1

Organisation of Rail Transport:A Case Study in Lombardy

Workshop: Infrastructure Planning and Design(Urbanistica - Politecnico di Milano)

Milano, 24.11.2011

(*) DiAP, Dipartimento Architettura e Pianificazione, Politecnico di Milano

Giorgio Stagniin co-operation with Paolo Beria (*)

Lesson 2. Timetables and Passengers

Table of Contents

• LESSON 1. Railways in Lombardy

– Railway: Subjects and Contracts

– Implementing a Master Plan: Hardware and Software

– S-Bahn & Regional Lines in Lombardy

• LESSON 2. Timetables and Passengers

– Our Tools: Timetables and Charts

– Designing the Timetable

– People on Trains: Some Examples

2

3

Our Tools: Timetables and Charts

� The tool used to regulate and define the services is the timetable.

� Graphical timetable is the representation of a train on a space(time) diagram.

Space

Time

Station B

Station A

9:00 10:00

The line is a train, departing at 9 and covering the space between A and B in 1h.

Graphical Timetable: Basic

German speaking people put Time on Y Axis and Space on X.

� Familiarising with timetables:

Space

Time

Station B

Station A

Graphical Timetable: Basic 2

Slower

Faster

Running in the opposite direction

Crossing(incrocio)Needs to be in a station on single-track lines

Passing(precedenza)

Minimum time gap(related with signals)

The capacity of a line depends (also) on the way the timetable is built.

Slow trains onlyFast trains only

Fast and slow trains together

The capacity of a line could be increased if timetable is homogeneous (all trains have the same speed).

But in real life it is necessary to find a compromise between faster and slower services!

Minimum headway between 2 trains

time

space

time

space

time

space

Timetabling and Line Capacity

“Focused” timetable

“Charter strategy”

Train circulates only if (considered) profitable.

The train is located in the timetable in order to maximise the highest potential demand.

The train is dimensioned according to the foreseen demand.

Minor or secondary traffic flows are left unserved or served by other transport means.

Traditional Timetable

Melegnano - 23/10/2009(verso S. Giuliano Mil.)

.05.02 .29

.00 .08 .25 .36 .53.26

.18.34

.15.37

.14

.14

.41.39

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An effective representation of departures from a

station!

Peak hour trips

Regular interval timetable

Global approach to mobility (including other modes)

Timetable built to grant the constant availability of service:

� Departures at regular intervals� Constant pattern of appointments

at specific nodal pointsThe financial sustainability must look at the whole network and not to single trains (that can be losing).The benefit for the user of having “always”a train is greater than the cost of having some trains more empty!

Regular Interval Timetable

Melegnano - 24/10/2011(verso S. Giuliano Mil.)

.09 .39

.09 .39

.09 .39

.09 .39.05 .39

.09 .39

.09 .39

.09 .39

.09 .39

.09 .39

.09 .39

.09 .39

.09 .39

.09 .39

.09 .39

.09 .35.35.35

56

78

910

1112131415161718192021222324

R D/IR S IC/EC ES ENSame station,

the next year :)

Why is regular timetabling important, especially in local transport services?

� Allows the creation of a hierarchic network (train – bus –urban)

� Introduces mono- and multi-modal transport nodes

� Allows the passenger to arrive at any time to the initial stop, avoiding the use of timetables also when using more lines.

Increases the quality of the trip

Reduces the perceived cost

Increases number of users on the network

Influences the housing choices in peripheral areas

Regular Interval Timetable: Why?

The symmetry is, jointly with regularity, one of the main properties of “modern” rail timetables

� The use of regular timetables implies the definition of symmetry axes

� The symmetry axis identifies the basic grid on which the whole timetable is built

� The symmetry axis is chosen according to commercial evaluations

� The preferred axis is 00 – 30: if the train leaves at minute x, the corresponding one arrives at the same station at minute 60 – x

� The customer can easily memorise the timetable in one direction and calculate it for the other one.

Symmetrical Timetable

50 10

00

30

Station A

If the train from A to B leaves at minute 10, the corresponding train from B to A arrives at minute 50 (symmetry around minutes 00 – 30)

With a 00 – 30 symmetry and 1h headway, trains always make a crossing at minutes 00 and 30

Symmetry Axis

Symmetrical Timetable and Nodes

With a 30’ headway two other stations become nodes, in this case at minutes 15 – 45 (because there is a crossing every 15 minutes)

Timetable planning should put nodes where it is possible to make connections: main stations, branch stations, stations with bus terminus and so on.

