A Brief Personal History with the Morphological and Behavioral Description of the Tigrosa grandis...

7/25/2019 A Brief Personal History with the Morphological and Behavioral Description of the Tigrosa grandis (Lycosidae)

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A brief personal history with the morphological and

behavioral description of the Tigrosa grandis

(Lycosidae)

Chao L. Wu

Student of Biological Sciences

Boston University

July, 2014 !dited Se"te#$er, 2014%

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&C'()WL!*+!!(-S

/ould first lie to than #y "arents for the ever continued su""ort of #y $iological research. (et, a

s"ecial a""reciation goes out to Laura, Lynette, andy, Bill and #any other #e#$ers of Bug+uide for

teaching #e ne/ "ers"ectives a$out the arthro"od /orld. Lie/ise, for the three /ho have

corres"onded /ith #e throughout #y "rocess, . Steinert, J. Cor$ett and J. Walters, give you #y

highest gratitude. &lso, a""reciate Boston Universitys $iology de"art#ent for allo/ing #e to use

their ad3usta$le dissecting sco"e, thus aiding #e in taing #y first "hotos of the Tigrosa grandis

e"igynu# and . Steinert for allo/ing #e to use the &u$urn Wash$urn #icrosco"es in hel"ing #e

tae #y first "hotos of the Tigrosa grandis"edi"al"s. inally, give #y highest regards to all #y

teachers, instructors and "rofessors, $oth "ast and "resent, in sha"ing #e to $eco#e /ho a# or /hat

could $eco#e.

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Abstract

Biological and #or"hological differences occur /ithin the genus, Tigrosa; ho/ever, #uch of

these have yet to $e studied. n this "a"er, so#e as"ects of one s"ecies, T. grandis /ill $e analy6ed,

$oth through a co#$ination of field and la$ research. irst, a $rief introduction and "ersonal history on

the research of Tigrosa grandis follo/ed $y a descri"tion of the #or"hological characteristics of

fe#ales and #ales of said s"ecies. (et are "ro"osed state#ents on $ehavioral and re"roductive

as"ects on the s"ecies, follo/ed in "art $y the s"ecific su""orting i#ages. ncluded, too, is an a$ru"t

#ention of the $urro/ing tendencies of this s"ecies. -hrough "ast sources and "ersonal o$servation,

also #inutely e"ress the Tigrosa grandis!lifes"an, uni7ue characteristics and "redation. n the end, the

#ain o$3ective is to $etter understand this "articular s"ecies $iological and, to an etent, ecological,

attri$utes.

Keywords8 Lycosidae, Tigrosa grandis, $ehavior, #or"hology, o$servation,"ognano#enclature

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Introduction

our s"ecies /ithin the genus,"ognaand one s"ecies /ithin the genus,Allocosa, /ere

retracted fro# their no#enclature to $e "laced in the ne/ genus, TigrosaBrady 2012%. )ne "articular

transferee /as the Tigrosa grandis. &side fro# Bradys descri"tion of the #or"hological

characteristics, along /ith Slo/i and Cushings 2009 "a"er on a "rior transfer fro# the genus,

#eoylcosa, relatively little is no/n of Tigrosa grandis. &t that "eriod in ti#e, fe/ confir#ed i#ages

of the Tigrosa grandiseisted. -his /as #ostly due to a lac of detailed shots dorsal, ventral, lateral

and #acro i#ages of the re"roductive organs%. -hroughout #y years of high school, dedicated a

decent "ortion of #y ti#e inde"endently researching and o$serving the $ehaviors of various Lycosids,

including the Tigrosa grandis. :o/ever, it ulti#ately too four years $efore finally having

confir#ation that a "ortion of those individuals /ere actually Tigrosa grandis.

