance and financial management. Each zone is again divided in two divisions, which form
the basic unit of operation. The schematic organogram of BR is shown in the appendix (A-2).
The net operating revenue without considering the effect of PSO and Welfare Grant of BR for
the year 2003-04 amounted to Tk. 2,452.36 million (Tk. 1,418.27 million considering the effect
of PSO and Welfare Grant). The operating ratio was 128.5% in 2003-04 considering the effect of
PSO and Welfare Grant.
4. Few Long-Term Plans of government for Railways sector:
4.1. Bangladesh Metro Rail Project
From the time the British introduced railway transportation in the subcontinent, trains have been
a cheap, mostly safe and fairly rapid means of transportation. Different environmental
organizations on demanded concerted and long-term plans with adequate budgetary allocations
for making railways the safe, cost-effective and environment-friendly mode of transport. They
appreciated the government decision for making Bangladesh Railway a separate ministry and
said it is the first step towards converting the railways the main mode of transport. The
environmentalists were addressing a joint rally in front of National Press Club.
For quite some time, the country’s railways did not see any development due to government’s
negligence and the prescription of credit-providing agencies. As such, making the Bangladesh
Railway a separate ministry is an important initiative towards the expansion of the railway
network and improving technically the locomotives and the train carriages. There must now be
well-thought out plans and concerted efforts to make the sector vibrant. The country’s railways
and river routes have been neglected while the roads and highways in the country were being
developed for superior road communication .It is now time that cheaper and safer travel on trains
which can be made environment–friendly is organs for our citizens, and also the daily
commuters. The railway ministry will require adequate budgetary allocations as it has emerged
as an independent ministry. Despite limitations, trains are increasingly getting popular in the
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country as a relatively safer and cheaper alternative. Passengers prefer train journey due to
distressful and costlier bus services and above all, there is more risk in bus journey than in trains.
Frequent road crashes and growing traffic jams on roads and highways have virtually shifted the
passengers towards railway and people are eagerly looking forward to train travel. Moreover
trains are less damaging to the environment as modern locomotives emit less carbon. This is
another strong point in favour of expansion of railways. Also in the near future metro-rail and
electric train services in the country and within Dhaka and other cite will be emission-free and
fast, safe and cheap means of travel.
4.2 E-tickets System:
Bangladesh Railway is going to launch electronic ticketing service to ease the sufferings of
passengers. Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina on April 2, 2010 unveiled the service at the Railway
stall in the Digital Innovation Fair at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Novo Theatre in the
capital. Using Grameenphone's "Mobitaka" service, rail passengers will be able to book or
purchase electronic railway tickets 10 days prior to their travel using mobile phones. To buy an
e-ticket a customer will have to press *133# in his mobile phone and enter a menu.
4.3 Dhaka seeks train to Delhi:
Bangladesh wants the Dhaka-Calcutta train service to be extended to other Indian cities,
including Delhi and Ajmer, and has stressed that Mamata Banerjee had been keen on the plan
as railway minister.India and Bangladesh to agree to at least two more cities which will be
connected by rail. Right now, it’s just a Calcutta-Dhaka service, a service which connects
Bangladesh with India, With the Dhaka-Calcutta service already in place, India is now working
to link Bangladesh with neighboring Tripura. The long-term plan is to start trains from
Bangladesh to various destinations in India, including New Delhi and the Sufi pilgrim town of
Ajmer. The train plan is part of a larger sub-regional pact Dhaka wants to sign for better road
and rail connectivity, power grid and water-sharing with India, Nepal and Bhutan. It has been
flagged as “the key issue” in Prime Minister Singh’s planned talks There is rethinking on the
whole paradigm of regional co-operation which will encompass India, Bangladesh, Nepal,
Bhutan and the eastern parts of south Asia.