50

07

00

30

Station C

0555

53

10

DirectionB – D

Direction D – B

E

DBC

It is important that all the services are based on the same symmetry axis. Otherwise only mono-directional appointments are possible.

Example (same symmetry):

� Line B – D: Intercity train

� Line C – E: regional train

� We can go from B to E and from E to B

Symmetrical Timetable in Nodes

DirectionC – E

DirectionE – C

58

7

00

30

Station C

0555

53

10

Direction D – B

E

DB

Asymmetrical Timetable: a Connection is Missing

� Line B – D train IC

� Line C – E train R

� We can go from B to E

� We CAN’T go from E to B

(the Regional trains arrives “too late”)

If, for example, the Regional service is designed with another symmetry axis, connection works only in one direction.

DirectionC – E

DirectionE – C

DirectionB – D

C

Regular timetabling together with symmetry allows the creation of networksystems at a regional scale (or even national)

� Application of the hub&spoke model also to railways

Symmetrical Timetable: the Network

16

Designing the Timetable

17

The Easiest Way

FOGGIA - 23/11/2011(verso Amendola)

.36.47

.56

.12.33

.42.51

.01.10

.18.26

5678

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R D/IR S IC/EC ES EN

mercoledì 23/11/2011

FOGGIA

Amendola

Frattarolo

SipontoManfredonia

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21R

8314

8315

8316

8317

8318

8319

8322

8323

8324

8325

8326

8327

8328

8329

8330

8331

8332

8333

8334

8335

8337

Line Foggia-Manfredonia• A single train is going to and from

Manfredonia, with a stop of few minutes in each terminus

• Highest efficiency in using rolling stock• Worst case for users: cannot guarantee a

standard frequency, except lucky case in which travelling time is just a bit lower than 30 (or 60) minutes (this is not the case!)

Departure time “looses”about 10 minutes per trip

mercoledì 23/11/2011

MI.S.CRISTOFORO

MI Romolo

MI.P.TA ROMANA

MILANO LAMBRATEMI.P.GARIBALDI MILANO CENTRALE

MI.GRECO PIRELLI

SESTO S.GIOVANNI

MONZA

Lissone-Muggio`

Desio

SEREGNO

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

R

5293

5372

5383

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117

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147

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153

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155

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175

18

The Best Way (in Our Opinion)

Line S9 Milano S.Cristoforo-Seregno• Constant frequency of 30’ for the whole day• Good efficiency in using rolling stock• Best case for users. • Peak hours can be managed using double

compositions (easy with EMUs, more complex with Loco+Coaches)

Milano Romolo - 23/11/2011(verso MI.S.CRISTOFORO)

.24

.24 .54

.24 .54

.24 .54

.24 .54

.24 .54

.24 .54

.24 .54

.24 .54

.24 .54

.24 .54

.24 .54

.24 .54

.24 .54

.24 .54

.24 .54

56789

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martedì 23/11/2010

MI.P.GARIBALDIMI.GRECO PIRELLIMILANO CENTRALEMILANO LAMBRATE

SegratePIOLTELLO LIM.Vignate

MelzoTrecellaCassano d`Adda

TREVIGLIOVidalengo

Morengo BarianoRomano

Calcio

ChiariROVATO

Ospitaletto T.

BRESCIA

Rezzato

Ponte S.Marco

LonatoDesenzano

Peschiera d.GardCastelnuovo D.G.

SOMMACAMPAGNA

VERONA P.NUOVA

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

IC/EC

37

42 89

93

EN

220

221

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2087

2088

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2108

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2669

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4929

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4933

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9700

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19

A Complex World (Main Line)

Line Milan-Verona• Eurostarcity Milan-Venice, Interregio Milan-Verona,

local traffic Brescia-Rovato (to Bergamo) andBrescia-Milano must share the same tracks

• Although “out of structure” trains still exist, a good structure is important to standardise traffic (useful for both users and operators!)