The Personal History

n 2010, a large, $lac fe#ale Lycosid /as ca"tured in the halls of a -o"ean #iddle school $y

J. Walters. had the o""ortunity to raise that "articular individual and o$serve its $ehavior. &t the ti#e,

Brady has yet to "u$lish his "a"er on the transfer of Lycosids into Tigrosa. Lie/ise, the genus

;Tigrosa< /as noneistent. Lacing resources and true intentional interest in the arachnids, $ased #y

identification on /hat little infor#ation /as availa$le. *ue to the fact that the individual e"ressed

slight rustic $anding on the legs, along /ith a faded #edial stri"e across the dorsal of the

ce"halothora, concluded that it /as"ogna aspersa(Tigrosa aspersa"rior to transfer% $ased on

=ennsylvania State Universitys ento#ology etension "age. -he individual lived for a""roi#ately

one year under #y care, "assing a/ay the follo/ing su##er. &fter the death of this initial s"eci#en,

received yet another fe#ale lycosid fro# J. Walters in the fall of 2011. Since the t/o s"eci#ens

e"ressed si#ilarity, the latter individual /as also la$eled as ;"ogna aspersa.< n that sa#e fall,

o$tained a #ale Lycosid /hich eventually #ated successfully /ith the 2011 fe#ale. &gain, the #ale

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/as tentatively la$eled as"ogna aspersa.:ere are the i#ages of the fe#ale left% and the #ale right%.

(otice the uni7ue di#or"his# $et/een the sees.

-he #ale "assed a/ay in e$ruary of 2012 /hile the fe#ale lived on, successfully "roducing

t/o eggsacs that s"ring and su##er. While she consu#ed the first, the fe#ale successfully $ore young

in the second. -his "articular fe#ale started all the follo/ing research /ithin her s"ecies. never

"osted her "hoto onto Bug+uide. nstead, "osted the #ale. &t the ti#e, the #ale /as "ut into the

holding $in /ithin the genus,"ogna. Unfortunately, /as una$le to o$tain a ventral i#age to su""ort

#y clai#s for the #ale. Lie/ise, did not "reserve the #ales $ody, #uch to #y ignorance. Learning

fro# this, "reserved the fe#ales $ody u"on her death in ?0@ iso"ro"yl alcohol. t /asnt until June of

2015 that "u$lished the "hotos of the fe#ale onto Bug+uide. &t the ti#e, had 3ust recently collected

the first data "oint for Tigrosa georgicola in 'ansas. *ue to elevated interest, "ulled the fe#ale out of

storage and "osted dorsal and ventral shots of her. -hese can still $e vie/ed on the /e$site. -he i#ages

/ere #oved into Tigrosa aspersa and that /as the /ay it /as for a fe/ #onths. t /as not until the fall

of 2015 that #anaged to find another "air of these no/ called Tigrosa /olf s"iders for o$servation.

also tentatively la$eled the# as Tigrosa aspersaA ho/ever, so#e interest a""eared /ithin one of #y

"ast i#ages on the guide of an unidentified #ale /hich turned out to $e T. grandis%. -his lead to the

official research that eventually initiated the develo"#ent of the Tigrosa grandis /e$ "age. Before that


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occurred, hours u"on hours of /ere s"ent in the field and the la$, gleaning over every single "ossi$le

source of infor#ation on the Tigrosa grandis. With a co#$ination of luc, "ersistence, no/ledge and

a fe/ s"eci#ens, /e successfully $uilt the guide "age for this uni7ue s"ecies. &nd slo/ly, $ut surely,

ne/ sightings are co#ing in fro# all across the United States. -hats /ere it all $egan.

Morphological Characteristics

-he Lycosids of (orth erica often re7uire a co#$ination of lateral, dorsal and ventral i#ages

for "ro"er identification. Lie/ise, a nu#$er have yet to $e "ro"erly descri$ed for s"ecies la$eling. n

theory, a "ortion of Lycosid s"ecies #ay still $e undescri$ed. Tigrosa grandisshares #or"hological

characteristics /ith various s"ecies of Lycosid, es"ecially /ith other Tigrosas"idersA ho/ever, there

are differences. -he #ain characteristics for the s"ecies are as follo/s. (ote8 -he infor#ation is a

co#$ination of #y "ersonal research, Bradys, Slo/is and Cushings descri"tion, as /ell as

no/ledge fro# Bug+uide sources.

Females:e#ales are generally dar $ro/n in color, $eco#ing darer u"on #aturity. ##ature

fe#ales often have a striing yello/ coloration on the venter and anterior region of their legs. n

correlation, the "attern on her cara"ace #ay also $e #ore "ronounced. n "articular s"eci#ens, the

fe#ales ehi$it a $right gray to green tint on her ce"halothora and a$do#en. &s they reach their

"enulti#ate #olt, the chevron sha"ed "attern on their a$do#ens $eco#es #ore "ronounced.

