A Brief History of the United States-Braithwaite-McGarry Version

7/31/2019 A Brief History of the United States-Braithwaite-McGarry Version

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F Orjmh Ej{drz dh {em ]cj{mk R{f{mOz Fkfg Gb@frrz

Mkj{mk oz Adec Orfj{epfj{m

[folm dh Bdc{mc{6FY [m{?Yrm Bdl}gojfc'600= Lfck orjk`m' Fgmrjbfc _mxdl}{jdc2600='6599 Fgmrjbfc _mxdl}{jdc' Brj{jbfl Ymrjdk; 6599'65?; Amhhmrdcjfc Kmgdbrfbz' Mrf dh @ddk Hmmljc`=65?;' 65;9 Afbndcjfc Kmgdbrfbz' Gfcjhm{ Km{jcz865;9'6589 Gfcjhm{ Km{jcz' Bjxjl Pfr06589'6500 Bjxjl Pfr' _mbdc{r}b{jdc56500'65:9 Bldjc` {em Hrdc{jmr'@jlkmk F`m:65:9'6:?9 Jgymrjfljg, Yrd`rmjxjg'Pdrlk Pfr J696:?9'6:29 [em _dfrjc` ?9

66 6:29'6:;9 [em @rmf{ Kmyrmjdc6? 6:22'6:;= Pdrlk Pfr JJ62 6:;='6:=? [em Bdlk Pfr6; 6:=9'6:89 [em 6:=96= 6:89'6:09 [em 6:89686:09'6:59 [em 6:09606:59'6:55 [em 6:59656:55'?999 [em 6::96:?999' [em ?999

[em FY ]R Ejr{dz mufg jr 2 ed}r fck = gjc}{mr ldc`, j{ bdcrjr{r dh 59 g}l{jylm bedjbmv}mr{jdcr, dcm kdb}gmc{ ofrmk V}mr{jdc, fck {pd Hmm mrydcrm %mrrfz* v}mr{jdcr# J{ jr odnmckdpc jc{d {em hdlldpjc` fmfr1 Ydlj{jbr, pejbe jr f {fkj{jdcfl xjmp dh ejr{dz hdg {em {dy kdpc

fbbd}c{r hd ;9- dh {em FY mufg# F B}l{}fl fck Rdbjfl bdcbmc, pejbe jr f od{{dg }y ymrymb{jxm,fbbd}c{ hd 2=-# [em hdlldpjc` jr f ojmh xmrjdc dh ]cj{mk R{f{mr ejr{dz, Hdmj`c Fhhfjr, pejbe jrfcd{em 6=- dh {em {mr{# Fll dh {em odlk pdkr fm jgyd{fc{ {mgr {ef{ zd} pjll om muymb{mk {d ncdp oz{em mck dh {em zmf hd {em FY Mufg#

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Yrm Bdl}gojfc'600= Lfck orjk`m' Fgmrjbfc _mxdl}{jdc[em Fgmjbfr pmm ydy}lf{mk oz ymdylm hdg Frjf {ed}rfckr dh zmfr f`d# [em ymdylm

rmyff{mk jc{d kjxmrm `d}yr {ed}èd}{ {em bdc{jcmc{r# Mxmc{}fllz, M}dymfcr fjxmk fck om`fc {drm{{lm jc {em emgjryemm# [em bd}c{jmr dh Ryfjc, Mc`lfck, fck Hfcbm hd}è{ hd kdgjcfcbm jc {emcmp pdlk# [em Hmcbe fck Jckjfc Pf pfr {em oj``mr{ gfcjhmr{f{jdc dh {em r{}``lm# [em Mc`ljrepdc fck om`fc {d {fu {em hlmk`ljc` Fgmjbfc Bdldcjmr {d mylmcjre {em jgymjfl bdhhmr# [em bdldcjr{rkjrljnmk {em {fumr fck om`fc {d yd{mr{, pejbe pd}lk efxm rj`cjhjbfc{ fgjhjbf{jdcr jc {em 6009r#

[ed}rfckr dh zmfr f`d, cd e}gfcr ljxmk jc {em Fgmjbfr# [em fbbmy{mk, {ed}è cd{ dclz,

{emdz jr {ef{ {em hjr{ fjxflr pflnmk fbdrr f hdqmc lfck orjk`m hd Frjf# [emj yd`mcz v}jbnlzfkfy{mk {d {em r}d}ckjc`r fck oldrrdgmk jc{d {em gfcz kjhhmmc{ cf{jxm {jomr, jcbl}kjc` d} dpcgjè{z Bflddrf# Berj{dyemr Bdl}go} fjxfl jc 6;:? befc`mk mxmz{ejc`# [em {fcrj{jdc dh `ddkrhddk, jkmfr, fck kjrmfrmr jr bfllmk {em Bdl}gojfc Mubefc`m# [em cf{jxmr efk cd mrjr{fcbm {d {emM}dymfc kjrmfrmr fck kjmk oz {em {ed}rfckr# [em Ryfcjre v}jbnlz blfjgmk lf`m yf{r dh {em CmpPdlk# [em Hmcbe fck Mc`ljre r{}``lmk {d `m{ {emj hlmk`jc` bdldcjmr `djc` fr pmll#

[em hjr{ ymgfcmc{ Mc`ljre Bdldcz pfr Afgm{dpc jc 6890 %fck cd, {emm pmmc{ fcz {flnjc`dkmc{r*, rm{ }y {d hjck `dlk# Ylzgd}{e jc 68?9 pfr cmu{, mr{foljremk oz Rmyfrf{j{ hdg {emFc`ljbfc Be}rbe hdlldpmk oz Y}rj{fc jc 6528 ped pd}lk bdgm {d Gfrr Ofz bdldcz# [em Mc`ljrebdldcjr{r mxmc{}fllz mr{foljremk 62 bdldcjmr# _mlj`jdc pfr f gfad mfrdc hd gj`f{jdc, o}{ {embdldcjr{r kjkc{ flldp mlj`jd}r hmmkdg hd cmp fjxflr fck kmfl{ efrelz pj{e emm{jbr# [emz njbnmk

d}{ _d`mr Pjlljfg fck Fccm E}{bejcdc hd {ef{ xmz mfrdc# Lf{m, f mlj`jd}r gdxmgmc{ bfllmk{em @rmf{ Fpfnmcjc` bf}rmk f mcmpmk jc{mmr{ jc mlj`jdc, fl{ed}è ydydcmc{r dh {emMcljè{mcgmc{ gdxmgmc{ befllmc`mk rdgm mlj`jd}r omljmhr#

[emz lm{ {em bdldcjr{r efxm f `mf{ kmfl dh mbdcdgjb fck ydlj{jbfl jckmymckmcbm }ckm f ydljbzbfllmk Rfl}{frz Cm`lmb{# Mc`lfck pfc{mk {em bdldcjmr {d ydxjkm fp gf{mjflr fck ombdgm fgfnm{ylfbm hd hjcjremk `ddkr, }ckm f ydljbz ncdpc fr Gmrbfc{jljg# Jckmc{}rmk mrxfc{ pmm{em hjr{ lfodmr# [ejr befc`mk pemc Cf{efcjml Ofbdc lmk f momlljdc dh hdgm rmxfc{r f`fjcr{ {em`dxmcgmc{ jc 6808# [em mlj{m {}cmk {d f gdm bdc{dllfolm hdbm dh lfod jc lfxm, pejbe efk hjr{ommc od}è{ {d Xj`jcjf jc 686:#

Oj{fjc befllmc`mk Hfcbm hd ydrrmrrjdc dh Cd{e Fgmjbf jc {em Hrmcbe fck Jckjfc Pfrdh60=8'6082# [em Oj{jre kmhmf{mk {em Hmcbe fck mj`cmk r}ymgm dxm Cd{e Fgmjbf# [em

mcdgd}r bdr{ dh {em pf bf}rmk {em Oj{jre {d om`jc {fujc` {em bdldcjr{r# [em bdldcjr{r mrmc{mk {ejrjc{}rjdc jggmcrmlz# [em R{fgy Fb{ pfr {em hjr{ dh gfcz {fumr {ef{ bf}rmk d}{f`m fck yd{mr{fgdc`r{ {em bdldcjr{r# F `d}y dh momlr ncdpc fr {em Rdc dh Ljomr{z r{dnmk bdldcjfl yfrrjdcr }c{jlpf hlfmk }y om{pmmc {em jll'ymyfmk bdldcjr{r fck {em gjè{z Oj{jre gjlj{fz gfbejcm# [em hjr{of{{lmr f{ Lmujc`{dc fck Bdcbdrk ombdgm ncdpc fr {em red{ emfk fd}ck {em pdlk#

600='6599 Fgmrjbfc _mxdl}{jdc' Brj{jbfl YmrjdkFh{m {em Oj{jre xjb{dz jc {em Hmcbe fck Jckjfc Pf, {em bdldcjr{r pmm hmmljc` `ddk fod}{

{emgrmlxmr fr Oj{jre r}oamb{r# [ef{ om`fc {d befc`m pemc {emz pmm {fumk, m`}lf{mk, fcklm`jrlf{mk# [em Fgmjbfc _mxdl}{jdc pfr hd}è{ om{pmmc {em pdlkr gjè{jmr{ ydpm, Mc`lfck, fck

j{r pfzpfk Fgmjbf Bdldcjmr# [em Fgmjbfcr redbnmk {em pdlk fck mfcmk xjb{dz pj{e {em emly dhHfcbm fck Ryfjc# K}jc` {em pf, {em F{jblmr dh Bdchmkmf{jdc pmm pj{{mc, ombdgjc` {em hjr{ hdgdh `dxmcgmc{# [emrm kdb}gmc{r efk hlfpr {ef{ pmm lf{m bdmb{mk oz {em Bdcr{j{}{jdc#

Mxmc f{ {em om`jccjc` dh {em Fgmrjbfc _mxdl}{jdc, {emm pmm gfcz ymdylm ped pmm mj{emgdm yd Oj{jre d bdgylm{mlz jckjhhmmc{ {d {em bf}rm dh jckmymckmcbm# [em Fgmjbfc bdldcjr{r pmmkjxjkmk jc{d {emm `d}yr1 {em Yf{rjd{, Ldzflj{, fck {em lf`mr{ `d}y, {em Cm}{rflj{# F{ {embdcbl}rjdc dh {em pf gfcz Ldzfljr{r gdxmk {d Bfcfkf {d mgfjc }ckm Oj{jre f}{edj{z# Od{e {emLdzfljr{ fck {em Yf{jd{r pmm hjè{jc` {em Fgmjbfc _mxdl}{jdc {d ymr}fkm {em Cm}{fljr{r {d adjc {emjbf}rm# [d ymr}fkm {em cm}{fljr{r, [edgf Yfjcm pd{m {em yfgyelm{ Bdggdc Rmcm jc 6008#Lf{m {ef{ rfgm zmf, dc A}lz ;{e , [edgf Amhhmrdc ym'jggfcmc{ r{f{mgmc{ dh jè{r, {em