• In suburban area (Treviglio-Milan) 4 tracks are required to have also S Lines (S5-S6)

BRESCIA - 22/11/2011(verso Biv. Mella)

.03 .24 .44.00 .08 .15 .42 .50 .56

.07 .46.00 .44.00.00

.53.00 .44.00 .44.00 .44.00 .44.00 .44.00 .31 .44.00 .53.00.00 .44

.27

.27 .42

.27

.27

.49.27.27.27.27.27.27.27.27.27

.18 .27

.09

.17

.33.09 .39.09 .39.09 .39

.39.09 .39

.39

.39

.39.09

.39.09 .39.09 .39

.39.06

5678

9101112131415161718

192021222324

R D/IR S IC/EC ES EN

Closed for maintenance!

20

People on Trains: Some Examples

1981: “Prehistoric” Timetables even on Main Lines

Milan-Rome:• Three Trans Europ Express (around 6h),

each one with its own name:– “Settebello” (ETR.300)– “Vesuvio” (to Naples)– “Ambrosiano”

• One Rapido to Naples• Two Rapido on partial route

Bologna/Florence-RomeThats all!

Increasing the number of trains per day (and thus the number of seats) is a good measure of "progress" in railway, even more than increasing speed and performances.

1985: a New Era in Italian Timetables

The first “really new” timetable in FS history: a structured service in North-West Italy.

Every 2 hours:• Intercity Turin-Milan (1h35)• Direct train Turin-Milan (1h47)• Intercity Milan-Venice (2h45)• Direct train Milan-Venice (3h)• Intercity Milan-Genoa• Express train Milan-Ventimiglia• Direct train Genoa-Ventimiglia

Stazione di MILANO CENTRALEDirezione: ROMA (AV)

.00 .10

.00

.00

.00

.00

.15

.00 .15

.00

.15

.15

.15

.15

.15

.15

.15

.15

.15

.00 .15

.00

.15

.00 .30

.45

.00

.00 .30

.00

.00

.00

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

Milan-Rome, from Intercity to Frecciarossa

Non StopMilan-Rome

Stops in Bologna-Florence

Today (2011)The Frecciarossa system: 32 connections Milan-Rome:

• 17 non stop (3h)• 15 with stops (3h30)

Yesterday (1987)The Intercity system: 9 connections Milan-Rome in 5h10

People on Board (another use of timetable charts)

Line Milan-Molteno-Lecco (S7)• Thickness represents the number of passengers in each section

Students going to Lecco and coming back at noon

LECCO

Valmadrera

CivateSala al Barro

Oggiono

MOLTENO

Costa Masnaga

Cassago-N.-B.

Renate-Veduggio

Besana

Villa Raverio

Carate-Calò

Triuggio-P.A.

Macherio-C.Biassono-Lesmo Parco

Buttafava

Villasanta

Monza SobborghiMONZA

SESTO S.GIOVANNI

MILANO GRECO PIRELLI

MILANO P.GARIBALDIMILANO LAMBRATE

mar11 R A

5121

5123

5125

5129

5131

5133

5135

5137

5139

5141

5143

5145

5147

5149

5151

5153

5155

5157

5159

5161

mar11 R R

5122

5124

5126

5128

5130

5132

5134

5136

5138

5140

5142

5144

5146

5148

5150

5152

5154

5156

5158

5160

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

200 100 50 25

Workers to/from Milan

Schools in Villa Raverio and Oggiono

University service fromMilan Garibaldi to Greco

People on Board: Getting On and Off the Train

Line Milan-Molteno-Lecco• Areas of the circles represent passengers getting on and off the train

LECCO

Valmadrera

CivateSala al Barro

Oggiono

MOLTENO

Costa Masnaga

Cassago-N.-B.

Renate-Veduggio

Besana

Villa Raverio

Carate-Calò

Triuggio-P.A.

Macherio-C.Biassono-Lesmo Parco

Buttafava

Villasanta

Monza SobborghiMONZA

SESTO S.GIOVANNI

MILANO GRECO PIRELLI

MILANO P.GARIBALDIMILANO LAMBRATE

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

100 50 25 12,5SALITIDISCESI

People on Board: S Lines

Line S5 Varese-Treviglio travelling along the Passante (every 30 minutes from 6 to midnight)In section Rho-Passante-Pioltello(-Treviglio peak only), frequency is 15 minutes thanks to overlapping with S6

• In peak hours trains are crowded in both directions (Passante effect)• The performance is very good along the whole day

VARESE

Gazzada Schian.M

CastronnoAlbizzate S.A.