$mmat%re females&

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U"on #aturity, the fe#ales dorsal coloration darens to a dar gray to $lac color. n so#e s"eci#ens,

the cara"ace "atterning $eco#es less "ro#inent. n others, the "atterning stays #oderately "ro#inent.

&ccording to Bradys 2012 "a"er, the dorsal #edial stri"e etends ;fro# the &! ro/ to the "osterior

declivity of the ce"halothora< 1>% in #ost Tigrosas"iders. ro# #y e"erience, the #edial stri"e

declines in color saturation and vi$rancy as it leaves the frontal section of the s"iders cara"ace. -he

venter of the fe#ales are etre#ely varia$le. :o/ever, it generally is a light orange crea# color /ith a

#ass of darer $ro/n s"ots. )ccasionally, the s"ots for# into a converging "attern that declines into

the s"innerets. -his s"ecies tendsto e"ress yello/ "atches a$ove the chelicerae.

The characteristic yellow 'chee patches above the chelicerae&


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$mage of a potential pen%ltimate female. $mage co%rtesy of *. *allatharasanand L. +eingartner.

Tentative ventral image of a female!s epigyn%m. $mage available thans to s%pport from the ,oston

-niversity ,iology epartment&

Males:ales often retain a light tan to dar yello/ coloration throughout their lives. &t a relatively

young age, #ales often already e"ress so#e of the chevron sha"es on their a$do#en though,

variation in color intensity and "ro#inence of this feature occurs%. n co#$ination /ith this, i##ature

#ale T. grandis are often seen under #y e"erience%, /ith a $right yello/ dorsal stri"e that etends

directly fro# the first "air of eyes to the anterior section of the cara"ace, si#ilar to that of T.

georgicola.:o/ever, unlie in -. georgicola, this dorsal stri"e does fade, lie that of the fe#ales, as it

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https://www.facebook.com/vvallatharasan?fref=nfhttps://www.facebook.com/vvallatharasan?fref=nf


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a""roaches the central region of the cara"ace. The following pict%res show immat%re males&

U"on #aturity, #ales tend to gain coloration to $eco#e #ore tan or yello/. -he dorsal #edial stri"e is

still "resent $ut often fades andDor disa""ears "artially due to natural "heno#ena /ater, dirt, etc%.

Banding on the legs often fades in the "o"ulations ve /ored /ithA ho/ever, in so#e s"eci#ens, the

$ands are still "resent.

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The following images show ad%lt males. The image (lower right) is d%e in co%rtesy of /. +alters.

Eentrals of #ales are fairly varia$le. +enerally, they a""ear to e"ress a yello/ or crea# color /ith

$ro/n s"otting. Unlie those of fe#ales, #ale ventrals a""ear to not have as s"ecific of a "atterning,

often only a conglo#eration of $ro/n to $lac s"ots. So#e s"eci#ens /ithin the study did not a""ear

to e"ress any s"otting or only #inor s"otting, des"ite #aturity /ithin the #ale #ore research /ill $e

needed in this "articular area%.

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$mages of the male ventrals&

$mages of the pedipalps of the male T. grandis. Photos are ventral views of the left pedipalps.

Photographs are available thans to ,oston -niversity!s ,iology epartment and M. 0teinert.

-hese "hotogra"hs of seual re"roductive organs are only tentatively $ased on the "hysical

characteristics of the s"eci#ens on /hich they are located.

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n the sa#e survey, of the eight T. grandis/itnessed, none of the# $uilt their $urro/s near sandF#ied

soils. & large nu#$er of various si6es, sees and agesA ho/ever, dug $urro/s near the u""er slo"es of a

1.22 #eter dee", grass filled, drainage ditch. :o/ever, /hile the $urro/s /ere near a "otential source

of /ater, the area in /hich the s"iders constructed the $urro/s /as a$ove the /ater line. Lie/ise, the

drainage valley stayed dry during the #a3ority of the year in the s"ecific location, $arring the early

/ees of s"ring.