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Kmblfrf{jdc dh Jckmymckmcbm, pfr rj`cmk fck efr ommc bmlmof{mk fr Fgmjbfr oj{ekfz mxmrjcbm# Pj{e ejr fgz fod}{ {d kjrrdlxm, @mdr`m Pfejc`{dc jbdcjblz bdrrmk {em Kmlfpfm _jxm dcKmbmgom ?={e 6008, gz oj{ekfz, {d f{{fbn {em Emrrjfc Gmbmcfjmr jc {em Of{{lm dh [rmc{dc#

[em Fgmjbfc fgz rbdmk f r}yjrjc` xjb{dz f{ {em Of{{lm dh Rfrf{d`f, bf}rjc` {em Hmcbe{d r}yyd{ d} bf}rm, gfjclz {d njll Oj{jre# [em pf bdcbl}kmk pj{e fc Fgmjbfc Xjb{dz f{ {em Of{{lmdh Zdrn{dpc jc 6056# [em [rmf{z dh Yfrj pfr rj`cmk jc 6052 `fc{jc` Fgmjbf j{r jckmymckmcbm#

K}jc` {em pf, {em Fr{jblm dh Bdchmkmrf{jdc pmm pj{{mc, pejbe ombfgm d} hjr{ `dxmcjc`kdb}gmc{r# Fl{ed}è mu{mgmlz pmfn, {emz lmfk }r {ed}è {em bjrjr# Gdr{ cd{folz {em yfrrf`m dh {em

Cdr{epm{ Drkjcfcbm jc 605=, {ejr fb{ kjxjkmk {em ymrmc{ kfz Gjkpmr{ jc{d {mj{djmr fck, mhlmb{jc`{em _mxdl}{jdcfz ryjj{, ydejoj{mk rlfxmz# Gfcz Cd{emc R{f{mr om`fc ofccjc` rlfxmz fr j{ kjkc{rmmg {d hj{ pj{e {em jkmflr dh {em mxdl}{jdc#

Pdgfcr r{f{}r pfr om`jccjc` {d befc`m rljè{lz, flomj{ ymbmy{}fllz# Gd{emr pmm lddnmk}ydc fr cmmkjc` {d fjrm bejlkmc fck jcr{jll my}oljbfc jkmflr jc{d {emg> {ejr jr ncdpc fr _my}oljbfcGd{emreddk# O}{, pdgmc pmm fll bdchjcmk {d {em edgm fr {em {mg B}l{ dh Kdgm{jbj{z mhlmb{r#

Fr {em my}oljb gdxmk hdpfk, j{ ombfgm jcbmfrjc`lz doxjd}r {d {em hd}ckmr {ef{ {em`dxmcgmc{ pfr {dd pmfn# [ejr pfr mrymbjfllz fyyfmc{ fh{m f kjrbdc{mc{mk `d}y dh jckmo{ hfgmrf{{fbnmk {em `dxmcgmc{ k}jc` Refz _momlljdc# [em Bdc{j{}{jdcfl Bdcxmc{jdc pfr bfllmk {d hju{em F{jblmr dh Bdchmkmf{jdc# [emz pfc{mk f bejmh mumb}{jxm, {em ydpmr {d {fu, fck fc Jckmymckmc{A}kjbjfrz# ]chd{}cf{mlz, {emm pfr cd{ fc f`}gmc{ dc pef{ {em kdb}gmc{ red}lk lddn ljnm# [em

kmof{mr {ef{ hdlldpmk pmm fbjgdcjd}r fck {em bdcxmc{jdc cmflz mckmk f{ dcm ydjc{ dxmmymrmc{f{jdc }c{jl {em @rmf{ Bdgyrdgjm rfxmk {em kfz# D{em kmof{mr fck Bdgydgjrmr pmmyfrrmk fod}{ Hmkmrfljg, {em ydpm dh {em Hmkmrfl @dxmrcgmc{, fck Rlfxmrz#

Pemc {em Bdc{j{}{jdc pfr rmc{ {d {em r{f{mr hdrf{jhjbf{jdc {em kmof{m pfr mcmpmk fckjc{mcrjhjmk# [em rmmkr dh ydlj{jbfl yf{jmr kmxmldymk# [em Hmkmrflj{, lmk oz Flmufckmr Efgjl{dc,bfllmk hd r{dc` bmc{fl `dxmcgmc{# [em Fc{j'Hmkmrflj{, lmk oz [edgf Amhhmrdc, jcrjr{mk {ef{r{f{m `dxmcgmc{r red}lk om r}ymjd# [em bdcr{j{}{jdc pfr rf{jhjmk jc 605: fck jc 60:6 {em Ojll dh_jè{ pfr fkkmk {d yd{mb{ jckjxjk}fl jè{r# Ymrjkmc{ @md`m Pfrejc`{dc mr{foljremk gfcz dh {emb}r{dgr {ef{ fm r{jll }rmk {dkfz# Dcm dh ejr gdr{ lfr{jc` yjmbmr dh fkxjbm pfr f r{jb{ Ydljbz dhCm}{rflj{z, pejbe lfr{mk }c{jl fh{m Pdlk Pf JJ jc 6:;=# Fh{m {pd {mgr fr ymrjkmc{, Pfrejc`{dcm{jmk# [em mlmb{jdc dh 6599 pfr bdcrjkmmk mxdl}{jdcfz hd j{ pfr {em hjr{ {jgm {ef{ ydlj{jbfl ydpm

pfr {fcrhmmk ymfbmh}llz om{pmmc {pd kjhhmmc{ ydlj{jbfl yf{jmr {em Hmkmrflj{ fck {em Kmgdbrf{jb_my}oljbfc#

[em R}yrmgm Bd}r{, }ckm {em lmfkmrejy dhAdec Gfrefll, ombfgm f ydpmh}l d`fcjqf{jdc#[emz }lmk jc {em bfrm dhGfro}rz x Gfkjdc {ef{ {emj h}cb{jdc pfra}kjbjfl rmxjmp, pejbe jr pemm{emz bfc }lm {ef{ f lfp pfr }cbdc{j{}{jdcfl, fck red}lk om {edpc d}{# Gfrefll mu{mckmk {emHmkmrflj{ Yfr{z omzdck j{r kmgjrm }c{jl em m{jmk jc {em 6529r# Ejr }ljc`r redpmk {em r}ymgfbzdh {em hmkmfl `dxmcgmc{ dxm {em r{f{m `dxmcgmc{r# Fgdc` {em d{em `mf{ bfrmr pmm1 Hlm{bemrx Ymbn, Bdemc x# Xjr`jcjf, Kfr{gd}{e Bdllm`m x Pddkpfrk, GbB}lldbe x Gfrzlfck fck@joodc x D`kmc#

6599'65?; Amhhmrdcjfc Kmgdbrfbz' Mrf dh @ddk Hmmljc`[em ]cj{mk R{f{mr om`fc {d `dp pj{e {em fbv}jrj{jdc dh Ld}jrjfcf fck Hldjkf# [em ]#R# fck

Oj{fjc hd}è{ {d f kfp jc {em Pf dh 656?# Fh{m {em pf fc jc{mcrm ymjdk dh Cf{jdcfljrg, ncdpc fr{em Mrf dh @ddk Hmmljc`, rpmy{ {em ]cj{mk R{f{mr# Jc fcd{em gfcjhmr{f{jdc dh Cf{jdcfljrg,Ymrjkmc{ Gdcdmr Kdb{jcm pfcmk M}dymfc ydpmr {d r{fz d}{ dh {em Fgmjbfr#

Pemc Amhhmrdc ombfgm ymrjkmc{, em efk {em dyyd{}cj{z {d y}rbefm Ld}jjfcf jc 6592 k}m{d {em Efj{jfc _mxdl}{jdc# Em rmc{ Lmpj fck Blfrn {d muyldm {em xfr{ fmf, pejbe cmflz kd}olmk {emrjqm dh {em ]cj{mk R{f{mr# [emm pfr flrd {em Yjnm Muymkj{jdc, {d Bdldfkd#Oj{fjc fck Hfcbm pmm f{ pf dcbm f`fjc o}{ Amhhmrdc {jmk {d j`cdm {ef{ rj{}f{jdc fck mgfjccm}{fl fr {em Oj{jre pmm jgyrmjc` d} rfjldr jc{d rmxjbm fck Hfcbm pfr {fnjc` bf`d hdg

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Fgmjbfc rejyr# Amhhmrdc mrydckmk pj{e {em mu{mgmlz }cydy}lfMgofr`d Fb{ pejbe xj{}fllz hdqmfll gmbefc{ fb{jxj{z fck bjyylmk {em mbdcdgz# Dcbm {em mgof`d pfr ljh{mk Oj{fjc mr}gmk j{rjgyrmgmc{#

K}jc` {ejr {jgm, bdc{fz {d {em [rmf{z dh Yfrj, {em Oj{jre r{jll efk gjlj{fz hd{r dc d} rdjl#[em Oj{jre rdlkjmr r}yyljmk {em edr{jlm cf{jxmr pj{e pmfydcr {d {mdjqm d} rm{{lmgmc{r# Dcm r}becf{jxm, [mbe}gme, f{{mgy{mk {d `m{ fc flljfcbm dh cf{jxmr {d`m{em {d f{{fbn {em Fgmjbfcr# Ejrmhhd{ pfr {epf{mk, edpmxm, fck gfcz Fgmjbfcr %bfllmk Pfr Efpn* hml{ {ef{ j{ pfr hjcm {d kmblfmpf dc {em Oj{jre#