Cavaria Oggiona

GALLARATE

Busto Arsizio

LegnanoCanegrateParabiago

Vanzago Pogliano

RHO

Rho Fiera Milano

MILANO CERTOSAMi VillapizzoneMI LANCETTIMi P.Gar.Sott.Mi RepubblicaMi. P. Venezia

Milano DateoMI. P. VITTORIA

SegratePIOLTELLO LIM.

Vignate

MelzoPozzuolo M.

TrecellaCassano d`Adda

TREVIGLIO

mar11 A

2300

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5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

400 200 100 50

1065

0

1065

210

654

1065

6

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1

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9

1072

1

MILANO CADORNA

Milano Domodossola

MILANO P.VITTORIA

Milano Dateo

Mi VeneziaMi Repubblica

MILANO P.G. PASS.

Mi Lancetti

LANO NORD BOVISA

Quarto Oggiaro

Novate Milanese

Bollate Centro

Bollate Nord

Serenella

Garbagnate Milanese

CesateCaronno Pertusella

Saronno Sud

Saronno

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

200 100 50 25SALITIDISCESI

Getting On and Off the Train: S Line

Line S1+S3 Milano-Saronno, frequency of 15 minutes all day• Peaks are relevant, but there are passengers along the whole day

Morning peak: people mainly getting on towards Milan

Afternoon & evening peak: people getting off from Milan

People on Board: Interregio Traffic

Line Turin-Milan, an Interregio every hour. Stops every 15’ in each node (Chivasso, Santhià, Vercelli, Novara, Magenta, Rho):

• Excellent performance from early morning to late evening!

Novara-Milan: Line S6 (especially crowded in peak hours)

MILANO P.VITTORIAMilano DateoMi VeneziaMi RepubblicaMilano P.GaribaldiMILANO P.G. PASS.Mi LancettiMi Villapizzone

MILANO CENTRALE

MILANO CERTOSARho Fiera Milano

RHO

Vittuone ArlunoCorbetta S.Stef.

Magenta

Trecate

NOVARA

Ponzana

Borgo VercelliVERCELLI

OlcenengoS. Germano Verc.

SANTHIA`Tronzano

Bianze`Livorno Ferraris

S. Ant. di Sal.SaluggiaTorrazza

CastelrossoCHIVASSO

Brandizzo

SETTIMOTorino Stura

TORINO DORATORINO P. SUSA.TORINO P.NUOVA

feb10 D A

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

2020

2022

2024

2026

2028

2040

2070

1014

4

feb10 D R

2001

2003

2005

2007

2009

2011

2013

2015

2017

2019

2021

2023

2025

2027

2071

feb10 R A

1049

2

feb10 R R

1007

9

feb10 S A

1065

0

1065

2

1065

4

1065

6

1065

8

1066

0

1066

2

1066

4

1066

6

1066

8

1067

0

1067

2

1067

4

1067

6

1067

8

1068

0

1068

2

1068

4

1068

6

1068

8

1069

0

1069

2

1069

4

1069

6

1069

8

1070

0

1070

2

1070

4

1070

6

1070

8

feb10 S R

1065

1

1065

3

1065

5

1065

7

1065

9

1066

1

1066

3

1066

5

1066

7

1066

910

671

1067

3

1067

5

1067

7

1067

9

1068

1

1068

3

1068

5

1068

7

1068

9

1069

1

1069

3

1069

5

1069

7

1069

9

1070

1

1070

3

1070

5

1070

7

1070

9

1071

1

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

400 200 100 50

People on board: non structured lines

Line Pavia-Alessandria (diesel railcars)• Non structured timetable. Mainly for students (see passengers from

Pavia between 13 and 14). It’s difficult to reach outstanding performances.

ALESSANDRIA

Valmadonna

VALENZA

TORREBERETTI

Castellaro

Mede

Lomello

Ferrera Lomell.