$mmat%re female T. grandis inside her b%rrow at the elevated area of the drainage ditch. Photo taen

34 May 5637 d%ring the spider s%rvey.

&ccording to Slo/i and Cushing, ;Burro/ de"th is varia$le fro# >10 c#, /ith adults

"referring shallo/er $urro/s.< -he ;Burro/ sha"e is straight /ith a s#all cavity at the $ase in dee"er

$urro/s, and #ore lateral in shallo/er $urro/s. Burro/ turrets /ere not o$served.< ro# various

surveys done across (ortheastern 'ansas, the latter fact holds true. While no research /as done to

s"ecifically #easure the de"th of every $urro/, one star fact is the lac of turrets on the $urro/

entrances."ogna carolinensisand #eolycosa sp.often construct a ;turret< of grass and soil around the

entrance. Tigrosa grandis/as not o$served to "artae in this $ehavior. :o/ever, they are so#eti#es

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seen to slightly flatten and /e$ over individual grass stals close to the #outh of their $urro/ entrance.

:ere is a co#"arison of t/o $urro/s.

Burrows8 -he one on the left /as $uilt $y"ogna carolinensis.-he one on the right /as $uilt $y a

Tigrosa grandis.

&s noticed, the". carolinensis$urro/ consists of a s"ecifically #ade ;turret.< ean/hile, the T.

grandisonly has flattened "ieces of /e$$edFover vegetation.

-here /as one odd instance /here a Tigrosa grandishad $uilt a ;tent< over its $urro/ using a

"iece of leaf. -he leaf /as secured onto the ground and near$y vegetation using a fe/ strands of sil. t

is not no/n /hether this /as intentional or accidental. :o/ever, the s"eci#en /hich $uilt this

"articular $urro/ inha$ited an area a""roi#ately 1> #eters a/ay fro# a large lae. Because there is

often /ater run off into the lae, the ;tent< #ay aid in decreasing the a#ount of flooding inside the

$urro/. :o/ever, this is 3ust an inference. -o an etent, "erha"s #ore i#"ortantly so, the secured leaf

retards rain /ater, allo/ing the $urro/ to stay drier in hu#id or #oist /eather.

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$mage of the T. grandis b%rrow with a tent&

Breeding and Reproduction:

ales are etre#ely active /ithin the "resence of a fe#ale. -his activity is further heightened

in ca"tivity, es"ecially if the fe#ale has laid out large a#ounts of sil /ithin her enclosure. U"on

contact /ith the sil, the #ale $egins to ;dru#< his "edi"al"s and vi$rate his a$do#en. U"on

a""roaching the fe#ale, /ho usually is either under cover, in a $urro/, or in the corner, the #ale

$egins to "ull u" his first "air of li#$s. n co#$ination to this, the #ale often /ill lightly vi$rate his

first "air of li#$s and slo/ly atte#"t to ;court< the fe#ale $y ta""ing her li#$s. Hece"tive fe#ales

/ill generally res"ond /ith ta"s /hile nonFrece"tive fe#ales /ill often rear u" and sho/ her fangs to

the #ale. Lie/ise, nonFrece"tive fe#ales #ay also run a/ay fro# the courting #ale. Unlie"ogna

carolinensis, /here the #ale /as o$served to vehe#ently vi$rate his first "air of li#$s in #idair, the T.

grandis#ale tends to $e #ore su$tle, often gently stroing and "rodding the fe#ale "rior to #ounting

the "rodding can $e descri$ed al#ost as a ;ty"ing< #otion%. ales that have lost one of their

foreli#$s #ay utili6e a second li#$ to aid in the "rodding. f fe#ale continues to $e rece"tive, the #ale

/ill cla#$er onto her $ac and reach over her a$do#en to #ae insertions. &t this stage, the #ating is

fairly si#ilar to that of #ost Lycosids. Breeding often can last u" to three or #ore hours if not

distur$ed. -hroughout the "airing, the #ale /ill alternate his left and right "edi"al"s during the

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insertion "rocess, fli""ing the fe#ales a$do#en as he does. &fter he is finished, the #ale /ill often deF

#ount fro# the fe#ale and /al off 7uicly, "resu#a$ly /hile the fe#ale is still da6ed, to lo/er the

chance of "otential canni$alis#. e#ales generally only need one #ating to fertili6e t/o or three of her

eggsacs. &fter a fe#ale has #ated, she has a #uch higher chance of re3ecting future #ales this a""ears

to $e the case in #any Lycosids, not 3ust the T. grandis%.

e#ales fro# the (ortheastern 'ansas area generally lay their first eggsac in !arly to #idFay.

n /ar#er years, fe#ales have also $een o$served to lay in early &"ril. n the s"ecifically /ar# /inter

of 2011 and 2012, one of the fe#ales under o$servation laid an eggsac around the 12thof &"ril.