[em Pfr dh 656? efr ommc bfllmk {em rmbdck pf hd jckmymckmcbm# Cmj{em rjkm rmmgmk {d`fjc fcz fkxfc{f`m# K}jc` {em pf, Pfrejc`{dc K#B pfr o}cmk fck {em R{fr Ryfc`lmk ofccmrpfr pj{{mc# [em [rmf{z dh @emc{ pfr rj`cmk, {e}r mckjc` {em bdchljb{# K}m {d rldp bdgg}cjbf{jdc,{em Of{{lm dh Cmp Drlmfc pfr hd}è{ {pd pmmnr fh{m {em pf pfr dxm# [ejr of{{lm pfr kmxfr{f{jc`hd {em Oj{jre fck gfkm Fckrmp Afbndc fc Fgmjbfc Emd# Afbnrdc pmc{ dc {d `fo Hldrjkf hdg{em Ryfcjre# Ryfjc dhhjbjfllz bmkmk {em lfck pj{e {em Fkfg'Dcj [rmf{z#

Fc jc{mcrm hmmljc` dhCf{jdcfljg dbb}mk fh{m {em pf {ef{ `fxm {em {jgm ymjdk j{r cfgm dh{em Mrf dh @ddk hmmljc`# Ydlj{jbfl yf{jmr mfbemk f bdcrmcr}r fck bfgm {d`m{em {d hdg dcmgfad ydlj{jbfl yf{z# Mxmc f refy rmbmjdc bfllmk {em Yfcjb dh 656: hfjlmk {d kjg {em dy{jgjrg dhgfcz Fgmjbfcr#

Mlj Pej{cmz jcxmc{mk {em bd{{dc `jc, pejbe lmk {d hmxd dxm ydk}bjc` gdm fgd}c{r dh

bd{{dc# [ejr bf}rmk {em kmgfck hd rlfxmr {d jcbmfrm kfgf{jbfllz# Em flrd jcxmc{mkjc{mrbefc`mfolm yfr{# Rlfxmz ombfgm fc jrr}m jc m`fkr {d flldpjc` j{ jc{d {em cmp r{f{m dhGjrrd}j# Mxmc{}fllz, {em Gjd}rj Bdgyrdgjm dh 65?9 {mgydfjlz rm{{lmk {em oj{{m, kjxjrjxm jrr}mdh rlfxmz pejbe pfr dcm Emcrz Blfz `mf{ cf{jdcfljr{jb ydydrflr, Blfz flrd jc{dk}bmk {emFgmrjbfc Rz{mg dh mbdcdgjb cf{jdcfl kmxmldygmc{#

Dc {em kjyldgf{jb rjkm, gfcz dh Ryfjcr hdgm bdldcjmr pmm ombdgjc` jckmymckmc{#Ymrjkmc{ Afgm Gdcrdm jrr}mk f r{f{mgmc{, jc 65?2, pfcjc` {em M}dymfc ydpmr {d r{fz d}{ dh{em Fgmjbfr# [ejr ombfgm ncdpc fr {em Gdcrdm Kdb{rjcm, pejbe jc f gdkjhjmk hdg, jr r{jll jc }rm{dkfz#

65?;' 65;9 Afbndcjfc Kmgdbrfbz' Gfcjhm{ Km{jcz

[em ymjdk k}jc` Fckrmp Afbndc ymrjkmcbz ombfgm ncdp fr Afbndcjfc Kmgdbrfbz#J{ dhhmmk muyfckmk }hhrf`m {d {em bdggdc gfc# [em m`}lf ymdylm gfkm {em gdr{ dh {emj cmphd}ck xd{jc` jè{r, fr mlmb{jdcr jc {ejr {jgm ymjdk efk rdgm dh {em ejèmr{ xd{m {}cd}{r jc ejr{dz#[em mf flrd ydk}bmk f bdcbmc hd hjujc` rdbjm{z jc rmxmfl Rdbjfl _mhdrg Gdxmgmc{# [em dclz`d}y cd{ {d omcmhj{ pfr {em Cf{jxm Fgmrjbfc, fr {emz pmm hdbmk frjkm {d mrmxf{jdcr#

[em mlmb{jdc dh 65?; pfr xmz fbjgdcjd}r# Rdgm blfjgmk {ef{ Adec V}jcbz Fkfg r{dlm {emmlmb{jdc hdg Fckrmp Afbndc pj{e {em emly dhEmcrz Blfz {ed}è f Bdrr}y{ Ofr`fjc#Afbnrdcr mlmb{jdc jc 65?5 emflkmk {em mf dhBdggdc Gfc, fr }hhrf`m pfr omjc` rymfk {d gdmjckjxjk}flr jc {ejr {jgm ymjdk, pj{ed}{ m`fk {d lfck dpcmrejy#

Oz {ejr {jgm {em ]cj{mk R{f{mr efk kjxjkmk jc{d {emm m`jdcr1 {em Cd{e, {em Rd}{e, fck {emPmr{# Jc 65?5 {em {frjhh dh fodgjcf{jdc pfr yfrrmk# [ejr bf}rmk {em yjbm dh gfc}hfb{}mk `ddkr

{d jcbmfrm, pejbe e}{ {em f`fjfc rd}{e fck omcmhj{mk {em jck}r{jfljqjc` cd{e# [em pmr{ r{ddk {domcmhj{ fr pmll ombf}rm rdgm dh {em gdcmz pd}lk om rymc{ dc jc{mcfl jgydxmgmc{r r}be fr dfkrfck bfcflr jc {em Pmr{# [ejr rzr{mg, fkxdbf{mk oz Emcrz Blfz, jr ncdpc fr {em Fgmrjbfc Rz{mg#[em rd}{e pfr }ckm {em lmfkmrejy dhAdec Bfled}c ped ydydrmk c}lljhjbf{jdc, d {d mfrm {emlfp# %[ejr fjrmk {em bdcrjkmfolm jm dh Afbnrdc ped {emf{mcmk {d jcxfkm Rd}{e Bfdljcf#*Mxmc{}fllz f bdgydgjrm pfr mfbemk#

[em Cf{jxm Fgmjbfcr mfr{ dh {em Gjrrjrrjyyj pmm jc bdchljb{ pj{e rm{{lmr lddnjc` {d muyfckhfg lfck# Afbnrdcr ydljbz dh Jckjfc _mgdxfl ombfgm {em {ddl {d kjrylfbm {ed}rfckr dh Cf{jxmr {dJckjfc [mj{dz %Dnlfedgf*# Mrymbjfllz {f`jb pfr {em [rfjl dh [mfr, jc pejbe {em Bemdnmm pmm

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hdbjolz gdxmk fck {ed}rfckr ymjremk# K}jc` {ejr {jgm, {em Rmgjcdlm Jckjfc Pfr pmm hd}è{, {emrmbdck dh pejbe om`fc jc Bfym Bdfl#

Afbnrdc {}cmk ejr f{{mc{jdc {d {em Ofcn dh {em ]#R# [ejr pfr rm{ }y jc {em mflz kfzr dh {emmy}oljb {d m`}lf{m {em mbdcdgz# J{ pfr bdc{dllmk oz cd{emc ofcnmr fck pfr cd{ m`}lf{mk oz {emHmkmfl @dxmcgmc{# Afbnrdc rfp j{ fr fc mlj{jr{ dymf{jdc fck kmr{dzmk j{# Em kjr{jo}{mk {em h}ckr{d Ym{ ofcn, pejbe lmk {d fgyfc{ lfck ymb}lf{jdc fck {em Yfcjb dh 6520#Afbnrdc gfkm v}j{m f hmp mcmgjmr# [emrm kjxmrm jckjxjk}flr bmf{mk f rmbdck ydlj{jbfl yf{z ncdpcfr {em Pej`#

F ymjdk dh mlj`jd}r mxjxfl pfr {fnjc` ylfbm ncdpc fr {em Rmbdck @rmf{ Fpfnmcjc`# [ejrgdxmgmc{ `fxm jrm {d f `mf{ gfcz Rdbjfl _mhdrg Gdxmgmc{#Pdgmc om`fc {d hjck {emj bdllmb{jxm xdjbm fck y}remk hd befc`mr# [em pdgmc rjè{ gdxmgmc{`d{ j{r r{f{ k}jc` {ejr {jgm, {ed}è j{ pd}lk om y}{ dhh k}jc` {em bjxjl pf fck pd}lk cd{ mfbe h}j{jdc}c{jl {em mflz ?9{e bmc{}z# Gdr{ cd{folm pfr {em Rmcmbf Hfll kmblfrf{jdc, pejbe gjdmk {emKmblff{jdc dh Jckmymckmcbm %mubmy{ j{ pfr muymrrlz hd pdgmc*# [em {pd lmfkjc` pdgmc dh {emgdxmgmc{ pmm Mljqfom{e Bfkz R{fc{dc fck R}fc O# Fc{edcz#

Pdgmc pmm flrd jchl}mc{jfl jc {em {mgymrfcbm gdxmgmc{# K}jc` {ejr {jgm {em fxmf`mFgmjbfc bdcr}gmk hjxm `flldcr dh efk ljv}d ym zmf# [ejr efk f kmxfr{f{jc` fhhmb{ dc hfgjljmr# [em{mgymfcbm gdxmgmc{ ymfbemk mk}bjc`, o}{ cd{ mljgjcf{jc` bdcr}gy{jdc# [ejr gdxmgmc{ pd}lkflrd cd{ fbejmxm {fc`jolm mr}l{r }c{jl {em ?9{e bmc{}z#

Ymdylm flrd om`fc {zjc` {d befc`m {em efre bdckj{jdcr jc yjrdcr# Yjrdcmr pmm nmy{ jcrjlmcbm hd gfcz ed}r f kfz fck pmm omf{mc# Kdr{emf Kju fkxdbf{mk {ef{ {em gmc{fllz jcrfcmred}lk cd{ om befjcmk {d {em pfllr hd ljhm, fck jcr{mfk red}lk om {mf{mk gdm e}gfcmlz# EdrfbmGfcc, {em hf{em dh }cjxmrfl mk}bf{jdc, omljmxmk {ef{ fll bejlkmc pd}lk omcmhj{ hdg f gfckf{dzmk}bf{jdc# Rdgm ymdylm kmbjkmk {ef{ rdbjm{z pfrc{ pd{e mhdgjc`# [emz kmbjkmk {d rm{ }y jkmfl,]{dyjfc Rdbjm{jm# Gdr{ cd{folm fgdc` {emrm pmm1 {em Refnmr%Lmm*, Dcmjkf %Cdzm*, CmpEfrgdcz, Orddn Hfrg, fck {em Gdrgdc %Admye Rgj{e ( Orjèfg Zd}c`*# Fgmjbfcr ombfgmgdm b}l{}fllz bmf{jxm fck om`fc {d yfjc{ Fgmjbf lfckrbfymr jc f gdxmgmc{ ncdpc fr {em E}kdc_jxmr Rbeddl# Fck {em {fcrbmckmc{fl rbeddl dh lj{mf{}m hmf{}jc` dgfc{jbjrg fck pj{jc` r}be fr1Efp{edrcm, [edrmf}, Pej{gfc, ( Mgmrdc#