Sannazzaro

Pieve Albignola

Zinasco Nuovo

Sairano ZinascoSairano

CAVA CARBONARA

PAVIA

mar11 R A

1036

0

1036

2

1036

4

1036

8

4730

4732

4734

4742

4744

4746

mar11 R R

1036

1

1036

3

1036

5

1036

7

4731

4733

4739

4743

4745

4749

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

200 100 50 25

People on Board: Structuring the Service - Before

Line Milan-Chiasso, November 2003• The line has international long distance traffic (Gotthard) but regional

service is not structured.

CHIASSO

COMO S.GIOVANNI

ALBATE-CAMERLATA

Cucciago

Cantu`-Cermenate

Carimate

Camnago-Lentate

SEREGNO

DesioLissone-Muggio`

MONZA

SESTO S.GIOVANNI

MI.GRECO PIRELLI

MI.P.GARIBALDIMILANO CENTRALEMILANO LAMBRATE

MI.P.TA ROMANA

MI Romolo

MI.S.CRISTOFORO

nov03 A

2572

25801078

6

1079

0

1079

2

1079

4

1079

6

1079

8

1080

0

1080

2

1080

4

1080

6

1080

8

1081

0

1081

2

1081

4

1082

0

1082

2

1082

4

2312

2

2313

0

nov03 R

2561

2573

2581

2583

1078

9

1079

1

1079

3

1079

510

797

1079

9

1080

1

1080

3

1080

5

1080

7

1080

9

1081

1

1081

3

1081

5

1081

7

1082

1

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

400 200 100 50

• Trains only in peak hours. Absolutely nothing in mid morning. Mainly addressed to “traditional” commuters

• It’s difficult to increase passengers

People on Board: Structuring the Service - After

Line Milan-Chiasso, today (March 2011)

CHIASSO

COMO S.GIOVANNI

ALBATE-CAMERLATA

Cucciago

Cantu`-Cermenate

Carimate

Camnago-Lentate

SEREGNO

DesioLissone-Muggio`

MONZA

SESTO S.GIOVANNI

MI.GRECO PIRELLI

MI.P.GARIBALDIMILANO CENTRALEMILANO LAMBRATE

MI.P.TA ROMANA

MI Romolo

MI.S.CRISTOFORO

mar11 S A

1083

2

1083

4

1083

6

1083

8

1084

010

842

1084

4

1084

6

1084

8

1085

0

1085

2

1085

4

1085

6

1085

8

1086

0

1086

2

1086

6

1086

8

1087

010

872

1087

4

1087

6

1087

8

1088

0

1088

2

2410

0

2410

2

2410

4

2410

6

2410

8

2411

0

2411

2

2411

4

2411

6

2411

8

2412

0

2412

2

2412

4

2412

6

2412

8

2413

0

2413

2

2413

4

2413

6

2413

8

2414

0

2414

2

2414

4

2414

6

2414

8

2415

0

2415

2

2415

4

mar11 S R

1083

5

1083

7

1083

9

1084

1

1084

3

1084

510

847

1084

910

851

1085

3

1085

5

1085

7

1085

9

1086

1

1086

3

1086

5

1086

7

1086

9

1087

1

1087

3

1087

5

1087

7

1087

9

1088

1

1088

3

2410

1

2410

3

2410

5

2410

7

2410

9

2411

1

2411

3

2411

5

2411

7

2411

9

2412

1

2412

3

2412

5

2412

7

2412

9

2413

1

2413

3

2413

5

2413

7

2413

9

2414

1

2414

3

2414

5

2414

7

2414

9

2415

1

2415

3

2415

5

2685

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

400 200 100 50

• S9 Milan-Seregno every 30’ all day + S11 Milan-Chiasso every 60’off-peak / 30’ peak + Direct trains Milan-Chiasso-Bellinzona (CH)

• Excellent performance

Structuring the Service - Year after Year

Line Milan-Chiasso 2001-2010: • from 16000 to 39000 passengers per day = +145%

Total Passengers (weekday Mo-Fr)

16.6

38

15.5

44

16.5

70

18.6

77

21.1

87

23.7

68

26.0

48

36.3

37

39.1

39

39.1

43

1.34

2

4.80

6

5.07

1

7.29

9

8.07

9 13.4

70 18.2

57

16.4

67

05.000

10.00015.00020.00025.00030.00035.00040.00045.000

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Year

Pass

enge

rs p

er d

ay

MILANO-COMO-CHIASSO Of which: S9

Structuring the Service - Year after Year

Line Milan-Chiasso 2003-2011

No need to explain!