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5. Problens of Long Term Planning
5.1 Lack of Coordination:
Bangladesh railway is a large organization comprising of two zones- East & West, divided by
the river Jamuna, under the administrative control of two GMs who are accountable to DG. Each
zone is further divided into a numbers of divisions under the control of Divisional Railway
Managers (DRMs) in association of different Departmental Heads & subordinates. This large
Amalgamation frequently creates Coordination problem In the railway services, the Railway
cadre is composed of two BCS cadres: BCS (Railway Engineering) and BCS (Transportation &
Commercial). The Engineering Cadres are composed of 5 sub-cadres: Civil, Mechanical, Signal
& Telecom, Electrical and Stores. All day-to-day operation and maintenance of BR are
performed as a concerted effort of these different Departments. Besides, a strong Audit &
Accounts Department (BCS Audit and Accounts Cadre) is responsible for keeping railway
accounts. Moreover, RNB (Railway Nirapapatta Bahini) in addition of Railway Police, Medical
Department etc. are to help in BR’s operation. Due to the combination of large number of
departments, there is always a possibility of internal clash on different issues.
5.2 Managerial Problems:
Bangladesh Railway management system is under experiment for a long time. Till June 2, 1982,
the management and development of railway was vested with a Railway Board, comprising of a
Chairman and four members. But, for administrative convenience and operational reason the
Railway Board was abolished with effect from June 3, 1982 and the function of the Railway
Board was vested with the Railway Division of the Ministry of Communications with the
Secretary of the Division working of as the Director General of Bangladesh Railway. For the
same purpose the Railway bifurcated into two zones, East & West, under the administrative
control of two General Managers (GMs), who are responsible/ accountable to the Director
General (DG) of Bangladesh Railway. Subsequently on August 12, 1995, Railway was separated
from the Ministry and entrusted with Director General drawn from the Railway professionals.
For policy guidance, a 9 (nine) member Bangladesh Railway Authority (BRA) was formed with
the Minster of Communications as its Chairman. The Director General is assisted by in
Additional Director Generals and second Joint Directors Generals. Frankly speaking, the DG
holds little control over different activities especially related to planning & policy formulation.
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This creates operational as well as planning and development problems. For this reason,
restructuring of BR i.e. organizational reform is very much necessary to develop efficient and
active management system.
5.3 Lack of Govt. Attention:
Bangladesh Railway is a neglected sector for a long period. No Government of Bangladesh has
patronized this thrust sector properly for unknown reasons. Road infrastructure has developed
tremendously for huge invest during the last decades. On the other hand, negligible allocation of
resources to rail sector compared to roads has led to paralyze the rail transportation system of the
country year after year. No remarkable project/program has been taken to develop and strengthen
the railway network; on the contrary, existing railway infrastructures cannot be properly
maintained due to lack of resource. As a result, railways are always at a disadvantage compared
to road transport.
5.4 Lack of Modernization & Development:
The expansion of BR has been blocked since 1947. Only 80 kms rail line has been constructed
for last 50 years. On the other hand, more than 1200 kms rail lines are under risk for operation
due to lack of proper maintenance and attention which is mainly for insufficient fund allocation.
As a result, derailment has become common. This has adverse impact on the efficiency and
reliability of railway services. On of the major problems, presently faced by the Bangladesh
Railways is a serious shortage of locomotives and route capacity. Far from having insufficient
traffic on its trunk routes, the BR suffers an excess of traffic in relation to the capacity of these
routes. Operating priority on these routes is given to passenger trains, and freight trains incur
major delays and frequent cancellations as a result. Although huge development budget has been
allocated for Communication sector especially for roads & highways sector, little attention has
been given to rail sector. Thus BR was forced to face the uneven competition with other modes
of transport. So it is a challenge for BR to eliminate the inherited structural and physical
weakness of Bangladesh Railway.
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6. Recommendation
1. Bangladesh Railway should commercialise some of the service operations and introduce a new
market-based pricing system. Its routes and services need to be integrated with other surface
modes to make the railway more attractive to the users.
2. The on-going reforms and reorganization of BR should be completed for transforming the
organization into a corporate entity. Infrastructure and operation need to be segregated and both
operated on commercial principles. Whatever reform has been achieved so far should be
consolidated by bringing the changes under the legal coverage.
3. Bangladesh railway should provide the backbone of intercity, intra-city passenger transit and
commuter service. Further areas of railway operations should be opened up to private sector
involvement.
4. Dualization of railway should be extended from Dhaka to Chittagong to facilitate regional
integration, and provide uninterrupted broad guage rail service from Rauxal (in Nepal) to
Chittagong in Bangladesh. In addition, there is a need to standardize coupling and braking
system, as these restrict operating speeds for Indian trains hauling Bangladeshi wagons.
7. References:
www.Google.com
WWW.Wikipedia.Com
WWW.oppapers.com
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