Jc 6526 f rlfxm ymfbem cfgmk Cf{ [}rcmr, lmk fc }cr}bbmrrh}l momlljdc f`fjcr{ {em ylfc{mr

jc Xj`jcjf# Fr f mr}l{, {em rd}{e yfrrmk gdm mr{jb{jxm lfpr ncdpc fr {em Rlfxm Bdkm# Fl{ed}è fgjcdj{z gdxmgmc{, Fodlj{jdc `fjcmk gdgmc{}g omejck lmfkmr r}be fr Hrmkrjbn Kd}`lf,Efrrjm{ [}ogfc, Rdad}rcmr [r}{e, fck Pjlljfg Lldzk @frrjdc#

Fl{ed}è {em Afbnrdcjfc {jgm ymjdk jr ncdpc fr {em f`m dh {em bdggdc gfc j{ kjk cd{mgofbm {em jggj`rfc{# K}jc` {em 65;9r fck 65=9r lf`m c}gomr dh Jrje fck @mrgfc om`fcfjxjc`# [em Jjre rm{{lmk jc{d Mfr{mc bj{jmr# [em @mgfcr gdxmk {d {em Gjkpmr{# Cf{jxjg mfmk j{r}`lz emfk {ed}è rmbm{jxm rdbjm{jmr {ef{ {jmk {d r}yymrr {em jggj`fc{ edkmr# [emz mxmc hdgmk{em ydlj{jbfl yf{z bfllmk {em Dkm dh {em R{f Ryfc`lmk Ofccm, gdm bdggdclz ncdpc fr {em Ncdp'Cd{ejc`#

[muf hd}è{ f pf pj{e Gmujbd fck ombfgm fc jckmymckmc{ my}oljb# [em v}mr{jdc dxmfccmuf{jdc pd}lk lmfk Fgmjbf jc{d fcd{em pf fck rm{ {em r{f`m hd {em gdr{ bljgfb{jb r{}``lm jc

Fgmjbfc ejr{dz#

65;9'6589 Gfcjhm{ Km{jcz' Bjxjl PfrFgmjbfcr pmm bf}è{ }y jc Gfcjhmr{ Kmr{jcz jc {em 65;9r fck kmrjmk {d m{ fr g}be lfck

fr ydrrjolm# [em Gmujbfc Fgmjbfc Pf pfr hd}è{ {d fkk lfck {d {em ]cj{mk R{f{mr# Dcbm {em lfckpfr fbv}jmk {em gfad jrr}m ombfgm pem{em rlfxmz red}lk om flldpmk jc{d {em cmp {mj{dz# [emfbjgdcjd}r, olddkz kmbfkm dh {em 65=9r hdmrefkdpmk {em Bjxjl Pf dh {em cmu{ kmbfkm#

[em v}mr{jdc dxm pem{em {d fccmu [mufr d cd{ pfr dxm {em kjxjrjxm jrr}m dh rlfxmz# [mufpfr hjcfllz fccmumk jc 65;=, {em rfgm zmf {ef{ Hldrjkf ombfgm f r{f{m#

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Oz {ejr {jgm f r{dc` gdxmgmc{ bfllmk Gfcjhm{ Km{jcz efk om`}c {d rpmmy {em lfck# [emomljmh {ef{ pm red}lk muyfck hdg bdfr{ {d bdfr{ hjr{ fyymfmk jc Dm`dc# Pm mxmc{}fllz mfbemk fymfbmh}l rm{{lmgmc{ pj{e Oj{fjc dxm ydrrmrrjdc dh {em lfck# Bfljhdcjf pd}lkc{ om fr ylfbjk dh fcfbv}jrj{jdc# O}{ j{ jcbl}kmk1 [muf, Drm`dc, ]{fe, ( Bfljhdrcjf fr {em rj{mr fck mcxjdcgmc{r dhcf{jdcfl muyfcrjdc hd f xfjm{z dh mfrdcr, fc`jc` hdg mlj`jdc, {d `dlk, {d fcbejc`, fckjckjxjk}fljrg#

[em Gmujbfc Fgmrjbfc Pfrhdg 65;8'65;5 pfr kjxjrjxm fr {em Pej` Yf{z ymbmjxmk {empf {d om f `mmkz lfck `fo# Pm {edd}èlz kdgjcf{mk {em Gmujbfc fgz fck, }ckm {em {mgr dh {em

[rmf{z dh @}fkmld}ym Ejlkf`d, pm mfbemk f rm{{lmgmc{ hd Bfljhdcjf, fck {em Gmujbfc Bmjdc%yf{r dh {em 0 rd}{epmr{mc r{f{mr*# Pm flrd f`mmk {d yfz fc jckmgcj{z dh 6= gjlljdc# [em lfr{ yjmbmjc {em bdc{jcmc{fl ]cj{mk R{f{mr d}{ljcm pfr od}è{ hd f rd}{emc fjldfk> {ejr pfr bfllmk {em@fkkmc Y}rbefm# Jggmkjf{mlz fh{m {em pf `dlk pfr kjrbdxmmk jc Bfljhdrcjf ryfnjc` {em @dlk_}e dh 65;:# [ejr lmk {d {em v}jbn ydy}lf{jdc fck mv}mr{ hd r{f{meddk dh Bfljhdcjf# [ejr ombfgm f{edcz v}mr{jdc, fr j{ pd}lk {jy {em oflfcbm dh hmm fck rlfxm r{f{mr# [em d{em jrr}mr dh rlfxmz jc {em{mj{djmr fck dh }cfpfz rlfxmr pmm mv}fllz bdc{mc{jd}r# [pd rmcf{dr, Kfcjml Pmo{mrfck EmcrzBlfz, y}llmk {d`m{em dcm lfr{ {jgm {d rfxm {em ]cjdc pj{e bdgydgjrm# Fl{ed}è cd{ mxmzdcm pfrylmfrmk fr Rmcf{dAdec Bfled}c f`}mk xmemgmc{lz hd{f{m rjè{# Mxmc{}fllz, bdc`mrr, lmk oz{em @mf{ Bdgydgjrm Emcz Blfz, yfrrmk {em Bdgyrdgjm dh 65=9# [em {mgr dh pejbe pmm1Bfljhdcjf pfr fkgj{{mk fr f hmm r{f{m, f r{dc` h}`j{jxm lfxm lfp pfr yfrrmk, fck rlfxmz jc {em

{mj{djmr pmm dymcmk }y {d f xd{m, dydy}lfr dxmrmj`c{z, fck {em rlfxm {fkm %o}{ cd{ rlfxmz*pfr d}{lfpmk jc Pfrejc`{dc KB#

[em _my}oljbfc Yfr{z pfr hd}ckmk {d dyydrm rlfxmz, mrymbjfllz j{r rymfk jc{d {em {mj{djmrForfefg Ljcbdlc fc hd rmcf{d hdg Jlljcdjr, fr f my}oljbfc, f`fjcr{ R{myemc Kd}`lf fckom{pmmc {emg ydxjkmk {em hfgd}r Ljcbdlc'Kd}`lf Kmof{m# Fl{ed}è em ldr{, em `fjcmk cf{jdcflmbd`cj{jdc fck em rm{ ejgrmlh }y hd f ymrjkmc{jfl ojk jc 6589#

[em Nfcf'Cmorfnf fb{ pfr yfrrmk jc 65=;# [ejr dymcmk }y rlfxmz jc od{e dh {edrm{mj{djmr oz ydy}lfr dxmrmj`c{z# J{ lmk {d yd{jdcr hdg {em yd'rlfxmz fck fc{jrlfxmz bfgyr {df{{fbn mfbe d{em hmdbjd}rlz# [ejr ombfgm ncdpc fr Olmmkjc` Nfcf# J{ mxmc ryjllmk dc{d {em hldddh bdc`mrr# Rd}{emc Bdc`mrrgfc Ymr{dc Oddnr rfxf`mlz omf{ Cd{emc Rmcf{d BeflmrR}gcm# Hldjkf fyydxmk dh {em fb{jdc fck cfgmk f {dpc jc edcd dh Oddnr %Oddnrxjllm*# [ejr mxmc{

jll}r{f{mr edp {em ]cj{mk R{f{mr pfr ombdgjc` ydlfjqmk dxm {em jrr}m dh rlfxmz#[em ]ckmr`rd}ck _fjlrdfk pfr dymf{jc` v}j{m mhhmb{jxmlz fck jcryjmk Efrrjm{ Omfbemr

R{dpm {d pj{m ]cblm [dg Bfojc# [ejr oddn gfkm rlfxmz lddn mxjl# [em oddn pfr pfglz mbmjxmkjc {em Cd{e, o}{ kmryjrmk fck o}cmk jc {em Rd}{e# [ejr h}{em mgyefrjqmk {em kjxjrjdc om{pmmc {emlfck m`jdcr dxm {em jrr}m dh rlfxmz#

[em R}ymgm Bd}{ {ed}è{ {ef{ {emz pd}lk kmbjkm {em jrr}m dh rlfxmz jc {em bfrm dhKrmkRbd{{ x# Rfchdrk# G}be {d {em bef`jc dh {em Cd{e, {em bd}{ kmbjkmk {ef{ rlfxmr pmm ydym{z, fckrlfxmz bd}lk cd{ om d}{lfpmk f{ fll#