Desio - 24/11/2003(verso Lissone-Muggio`)

.15.01 .59

.17 .47.33 .58

.37

.03.01.01 .32

.04.00 .45

.43

.00 .57

56789

101112131415161718192021222324

R D/IR S IC/EC ES EN

Desio - 23/11/2005(verso Lissone-Muggio`)

.43

.43 .51.16 .31 .43 .55

.22 .39.00 .45

.51.48

.00 .44

.00 .44

.00 .41

.00 .39

.00 .51 .59.43 .54

.02 .43 .54.00 .51 .59

.43.41

.53.40

56789

101112131415161718192021222324

R D/IR S IC/EC ES ENDesio - 23/11/2007(verso Lissone-Muggio`)

.42

.42 .50.09 .16 .31 .42 .55

.25 .39 .55.45

.52.49 .55

.25 .42 .55.42 .55

.25 .42 .55

.25 .42 .55.50 .56

.42 .52.00 .28 .43 .54.00 .25 .51 .58

.42 .58.41

.53.39

56789

101112131415161718192021222324

R D/IR S IC/EC ES EN

Desio - 23/11/2009(verso Lissone-Muggio`)

.57.40 .57

.02 .10 .27 .40 .57.10 .27 .40 .57.10 .57

.57.40 .57

.10 .40 .57

.10 .40 .57

.10 .40 .57

.10 .40 .57

.10 .40 .57

.10 .40 .57

.10 .27 .40 .57

.10 .27 .40 .57

.10 .57.57.57.57

56789

101112131415161718192021222324

R D/IR S IC/EC ES EN

Desio - 23/11/2011(verso Lissone-Muggio`)

.56.39 .56

.02 .09 .26 .39 .56.09 .26 .39 .56.09 .26 .39 .56.09 .39 .56.09 .39 .56.09 .39 .56.09 .39 .56.09 .39 .56.09 .39 .56.09 .39 .56.09 .39 .56.09 .26 .39 .56.09 .26 .39 .56.09 .26 .39 .56

.26 .56

.26 .56.56

56789

101112131415161718192021222324

R D/IR S IC/EC ES EN

S9 S9S11 S11

S9 S9S11 S11

S9 S9

Train journey is related with number of stops

In 1987-2005, Direct trains connected Milan with Bologna, and had exceptionally good performance (number of passengers)In 2005, trains were limited to Milan-Parma journey. The number of passengers decreased dramatically.

• The more a train is direct (fewer stops), the more it requires a “minimum journey” to capture enough people

Saturday, 2005 winter time: Milan-Bologna

LANO CENTRALE LANO ROGOREDO

Lodi

ALPUSTERLENGOCODOGNO

PIACENZA

Fiorenzuola

FIDENZA

PARMA

REGGIO EMILIA

MODENA

BOLOGNA C.LE

gen05 45

2123

2125

2127

2129

2131

2133

2135

2137

2139

2141

2120

2122

2124

2126

2128

2130

2132

2134

2136

2138

gen06 45

2271

2273

2275

2277

2279

2281

2283

2285

2287

2289

2272

2274

2276

2278

2280

2282

2284

2286

2288

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

600 300 150 75

Saturday, 2006 winter time: Milan-Parma

MI.P.GENOVAMI.S.CRISTOFORO

Corsico

Trezzano S.N.

Gaggiano

Abbiategrasso

Vigevano

Parona Lomellina

MORTARA

ALESSANDRIA

D

4701

P

4702

4724

4727

1050

2

1050

3

1050

4

1050

5

1050

9

1051

3

1051

7

1051

8

1051

9

1052

1

1052

3

1052

4

1052

6

1052

8

1052

9

1053

0

1053

2

1053

5

1053

6

1053

8

1054

1

1054

610

549

1055

0

1055

6

1055

8

1055

9

1060

1

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

20 10 5 2.5

Delays (another use of timetable charts)

Line Milan-Mortara, June 2004, Sundays• Thickness represents the average delay (minutes)

Propagation of delay from one trip to the next!(with progressive increase of average delay)

Propagation of delay due to the crossing

36

Learning more:

www.miol.it/stagniweb

Thank you for your kind attention and... have a nice trip!