A Broken World (Europe: 1920s & 30s)

I. IntroII. Italy

A. MussoliniIII. Germany

A. Weimar Republic1. Inflation2. Hitler’s Rise

B. Dawes PlanC. Nazis in Power

1. Economics2. Anti-Semitism

Key Terms• Fascist Reforms• Beer Hall Putsch• Mein Kampf• New Economic Policy• Nuremberg Laws• Final Solution

Italy

• Journalist & reformer: Fascist Leader

• Chaos in Italy after WWI; he came to power

• Following a military coup, became Italy’s leader: 1922-43

Benito Mussolini

(1883-1945)

Black Shirts(Mussolini’s Personal Military Squad)

Fascist Propaganda

Mussolini’s headquarters in Rome; his face is larger than life (si = Italian for “yes”)

Once In Office…(“Buy Italian Campaign” shows Nationalism)

Fascist Reforms(1920s)

1. Lateran Pact-(between Pope & Mussolini) made Catholicism the state religion.

2. Broad system of public works projects (jobs).

3. All opposition was crushed.

4. Women were encouraged to have large families & discouraged from work outside the home.

Germany(1920-33)

Weimar Republic• Name of Germany’s government after WWI.• It was a republic (people could elect representatives)

but allowed for a Dictatorship in a crisis.• It was very unstable & unpopular (Versailles Treaty).

Germany’s Great Inflation(1920s)

• 1914: 4 Marks = $1 US• 1921: 65 Marks = $1 US• 9/1923: 9 million Marks = $1 US• 11/1923: 4 trillion Marks = $1 US

• Germany had to pay the cost of WWI.

The children show how it took 100,000 Marks to make $1 US when the picture was taken

Germany’s Great Inflation(1920s)

• Germany had to pay the cost of WWI.

• 1914: 4 Marks = $1 US

• 1921: 65 Marks = $1 US• 9/1923: 9 million Marks = $1 US• 11/1923: 4 trillion Marks = $1 US

Cycle: Reparations & Loans

• Germans struggled to make reparations payments• British & French struggled to repay loans to US • Solution: Dawes Plan

Dawes Plan(1924)

US Plan • US loaned about $2.6 billion to Germany• Germany paid about $2.4 billion in reparations to the British &

French• French & British repaid $2.4 billion in loans to US from WWI

US Stock Market Crash (1929) influences worldwide economic depression

Adolf Hitler’s Rise

• Born in Austria• Struggled as an artist• WWI gave him focus;

he was injured

(1889-1945)

Nazi Party

• While working for army he was hired to investigate radical groups

• Ended up joining Nazi Party• Party membership grew

TEMENDOUSLY

Beer Hall Putsch(1923)

• Hitler attempted to seize power• He failed & spent one year in prison

Mein Kampf(My Struggle)

1. Re-build German army

2. Re-unification of all German-speaking people

3. Living-space: Expand German territory in (eastern Europe)

4. Teutonic Race was master race

Hitler Assumes Power

• As economy worsened, Nazi party gained support

• In 1933 Hitler was named Chancellor

Nazi Election Poster

• An attack in February allowed Hitler to suspend civil liberties

Reichstag Fire, February 1933(Following this, Hitler was given dictatorial powers)

New Economic Policy(1930s)

1. MASSIVE Public Works programs; highway system, etc.

– 1932-6 million unemployed– 1934-2.7 million

unemployed

2. Social welfare programs provided aid to families

3. Massive build-up of German military

Hitler Opening Volkswagen Factory

Nuremberg Laws(1930s)

1. German-Jews were robbed of citizenship & were fired from government jobs.

2. Sex & marriage between Jews & non-Jews was outlawed.

Goal: Pass (Nuremburg) laws so Jews leave the country.

Sign: Do Not Buy From Jews

Anti-Semitism(A Jewish-owned business was bombed: 1938)

Hitler’s Final Solution

• Developed 12/7/41- extermination of all Jews

WWII & Holocaust (Links To Maus)

Maus Vol. I, page 82

The “Noose Tightens”• 1939: Concentrate Jews

Ghettos of Poland• 12/41: Final Solution is

developed = extermination of all Jews

Holocaust & Hitler’s “Final Solution”

• 6 million Jews; worldwide Jewish population of 15 million

• Other victims included: 3.7 million Soviets POWs; homosexuals, disabled, gypsies, & others

• 12,000/day at Auschwitz

Maus Vol. II, page 41

A Broken World (Europe: 1920s & 30s)

I. IntroII. Italy

A. MussoliniIII. Germany

A. Weimar Republic1. Inflation2. Hitler’s Rise

B. Dawes PlanC. Nazis in Power

1. Economics2. Anti-Semitism

Key Terms• Fascist Reforms• Beer Hall Putsch• Mein Kampf• New Economic Policy• Nuremberg Laws• Final Solution