Jc 65=:, f pej{m rfkjbfl fodlj{jdcj{, cd{emcm cfgmk Adec Ordpc kmbjkmk {d {fnm dxm fhmkmfl frmcfl fck `jxm `}cr {d {em rlfxmr# Em pfr mumb}{mk, o}{ efk bf}rmk f kmmy jh{ dh gjr{}r{jc {em rd}{e {dpfkr {em cd{e, fr {emz hmfmk gdm fkjbfl f{{mgy{r, fck {em cd{e {mf{mk Odpc fr f

gfr{zr#Oz {em {jgm dh {em Ymrjkmc{jfl mlmb{jdc dh 6589 {em ydlj{jbfl rj{}f{jdc {em ydlj{jbfl rj{}f{jdc efkpdrmcmk# Forfefg Ljcbdlc xjb{dz, ped pfrc{ mxmc dc f rjc`lm rd}{emc r{f{mr oflld{, pdc {emmlmb{jdc dh 6589# [em rd}{emc r{f{mr om`fc {d mbmkm hdg {em ]cjdc# Dcm lfr{ mhhd{ f{bdgydgjrm dbb}mk fr {em Brj{{mckmc Bdgyrdgjm, ydydrmk f m{}c {d {em Gjrrd}jBdgydgjrm ljcm# [em Rd}{e kjkc{ pfc{ j{ ombf}rm Kmk Rbd{{ efk lm`fljqmk fck lm`j{jgjqmk rlfxmz#[em Cd{e, mrymbjfllz Ljcbdlc fck {em _my}oljbfcr, dyydrmk {em rymfk dh rlfxmz fck mamb{mk {emjkmf fr pmll# [em jgyd{mc{ Ymrjkmc{ O}befccdc hddljrelz lm{ {emg lmfxm# [ejr pd}lk efxm f e}`mjgyfb{ dxm {em cmu{ hd} zmfr dh olddkz bdchljb{#

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8/48

rj`cjhjbfc{lz efrem dc {em rd}{e# Ljcbdlc hfxdmk f 69- ylfc, jc pejbe dclz 69- dh f r{f{mrydy}lf{jdc efk {d rpmf ldzfl{z {d {em ]#R# `dxmcgmc{ {d madjc {em ]cjdc#

Xjbm Ymrjkmc{ Fckmp Adecrdc, ped ombfgm ymrjkmc{, efk f rjgjlf ylfc {d Ljcbdlcr jc gjckpemc em {ddn dxm# Adecrdc pfr f fbjr{ fck ef{mk {em ylfc{mr mlj{m# Em gfkm j{ {d}è dc {edrm`d}yr %olfbnr fck jbe rd}{emc pej{mr*, fl{ed}è fll d{em `d}yr bd}lk madjc {em ]#R# xmz mfrjlz#Dyydrjc` Adecrdcr ydljbjmr pmm f `d}y dh_fkjbfl _my}oljbfc jc bdc`mrr# [emz pfc{mk {dy}cjre {em rd}{e hd bf}rjc` {em bjxjl pf fck `jxm hdgm rlfxmr mv}fl r{f{}r jc rdbjm{z lm`fllz# [d kd{ejr, {emz cmmkmk {d jcbfyfbj{f{m Adecrdcr ydpm# [emz yfrrmk {em [mc}rm dh Dhhjbm Fb{, pejbe

gfkm j{ f bjgm {d hjm f bfojcm{ gmgom fh{m {em rmcf{m efk fyydxmk {emg# Adecrdc, omljmxjc` {emfb{ {d om }cbdcr{j{}{jdcfl, {ddn {em ofj{ fck hjmk Rmbm{fz dh Pf Mkpjc R{fc{dc#

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[em fkjbflr gfkm {em rd}{e f{jhz {em 6;{e fck 6={e fgmckgmc{# [em 62{e fgmckgmc{ efkflmfkz ommc f{jhjmk# [em 62{e Fgmckgmc{ hmmk {em rlfxmr, {em 6;{e gfkm {emg bj{jqmcr, fck {em 6={e

`fxm {emg {em jè{ {d xd{m %o}{ cd{ pdgmc*#[d frrjr{ {em cmplz hmmk rlfxmr {em `dxmcgmc{ rm{ }y {em Hrmmkgmc O}rmf}# [em o}mf}

`fxm mbdcdgjb fck mk}bf{jdcfl frrjr{fcbm {d {em hmmkgmc# [ejr jr {em hjr{ jc{mxmc{jdc oz {em`dxmcgmc{ {d kjmb{lz frrjr{ bj{jqmcr#

[em Rd}{e pfr mbdcdgjbfllz kmr{dzmk fh{m {em pf# [em hdgm lmfkmr pmm cd{ flldpmk {d

efxm ydrj{jdcr dh ydlj{jbfl ydpm# [d hjll {ejr xdjk, {emm `d}yr r{myymk jc{d ydlj{jbfl dhhjbm# [embflfpf` pmm zmdgfc hfgmr ped kjkc{ ljnm {em jbe fck {em mlj{m ped rfp {emg fr {fj{drkmryjrmk {emg# [em bfrym{of``mr pmm cd{emcmr ped gdxmk {d {em rd}{e# Rdgm dh {emg bfgm{d frrjr{ {em rd}{e fck d{emr bfgm {d muyldj{ {emg mbdcdgjbfllz hd ymrdcfl hjcfcbjfl `fjc# [em {ejk`d}y pfr {em Fhrjbfc Fgmrjbfc# [emz xd{mk dh{mc fck pdc rmf{r {d {em ]#R# bdc`mrr#]chd{}cf{mlz, {em hf`jlm flljfcbm pfr h}ll dh gjr{}r{, ef{mk, fck fbjrg, fck hmll fyf{# [em N} Nl}uNlfc, hd}ckmk oz f hdgm bdchmkmf{m @mcmfl Cf{efc Omkhdk Hdmr{, pfr kmrj`cmk {d rbfm dhhmy}oljbfc xd{mr hdg {em ydll# J{ flrd {mdjqmk hrmmkgmc ped kfmk {d mumbjrm {emj cmphd}ckhmmkdgr# J{ pfr rd mhhmb{jxm {ef{ oz 6559, j{ efk cmflz kjrrdlxmk j{rmlh#

Pemc {em _my}oljbfcr ldr{ ydlj{jbfl bdc{dl jc {em rd}{e {em hdgm Kmgdbf{jb lmfkmr r{myymkofbn jc{d ydpm# [ejr cmp %dlk* lmfkmrejy jr ncdpc fr {em rmkmmgmr# [emz rd}è{ {d mxm{ {em

Rd}{e {d {em fc{momll}g %omhdrm {em bjxjl pfr* ymrjdk fck gfnm olfbnr rmbdck blfrr bj{jqmcr jc fdlm cmflz jkmc{jbfl {d rlfxmz# [emz hdbmk {em hmmkgmc jc{d fc mbdcdgjb r}ormxjmc{ rj{}f{jdcrjgjlf {d rlfxmz ncdpc fr efrmbrdyyjc` fck {mcfc{ hfrgjc`#

F{ {em bdcbl}rjdc dh {em pf, gfcz olfbnr gdxmk fd}ck jc rmfbe dh hfgjlz gmgomr ped efkommc rdlk# D{emr gdxmk {d Nfcrfr fck pmm ncdpc fr mudk}{mr# [ejr jr ncdpc fr {em hjr{ `rmf{Fhrjbfc Fgmrjbfc gj`rf{jdc# [edrm ped r{fzmk jc {em rd}{e mckmk }y fr {mcfc{ hfrgmr defrmbrdyymr# J{ pfr cmflz jkmc{jbfl {d rlfxmz, pj{e {em hdgm gfr{mr jc bef`m dcbm f`fjc# [emrmkmmgmr `dxmrcgmc{ yfrrmk efre Ajg Brdp lfp {d nmmy {em fbmr rmyff{m# [emz flrdyfrrmk ydll {fum, lj{mrfbz {m{, fck `rfckhf{emr lfp {d nmmy {emg hdg xd{jc`#

Jc 650?, @mcmfl ]lzm @rfc{ pfr mlmb{mk fr ymrjkmc{# [ejr r{f{mk f ymjdk dh _my}oljbfcymrjkmc{jfl kdgjcfcbm# [em cd{e pfr mcbd}f`mk {d xd{m fr zd} red{ %f`fjcr{ {em kmgdbf{jb rd}{e*

fck {emz xj`dd}rlz pfxmk {em olddkz ejr{ {d redp {ef{ {emz efk hd}è{ {d rfxm {em ]cjdc# @fc{ejgrmlh pfr edcmr{, o}{ em pfr f {mjolm a}k`m dh beffb{m, fck {em ymdylm em fyydjc{mk {d dhhjbmr{dlm gjlljdcr dh kdllfr hdg {em Hmkmfl `dxmcgmc{# [em Pejnmz _jc` bfckfl pfr f {furnjggjc` dymf{jdc, o}{ {em oj``mr{ rbfckfl jcxdlxmk ojomr hdg fjldfk dhhjbjflr {d ofjl d}{ fbdgyfcz, {ejr pfr bfllmk {em Brmkj{ Gdoljmr Rbfckfl#

Oz {em mlmb{jdc dh 6508, ymdylm jc {em cd{e efk {jmk dh rymckjc` rd g}be gdcmz {d mo}jlk{em rd}{e, mrymbjfllz fh{m {em mbdcdgjb Yfcjb dh 6502# [em ymdylm ped ldr{ ador kjkc{ bfm fod}{ {emhmmkgmc fczgdm# [em mlmb{jdc j{rmlh pfr fbjgdcjd}r pj{e fgyfc{ bef`mr dh xd{m hf}k> Hldjkfpfr jc f kjry}{m pj{e od{e {em Kmgdbf{r fck _my}oljbfcr blfjgjc` xjb{dz# [em bd}c{z cmflz pmc{{d pf f`fjc# [em Kmgdbf{jb bfckjkf{m efk pdc gdm xd{mr, o}{ jc f bdgydgjrm kmfl {em

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_my}oljbfc bfckjkf{m _}{emrhdrk O# Efzm ombfgm ymrjkmc{# [d fyymfrm {em rd}{e, fll cd{emc{ddyr pmm mgdxmk hdg dbb}yzjc` {em rd}{e# Bdckj{jdcr pd}lk mgfjc edjolm hd Fhjbfc

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Pdlk Pf J r{f{mk jc 6:6; jc M}dym# [emm pfr f xmz r{dc` jdlf{jdcj{ rmc{jgmc{ jc {em]cj{mk R{f{mr# Jckmmk, rjcbm @md`m Pfrejc`{dcr pfcjc` f`fjcr{ hdmj`c mc{fc`lmgmc{r, {em ]cj{mkR{f{mr efk nmy{ {d j{rmlh#^[em h}ckfgmc{fl bf}rmr dh {em pf pmm1 cf{jdcfljg, jgymrjfljg,gjlj{frjg, hfcf{jbjg, ( f bmlmorf{mk bf}m# [em bdgof{fc{r om`fc }rjc` f cmp pmfydcr, {em }'odf{ d}ogfrjcm f`fjcr{ flljmk rejyyjc`, {em {fcn, fck {em fjrylfcm fr pmfydcr dh pf [emz rfcnrdgm xmrrmlr pj{e Fgmjbfc yfrrmc`mr, gdr{ cd{folz {em L}j{fcjf, pejbe mcf`mk Fgmjbfcr# J{

pfrc{ }c{jl @mgfcz rmc{ {em Qjggmrgfc Cd{m, f rmbm{ {mlm`fg {d Gmujbd {ef{ mcbd}f`mk {emg{d f{{fbn {em ]cj{mk R{f{mr jc m{}c hd {em lfck {ef{ {emz ldr{ jc {em Gmujbfc Fgmjbfc Pf, {ef{ pmhjcfllz mc{mmk {em pf jc Fyjl 6:60#