:o/ever, for one reason or another, she consu#ed her eggsac. & healthy fe#ale /ill often lay one or

t/o #ore eggsacs, generally in June and again in late July or early &ugust. S"eci#ens occasionally

have $een found carrying eggsacs as late as the latter half of Se"te#$er data all $ased on (! 'ansas

s"eci#ens, $ehaviors else/here #ay $e different%. -he eggs, if fertile, /ill often hatch one #onth "ost

de"osition. Lie #ost Lycosidae, fe#ale T. grandis/ill carry her eggsac /here ever she goes. )r, in

the case of a $urro/ing s"eci#en, the fe#ale /ill "ush the eggsac to the entrance of the $urro/ to

allo/ the /ar# sun to s"eed u" the eggs develo"#ent. When the young hatch, they /ill cling to the

$ac of the fe#ale for u" to t/o /ees $efore dis"ersing. -he young, lie #any Lycosids, #ay tie

the#selves to each other and to the fe#ales legs and a$do#en to "revent the#selves fro# falling off.

+enerally, there are a""roi#ately 120 to 200 young "er eggsac KDF 10 individuals average esti#ate%.

-he young often begindis"ersing at around one and a half /ees old. By the end of three /ees, the

#a3ority have left the fe#ale. -hree /ees is also the a""roi#ate ti#e /hen canni$alis# occurs

$et/een the s"iderlings.

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8dd Male ,reeding ,ehavior&

ale Tigrosa grandis e"ressed odd $ehaviors /hen e"osed to the sil of various s"ecies of

Lycosidae. When one "articular adult #ale /as e"osed to the sil of an i##ature fe#ale T. grandis,

he $egan to dru# ecitedly, "re"aring hi#self for $reeding. When e"osed to the sil of an adult

fe#ale, he e"ressed the sa#e a#ount of interest. :o/ever, /hen the #ale /as e"osed to the sil of a

fe#ale Tigrosa georgicola he also $egan dru##ing ecitedly. -he sa#e result occurred /hen e"osed

to the sil of a fe#ale Tigrosa hell%o. t is not no/n /hether this is 3ust generali6ed $ehaviorA

ho/ever, this "roses the 7uestion of true s"eciation $et/een the individuals /ithin the genus, Tigrosa.

While the #ale did enact his courtshi" $ehavior after e"osure to a different s"ecies fe#ales sil, the

#ale /as never e"osed to the fe#ales the#selves. -hus, cannot say that there indeed is hy$ridi6ation

for did not have the o""ortunity to /itness the fe#ales res"onses to the #ales advances.

nterestingly, the #ale did not sho/ any ecite#ent /hen e"osed to the sil of a fe#ale"ogna

carolinensis. n fact, he strayed a/ay fro# the leaf /hich had the fe#ale ". carolinensis! sil, hiding

a/ay in the o""osite corner. =erha"s the ;interest< is only li#ited to individuals /ithin the sa#e genus.

n this instance, the genus Tigrosa. :o/ever, no e"eri#ents /ere done on other Tigrosa #ales,

therefore, these state#ents are "urely o$servational inferences.

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#allery of female and yo%ng (Female was collected on the spider s%rvey trip and ept %nder

observation for a few months)&

-he ne/$orn s"iderlings a""ear to sho/ a /ide dorsal stri"e along /ith the chevron sha"e on the

a$do#en. &lso, they are do#inantly yello/ in color.

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Lifespan:

Little infor#ation is availa$le as to the lifes"an of T. grandis. =resu#a$ly, it has a si#ilar

lifes"an to other si#ilar Lycosids. f this is the case, then #ales live for a""roi#ately one year and die

the year they #ature, /hile fe#ales "otentially can live t/o to three years, surviving the /inter as $oth

i##atures and as adults. While no s"ecific study has $een done to understand the longevity of T.

grandis, a si#ilar s"ecies, Tigrosa georgicola, taes around one year KDF 5 /ees, to reach #aturity

fro# $irth. -his suggests that i##ature individuals /ill have to survive the /inter to reach adulthood.