[em `dxmcgmc{ om`fc f lf`m y}oljbj{z kjxm {d mcbd}f`m ydy}lf r}yyd{ hd {em pf fckgfnm @mgfcr lddn mxjl# [em Rmlmb{jxm Rmrxjbm Fb{ pfr {em hjr{ kfh{ rjcbm {em Bjxjl Pf, rju{z zmfrmfljm# [em Myjdcf`m Fb{ gfkm ryzjc` jllm`fl, fck {em Rmkj{jdc Fb{ gfkm j{ jllm`fl {d rymfn d}{f`fjcr{ {em pf# Rbdmr dh Fgmjbfcr pmm afjlmk hd xjdlf{jc` {em Rmkj{jdc Fb{ pejbe {em R}ymgmBd}{ }lmk pfr lm`fl k}jc` pf#

[em pf mckmk dc Cdxmgom 66, 6:65# [em [rmf{z dh Xmrfjllm jgydrmk f efre ymfbm dc{em kmhmf{mk @mgfcr# [emz pmm hdbmk {d yfz pfr rmyfrf{jdc pejbe }jcmk {emj mbdcdgz, fckflldpmk Ej{lmr{d jrm {d ydpm fr f rfxjd# [em {mgr dh {em {mf{z lfjk {em rmmkr hd Pdlk Pf JJ# [em

hf{emr{ mfbejc` ymfbm ydxjrjdc pfr {em Lmf`}m dh Cf{jdc# [ejr d`fcjqf{jdc, {em ofjcbejlk dhYrmjkmc{ Pddkrdp Pjldchd}r{mmc ydjc{ hdr ymfbm, pfr {em hdm}ccm dh {em ]cj{mk Cf{jdcr#]chd{}cf{mlz, {em jdlf{jdcj{ gjckmk Rmcf{dr dyydrmk j{# [em hjè{ om{pmmc {em Rmcf{mrmmrxf{jdcj{ fck Ymrjkmc{ Pjlrdc njllmk fcz ]cj{mk R{f{mr jcxdlxmgmc{ jc {em Lmf`}m dh Cf{jdc

F{ {em mck dh {em pf, _}jf ombfgm f bdgg}cj{ bd}c{z# [ejr bf}rmk f pdlk pjkm hmf dhbdgg}cjrg bfllmk {em _mk Rbfrm# F{{dcmz @mcmfl F# Gj{bemll Yflgm lmk {em Yflgmr _fjk dcr}rymb{mk bdgg}cjr{ d`fcjqf{jdcr fh{m f rmjmr dh gfjl odgojc`r {mjhjmk {em bd}c{z#

Rdbjfllz, {em lfr{ {pd fbejmxmgmc{r dh {em Yd`mrrjxm Mf dbb}mk pj{e {em yfrrf`m dh {em65{e fck 6:{e fgmckgmc{r# [em 65{e fgmckgmc{, yrdejoj{jdc, pfr yfrrmk jc 6:?9 fck gfkm flbdedljllm`fl jc {em ]cj{mk R{f{mr# J{ pfr lf{m mymflmk pj{e {em ?6{ fgmckgmc{ jc 6:22# [em 6:{e

fgmckgmc{ yfrrmk jc 6:?9 `fxm pdgmc {em rjè{ {d xd{m#

6:?9'6:29 [em _dfrjc` ?9[em 6:?9r pmm f {jgm ymjdk dh refy bdc{fr{r fck f r{}``lm om{pmmc cmp fck dlk jkmfr#

Gdm ymdylm ljxmk jc bj{jmr f{em {efc {em bd}c{z rjkm hd {em hjr{ {jgm jc {em 6:?9 bmcr}r#[mbecdld`z, cmp bdcr}gm `ddkr, fck {em cmp hmmkdg ydrrmrrmk oz zd}c` fk}l{r bf}rmk fcjc{mcrm mfb{jdc oz rdgm {d m{}c {d {em `ddk dlk kfzr fr kmgdcr{f{mk oz h}ckfgmc{fljg,jggj`rf{jdc rm{rjb{jdc, fck yrdejoj{jdc#

[em 6:?9 mlmb{jdc pfr f m{}c {d cdgflbz fr r{f{mk oz {em cmp ymrjkmc{, Pfmc Efkjc`#[ejr gmfc{ {ef{ Fgmjbfcr pmm {}cjc` fpfz hdg {em {}g}l{}d}r Yrd`rmjxjg fck jcxdlxmgmc{ jcjc{mcf{jdcfl fhhfjr {dpfk f bflgm, gdm jdlf{jdcj{ {jgm#

Fgmjbfcr efk flrd {jmk dh {em {mmgjc` mh}rm %jggj`fc{ edkmr* hdg hdmj`c redmr# [em

bdc`mrr yfrrmk r{jb{ fc{j jggj`rf{jdc lfp# [em {jfl dh jggj`fc{ fcfbejr{r Rfbbd fck Xfcqm{{jejèljè{mk {d {em pdlk a}r{ edp cf{jxj{ fck fc{j jggj`fc{ {ef{ Fgmjbf efk ombdgm# [em yfj pmmmumb}{mk jc f ejèlz ojfrmk bd}{ bfrm %{em a}k`m efk gfkm fbjfl rl}r jc hdc{ dh {em a}z*# [em cmpN} Nl}u Nlfc pfr mxjxmk jc 6:6=# [ejr cmp jcbfcf{jdc dh {em Nlfc fkkmk jggj`fc{r, Ampr, fckBf{edljbr {d j{r ef{m ljr{ jc fkkj{jdc {d Fhjbfc Fgmjbfcr# J{ `fjcmk r{mc`{e jc {em Cd{e fck Gjkpmr{oz mryd}rjc` {fkj{jdcfl xfl}mr# Jc f redp dh mu{mgm fd`fcbm, Nlfcrgmc fck pdgmc gfbemkhdg {em Bfyj{fl {d {em Pej{m Ed}rm jc Pfrejc`{dc K#B# J{ fll hmll fyf{ hd {em Nlfc pemc {dy gmgomrpmm bf}è{ mgomqqljc` %r{mfljc`* gjlljdcr# Oz {em mck dh {em kmbfkm {em Nlfc pfr f gmm remll dh j{rhdgm r{mc`{e#

6?


13/48

Fhjbfc Fgmjbfcr jc Cmp Zdn Bj{z, rymbjhjbfllz {em odd}è dh Eflmg, om`fc f lj{mfz,f{jr{jb, fck g}rjbfl gdxmgmc{ {ef{ pfr k}oomk {em Efrlmg _mcfjfcbm# Lfc`{dc E}èm, K}nmMlljc`{dc, fck Ld}jm Frg{rdc` lmk {em r}`m jc {em olfbn f{jr{jb gdxmgmc{# Gfcz pej{m ymdylmbfgm {d Eflmg {d emf {em cmp g}rjb dhafqq#

[em gdxjm pmm xmz ydy}lf, efxjc` om`}c f{ {em {}c dh {em bmc{}z# [emz pmm rjlmc{ }c{jl{em gdxjm [em Afqq Rjc`mrkmo}{mk jc 6:?0 fr {em hjr{ {flnjc` yjb{}m# _fkjd pfr njc` hd {em kmbfkm{ed}è, pj{e f{ lmfr{ :9- dh edgmr efxjc` f{ lmfr{ dcm fkjd# Ymdylm ljr{mcmk {d {em fkjdfyydujgf{mlz hd} ed}r f kfz#

[em f}{dgdojlm kdgjcf{mk {em kmbfkm, pj{e dcm d}{ dh mxmz mjè{ pdnmr mgyldzmk oz fcf}{dgdojlm mlf{mk jck}r{z# Gdr{ ymdylm efk f bf k}m {d {em fmgolz ljcm, pejbe ydk}bmk lf`mc}gomr dh bfr pejbe ldpmmk {em yjbm# [ejr gfkm {em bf fhhdkfolm hd {em gjkklm blfrr# Zd}c`ymdylm mcadzmk cmp rdbjfl hmmkdgr dc kf{mr fpfz hdg yfmc{fl befymdcmr# [emz mc`f`mk jc fcf}è{z yfb{jbm ncdpc fr ym{{jc` pejbe v}j{m cf{}fllz lmk {d ym'gf{jfl rmu# Gdkmc zd}c` pdgmcped pdm red{ efj, red{ rnj{r, rgdnmk, bfd}rmk pj{e gmc, fck befllmc`mk rdbjfl gdmr pmmncdpc fr hlfyymr#

Yrdejoj{jdc `fxm jrm {d odd{lm``jc` flbdedl# Mxmzkfz ymdylm om`fc omfnjc` {em lfp ozg}``ljc` fck gfnjc` oddqm# [em gdo d `fc`r{mr {ddn dxmodd{lm``jc` gfnjc` gjlljdcr jc {emjlljbj{ {fkm# J{ flrd jcbmfrmk xjdlmcbm pj{e Fl Bfydcm `fc` `}ccjc` kdpc fcz jxflr#

Befrlm Ljckomrè, ped xjrj{mk [edgf Mkjdc jc Hd{ Gzmr, pfr {em hjr{ ymrdc {d hlz rdld

fbdrr {em F{lfc{jb Dbmfc# Fj {fxml efk om`}c jc 6:92 pj{e {em Prjè{ Ord{emr hlzjc` {em hjr{fjylfcm jc Nj{{z Efpn Cd{e Bfdljcf, o}{ j{ pfr cd{ f rfhm, yfb{jbfl gfbejcm }c{jl {em 6:?9r#

[em Rbdym gdcnmz [rjfl y}{ Kfpjcr {emdz dh mxdl}{jdc dc {jfl# J{ pfr f kfgf{jbkmgdcr{f{jdc dh dlk omljmhr fck cmp jkmfr {ef{ pmm r{}``ljc` hd kdgjcfcbm# [em cmp Kfrpjc xr#{em dlk h}ckfgmc{flj{ omljmh jc {em Ojolm#

Cmp gdkmc bdcxmcjmcbmr r}be fr mhj`mf{dr, pfrejc` gfbejcmr, xfb}}gr, dxmcr,{dfr{mr, fck fkjdr pmm fkxm{jrmk xmz emfxjlz# Ymdylm ldxmk edp {em cmp bdcxmcjmcbmr gfkm ljhmmfrjm fck od}è{ fr gfcz j{mgr fr {emz bd}lk jc f yfb{jbm ncdpc fr bdc}gmrjg# O}zjc` dc fcjc{fllgmc{ ylfc dbrmkj{ gfkm j{ rmmg fhhdkfolm %dclz f kdllf kdpc fck f kdllf hdmxm*# [emmpmm pj{mr fck bj{jbr cfgmk {em Ld{ @mcmrf{jdc dh {ejr cmp bdc}gmrjg fck bdchdrgj{z, gdr{ydgjcmc{ fgdc` {emg pmm H# Rbd{{ Hj{q`mrflk, Rjcblfjr Lmpj, Adec R{mjcombn, @mr{}km R{mjc,

fck Mfrcm{ Emgjc`pfz#Oj` O}jcm r}lmk jc {em 6:?9r# [em dhhjbjfl ydljbz dh {em `dxmcgmc{ pfr {d frrjr{ o}rjcmrr

cd{ {d m`}lf{m j{# Yrmjkmc{ Bddljk`m mxmc rfjk {ef{ f gfc ped pdnr jc f hfb{dz pdrejyr jc f{mgylm# [em o}rjcmrr dpcmr `d{ jbe, o}{ {em pdnmr kjkc{ hfj fr pmll# [em `fy om{pmmc rjbe fckyddr pjkmcmk, fr j{ kjk f`fjc jc {em 6:59r# [em {dbn gfrnm{ pfr }crm`}lf{mk pejbe lmk mxmzkfzymdylm {d ymb}lf{m jc {em mk ed{ gfnm{# Ymdylm bd}lk o}z dc {em gfr`jc, pejbe jr {d ylfbm f rgflfgd}c{ dh gdcmz fr f kdpc yfzgmc{# Ymdylm flrd jcxmr{mk jc Hldjkf mfl mr{f{m %lf`mlz }crmmcrpfgy lfck*# K}jc` {em 6:?9r Ofdc @jh{ Bdlljm bdgylm{mk {em [fgjfgj [fjl %]#R# ;6* fbdrr {emMxm`lfkmr {d Gjfgj# Hldjkf efk muymjmcbmk f lfck oddg jc {em 6:?9r }c{jl {pd e}jbfcmr y}{ {emomfnr dc# Rgfll hfgmr pmm flrd ej{ efk jc {em 6:?9r> {emz dpmk f {mgmckd}r fgd}c{ dh gdcmz{ef{ {emz oddpmk fck om`fc ldrjc` {emj hfgr {d hdmbldr}m#

[em R{dbn Gfrnm{ Brfe dh 6:?: rj`cflmk {em mck dh {em dfjc` ?9r fck {em om`jccjc` dh {em@mf{ Kmymrrjdc# [em bf}rmr dh {em @rmf{ Kmyrmjdc pmm1 R{dbn Rymb}lf{jdc, O}zjc` dc {emGfr`jc, Dxmryrdk}b{jdc, kmo{ %k}m {d o}zjc` dc brmkj{*, fck {em zfpcjc`, gdcm{fz `fy om{pmmcrjbe fck yddr#

6:29'6:;9 [em @rmf{ Kmyrmjdc[em @rmf{ Kmyrmjdc pfr f pdlkpjkm mbdcdgjb kmymrrjdc# Jc {em ]cj{mk R{f{mr fck gfcz

d{em bd}c{jmr dcm d}{ dh mxmz hd} ymdylm pmm }cmgyldzmk# [em `dxmcgmc{ frr}gmk {ef{ {emmbdcdgz pd}lk hju j{rmlh fr j{ kjk fh{m {em mbdcdgjb yfcjbr dh 656:, 6502, fck 65:?# Rd, {em`dxmcgmc{ kjk xmz lj{{lm {d emly# [em omljmh pfr {ef{ zd} emlymk zd}rmlh fck kjkc{ muymb{ f efckd}{

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dkjrmb{ rmljmhhdg {em `dxmcgmc{# [em Ymrjkmc{, Emromr{ Eddxmr, bfllmk {ejr f{{j{}km r}``mkjckjxjk}fljg# Rdgm ymdylm mxmc omljmxmk {ef{ j{ pd}lk e}{ f ymrdc yrzbedld`jbfllz jh {emz mbmjxmkf efckd}{#

[ejc`r pmm rd ofk {ef{ Pdlk Pf J xm{mfcr pmc{ {d Pfrejc`{dc K#B# {d frn hd {emj odc}r{mc zmfr mflz# [emz pmm bfllmk {em odc} frgz fck {emz ljxmk jc refbnr hd pmmnr fd}ckPfrejc`{dc# Eddxm efk @mcmrfl Kd}`lf GfbFr{e}rmgdxm {emg# GfbF{e} pmc{ dxmodfk fckxjbjd}rlz f{{fbnmk {em xm{mfcr# Rdgm xm{mfcr mckmk }y jc {em Hldjkf Nmzr {d o}jlk {em dxmrmfrejèpfz# ]chd{}cf{mlz, gfcz dh {emg pmm njllmk oz {em e}jbfcm dh 6:2=# Ymdylm dfgmk hdg {dpc

{d {dpc lddnjc` hd pdn# Gmc ped {fxmlmk jllm`fllz oz {fjc pmm bfllmk edod# [em k}{ odpl, f kzm`jdc {ef{ olmp fpfz hfgr jc {em ylfjcr r{f{mr, h}{em fkkmk {d {em cf{jdcr gjrmz fr gfcz dh {emrd bfllmk Frnjm dDnjm gdxmk {d Bfljhdcjf# Ymdylm ped pmm mxjb{mk hdg {emj edgmr ljxmk jcrefbnr gfkm hdg rbfy gf{mjflr bfllmk Eddxmrxjllm# Cd{ r}yjrjc`lz, Eddxm pfr omf{mc jc flfckrljkm oz Hrfcnljc Kmlfcd _ddmxml{, dHK_, jc {em mlmb{jdc dh 6:2?#

_ddmxml{ bfgm hdg f pmfl{ez hfgjlz, o}{ }comncdpcr{ {d {em y}oljb pfr yfflzqmk hdg {empfjr{ kdpc k}m {d ydljd# Fr f mr}l{ dh ejr r{}``lmr {d pfln em efk fhhmb{jdc hd {em bdggdc gfc,pedg em mhmmk {d fr {em hd`d{{mc gfc# Em }{jljqmk {em fkjd {d `m{ ejr gmrrf`m fbdrr {d {em

Fgmjbfc y}oljb# Em `fxm ydy}lfhjrmjkm bef{ dc {em fkjd {d frr}m {em y}oljb {ef{ {emm jrcd{ejc` {d hmf, o}{ hmf j{rmlh#

HK_r hjr{ dkm dh o}rjcmrr pfr {d hju {em ofcnr {ef{ pmm bdllfyrjc`# [ed}rfckr dh ymdylm

pmm ldrjc` {emj ljhm rfxjc`r {d ofcnr `djc` d}{ dh o}rjcmrr# Em efk lm`jrlf{jdc yfrrmk bfllmk HmkmrflKmydj{ Jc}rfcbm Bdrydrf{jdc,HKJB, pejbe pd}lk jcr}m ofcn kmydrj{r#

HK_ y}remk f ylm{edf dh gfad lm`jrlf{jdc {ed}è bdc`mrr jc {em hjr{ 699 kfzr dh ejr {mg jcdhhjbm# Bj{jbr bfllmk ejr ylfcr flyefom{ d}y ombf}rm mfbe lfp fck f`mcbz {ef{ pfr bmf{mk pmc{ ozjcj{jflr# [em Cmp Kmfl jcbl}kmk rmljmhd jggmkjf{m frrjr{fcbm, rmbdxmrz {d `m{ o}rjcmrrmr fckymdylm ofbn {d pdn, fck rmhdrg {d hju {em rzr{mg rd f kmymrrjdc pd}lk cmxm dbb} f`fjc#

Rdgm dh {em gdr{ ydy}lfCmp Kmfl yrd`rfg pmm1 F`rjb}l{}rm Fka}{gmc{ Fb{ %FFF* {demly r{}``ljc` hfgmr, {em Bjxjljfc Bdcmrxf{jdc Bdry %BBB* {d y}{ zd}c` gmc {d pdn dc y}oljbpdnr ydamb{r, {em [mccmmm Xfllmz F}{edrj{z %[XF*, {d ydxjkm hlddk bdc{dl fck mcm`z hd rmxmcr{f{mr, {em Pdrn Yrd`rm Fkgjcj{rf{jdc %PYF* {d y}{ ymdylm {d pdn dc y}oljb ydamb{r, {emRdbjfl Rmb}rj{z Fb{ {d emly {em mlkmlz, kjrfolmk fck }cmgyldzmk fck {em Rmb}rj{jm fck Mubefc`m

Bdggjjdc %RMB* {d m`}lf{m {em r{dbn gfnm{#[em Cmp Kmfl kjkc{ `m{ Fgmjbf d}{ dh {em @rmf{ Kmyrmjdc> j{ pd}lk {fnm Pdlk Pf JJ {d

fbbdgyljre {ef{# Edpmxm, {em Cmp Kmfl `fxm ymdylm edym# Rdgm dh {em rdbjm{fl fck mbdcdgjbbefc`mr fm r{jll jgyfb{jc` Fgmjbf {dkfz# J{ jr lj{{lm pdckm {ef{ HK_ pfr mlmb{mk fr ymrjkmc{ fmbdk hd} {jgmr#

6:22'6:;= Pdrlk Pfr JJHdg {em kmy{er dh {em @rmf{ Kmyrmjdc, rdgm bd}c{jmr {}cmk {dpfk kjb{f{dr hd edym

fck rflxf{jdc# [emrm rjcjr{m lmfkmr rnjllh}llz muyldj{mk {emj ymdylm {d y}r}m kmfgr dh pdlkkdgjcf{jdc# [em jrm dhkjb{f{dr jc Afyfc, J{flz, fck @mgfcz pd}lk befc`m {em pdlk#