(o statistics are availa$le as to the surviva$ility ofT. grandis in the /ild.

Predators:

Lie #ost s"iders and insects, T. grandisare hunted $y various $irds, #a##als and re"tiles.

Larger s"iders #ay "rey u"on T. grandis. Si#ilarly, T. grandis/ill often "ractice canni$alis#. -his is

heightened es"ecially around the ti#e /hen the young are a$out to dis"erse fro# the #others $ac. T.

grandisalso fall "rey to s"ider hunting /as"s a#ily =o#"ilidae%, /hich "araly6e s"iders for their

larvae to feed on. inally, the eggsacs are so#eti#es "arasiti6ed $y #antidflies a#ily antis"idae%.

)ne "articular fe#ales eggsac "roduced aicromantispa interr%pta/hich had $een feeding on the

eggs.

"ere is that e9act individ%al which hatched from the T. grandis eggsac&

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u!!ary

-he hu#an no/ledge of arthro"ods is still fairly lo/. (e/ e"eriences and o$servations arise

each year and ne/ s"ecies are $eing descri$ed. *es"ite #ulti"le transfers, the T. grandis is still

identifia$le as a Lycosid. While sharing #any characteristics $ehaviorally and #or"hologically /ith

other Lycosids, #inute differences set it aside fro# the /hole of )rder &raneae. *ifferences /ithin

dorsal "atterning, #edial stri"ing and re"roductive discre"ancies se"arate the T. grandisfro# s"ecies

/ithin its genus. While still considered the least no/n of its genus to this "oint, "erha"s, /ith sill,

care and continued research, /e can further unravel the #ystery and uni7ueness $ehind this "articular

s"ecies. -hen, #ay$e, /e can finally $etter co#"rehend the role in /hich this s"ecies "lay /ithin the

ecological niche. n resolution, "ersonally, the T. grandis$egs the i#"ortant 7uestion of8 Why have one

s"ecies /hen another sy#"atric s"ecies a""ears to "lay the sa#e roleG

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ources "Directly #r Indirectly Aided This Paper$

M&rachnological Hesearch und.M/o%rnal of Arachnology 2.2 2000%8 2>. =rint.

Brady, &llen H. M&&S :o#e"age.MAA0 "omepage. erican Journal of &rachnology, 2012. We$. 09

)ct. 2015.

Cha#$erlin, H.E. 1904. -hree ne/ Lycosidae. Canadian !nto#ologist5822.

Cha#$erlin, H.E. 190. Hevision of (orth erican s"iders of the fa#ily Lycosidae. =roceedings of

the &cade#y of (atural Sciences of =hiladel"hia 081>51.

!aton, !ric H., Hic Bo/ers, and 'enn 'auf#an.:a%fman Field #%ide to $nsects of 2orth

America. (e/ Nor8 :oughton ifflin, 200?. =rint.

+enus +eolycosa F Burro/ing Wolf S"iders. 2014, arch 1%. Hetrieved July , 2014, fro#

htt"8DD$ugguide.netDnodeDvie/D12??20

:u$er, B.&. I W.+. !$erhard. 199?. Courtshi", co"ulation, and genital #echanics inPhysocycl%s

globos%s&raneae, =holcidae%. Canadian Journal of Ooology ?4890>91.

arle, Sandra. +olf 0piders& Mothers on #%ard. innea"olis8 Lerner =u$lications, 2011. =rint.

=., L. 2014, January %. S"ecies -igrosa grandis. Hetrieved &ugust 5, 2014, fro#

htt"8DD$ugguide.netDnodeDvie/D199

Slo/i, J., I Cushing, =. 2009%. Hedescri"tion and transfer of #eolycosa grandis&raneae,

Lycosidae% to the genus :ogna./o%rnal of Arachnology 21F2>.

Wallace, :.'. 1942. & revision of the $urro/ing s"iders of the genus

+eolycosa. erican idland (aturalist 2?812.

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