Afyfc, ped efk om`}c jck}{rjfljqjc` jc {em gjk 6599r, pfc{mk {d mclf`m j{r mgyjm# [emz

ljxmk dc f rgfll jrlfck {ef{ pfr kmxdjk dh cf{}fl mrd}bmr# [em gjlj{frz {ddn bdc{rdl dh Afyfc fckom`fc {d bdcv}m j{r cmjèodr om`jccjc` pj{e Gfcbe}rjf jc 6:26#

Jc J{flz, f kjb{f{d cfgmk Omcj{d G}dljcj {ddn ydpm# Em pfc{mk {d fbv}jm bdldcjmr jcFhjbf fck bdcv}mmk M{ejdyjf jc 6:2=# Em flrd gfkm f yfb{ pj{e hmlldp kjb{f{dEj{lmr#

[em Ryfcje Bjxjl Pfrpfr f kmrr memfrfl hd Pdlk Pf JJ# Ej{lm fck G}rrdljcj r}yyd{mkhmlldp kjb{f{d Hfcbjrbd Hfcbd# _}rrjf pfr dc {em dyydrj{m rjkm# [em gfad ydpmr dh Mc`lfck,Hfcbm, fck {em ]cj{mk R{f{mr rf{ d}{# [ejr pd}lk mgodlkmc Ej{lm jc{d gfnjc` d{em f``mrrjxmgdxmr jc M}dym#

Fkdlye Ej{lmrbfgm {d ydpm jc @mrgfcz jc 6:22# Dcbm jc ydpm em gfkm ejr Cfqj yfr{z {emdclz ydlj{jbfl yf{z# Em pfc{mk ljxjc` ryfbm hd ejr ymdylm fck om`fc {fnjc` lfck %_ejcmlfck fck

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F}r{jf*# Em pfc{mk {em R}km{mclfck, f yf{ dhBqmbedldxfnjf, o}{ {em Bqmber kjkc{ pfc{ ejg {defxm j{# [em pmfn lmfkmr dh Mc`lfck fck Hfcbm gfkm f kmfl pj{e Ej{lm {d `jxm j{ {d ejg jc m{}c hd{em ydgjrm {ef{ j{ pfr {em lfr{ yjmbm dh lfck {ef{ em pd}lk {fnm# [ejr ydljbz, ncdpc fr fyymfmgmc{,pfr fc fordl}{m hfjl}m# Ej{lm `foomk fll dh fll dh Bqmbedrldxfnjf fck rm{ ejr rjè{r dc Ydlfck#

Admh R{fljc ombfgm {em lmfkm dh {em Rdxjm{ ]cjdc jc {em 6:?9r# Em om`fc f rmjmr dhy}r`m, jc pejbe em njllmk gjlljdcr dh ejr dpc ymdylm ped dyydrmk ejg %ejr {d{fl gfzom fr ejè fr ?9gjlljdc*# Em om`fc {d jck}r{jfljqm ejr `jfc{, ofbnpfk cf{jdc# Em kjkc{ {}r{ Ej{lm fck {em hmmljc` pfrg}{}fl# Cmxm{emlmrr, {emz rj`cmk f rmbm{ cdc f``rmjdc yfb{, {d cd{ f{{fbn mfbe d{em fck kjxjkm

Ydlfck fgdc` {emg# Ej{lmrjcxfkmk Ydlfck dc Rmy{mgom 6, 6:2:# Oj{fjc fck Hfcbm kmblfmk pfdc @mgfcz, Pdrlk Pfr JJ efk om`}c#

[em ]cj{mk R{f{m pfr kmmylz jdlf{jdcj{ jc {em 6:29r# [ejr pfr k}m {d {em @mf{Kmymrrjdc, o}{ flrd {d {em ljc`mjc` hmmljc`r dh mrmc{gmc{ dxm j{r jcxdlxmgmc{ jc Pdlk Pf J# Fcdhhjbjfl rmcf{m myd{, bfllmk {em Czm _mydr{, olfgmk d} mc{z jc{d Pdlk Pf J dc {em `mmkzpmfydcr gfc}hfb{}mr rd {emz bd}lk mfc f ydhj{# [em bdc`mrr yfrrmk f rmjmr dh r{jb{ Cm}{rflj{zLfp, pejbe efgymmk d} mhhd{ {d frrjr{ d{em bd}c{jmr#

[em pf pmc{ ofklz hd Mc`lfck fck Hfcbm# Ej{lm jcxfkmk Hfcbm pj{e f cmp {fb{jb bfllmkolj{qnrjm`, d ljè{jc` pf# Em bfy{}mk Hfcbm jc f gdc{e# Fll {ef{ pfr lmh{ jc M}dym pfr Oj{fjc# [emOf{{lm dh Orj{fjc om`fc jc 6:;9# J{ pfr fc fmjfl pf# Ej{lm pfc{mk {d odgo Oj{fjc pj{e fj ylfcmr {drdh{mc {emg }y yjd {d lfckjc` ejr {ddyr jc dymf{jdc rmf ljdc# [em jcxmc{jdc dhrfkfremlymk nmmy

Ej{lmr ylfcr hd bdcv}mr{ dc {em remlh# Mxmc{}fllz Ej{lm pfr kjr{fb{mk fck f{{fbnmk ejr dlk fllz,R{fljc jc dymf{jdc Ofofdrrf#

HK_ kmrymf{mlz pfc{mk {d emly Oj{fjc# O}{ {em Fgmjbfc y}oljb fck bdc`mrr bl}c` {dcm}{flj{z# Em mxmc{}fllz `d{ {em lmck lmfm fb{ yfrrmk pejbe flldpmk {em Oj{jre {d efxm Fgmjbfcpmfydcr# Pemc Ej{lm {}cmk dc R{fljc, {em lmck lmfrm fb{ pfr mu{mckmk {d {em Rdxjm{r# [em ]cj{mkR{f{mr ombfgm {em `mf{ Frmcfl dh Kmgdbrfbz, gfnjc` pmfydcr hd bd}c{jmr {ef{ hd}è{ Ej{lm#

Jc 6:20, {em Afyfcmm jcxfkmk Bejcf# [em ]cj{mk R{f{mr dyydrmk {em fb{jdc fck b}{ dhh xj{flr}yyljmr dh djl fck r{mml# [em Afyfcmrm kmbjkmk {d ncdbn {em ]R d}{, rd {emz bd}lk bdcv}m Frjf# DcKmbmgomr 0, 6:;6 {emz f{{fbnmk {em cfxfl ofrm Ymfrl Efrodrjc Efpfjj# [emz njllmk ?,:89 Fgmjbfcrfck rfcn 65 cfxz pfrejyr dcm pejbe pfr of{{lmrejy Frjqdcf# [em cmu{ kfz {em ]cj{mk R{f{mrmc{mmk {em pf#

R{fljc pfc{mk {em ]cj{mk R{f{mr fck Mc`lfck {d jcxfkm Hfcbm fck {fnm ymrr}m dhh dh {emRdxjm{r# Edpmxm {em hjr{ bfgyfj`c {em ]cj{mr R{f{mr {ddn yf{ jc pfr {em jcxfrjdc dh Cd{e Fhjbf#Cmu{, {em ]R jcxfkmk J{flz# [em {}cjc` ydjc{ jc M}dym pfr f{ R{fljc`rfk, pemm {em Rdxjm{r kmhmf{mk{em @mgfcr fck om`fc fc dhhmcrjxm {dpfk @mgfcz# [em rmbdck hdc{ pfr hjcfllz dymcmk dc A}cm8, 6:;;# J{ pfr bfllmk K'kfz, pejbe pfr fc jcxfrjdc dh Cdgfckz pj{e {em }l{jgf{m `dfl dh m{fnjc`M}dym hdg Ej{lm# Hfcbm pfr mbfy{}mk fck @mgfcz pfr y}remk ofbn# Ej{lm efk dcm hjcfl `fryfck f{{fbnmk pj{e fll dh ejr mgfjcjc` mrmxmr jc {em }cr}bbmrrh}l Of{{lm dh {em O}l`m# Ej{lm njllmkejgrmlh fck @mgfcz R}mckmmk jc Gfz 6:;=, {ejr pfr bfllmk X'M kfz hd xjb{dz jc M}dym# [emedd dh {em edldbf}{ pfr mxmlmk {d {em pdlk# J{ pfr Ej{lmr hjcfl dl}{jdc {d `m{{jc` jk dh {emAmpr# [ejr `mcdbjkm {ddn {em ljxmr dh 66 gjlljdc ymdylm, rju gjlljdc dh pejbe pmm Amp#

Jc {em Yfbjhjb, {em ]cj{mk R{f{mr hd}è{ Afyfc xj{}fllz fldcm# [em {}cjc` ydjc{ dh {em pf bfgm

mflz jc {em Of{{lm dh Gjkpfz, pemm {em ]#R# rfcn hd} Afyfcmrm fjbfh{ bfjmr# [em ]cj{mk R{f{mrefk odnmc {em Afyfcmrm bdkm pejbe frrjr{mk {emg jc kmhmf{jc` {em Afyfcmrm# [em ]#R# }rmk fr{f{m`z bfllmk jlfck edyyjc` {d kmhmf{ {em Afyfcmrm# Mxmc{}fllz, {emz hd}è{ hd bdc{dl dh {emjrlfckr cmf {em Afyfcmrm edgmlfck# [em Of{{lm dh Jpd Ajgf jcbl}kmk {em jbdcjb hlf` fjrjc`, o}{ {empf pfrc{ dxm# [em gjlj{fz mr{jgf{mk {ef{ dcm gjlljdc Fgmjbfcr pd}lk om bfr}fl{jmr jc {em jcxfrjdcdh Afyfc# [em ]cj{mk R{f{mr efk rmbm{lz ommc pdnjc` dc {em Gfcef{{fc Yrdamb{, pejbe pfr {emkmxmldygmc{ dh {em f{dgjb odgo# [em ]#R# efk kmxmldymk {em F{dgjb Odgo, fck pfr ymyfmk {d}rm j{ dc Afyfc# [em hjr{ odgo gfkm hdg ]fcj}g pfr kdyymk dc Ejrdejgf dc F}`}r{ 8{e 6:;=# Jpfr bfllmk Lj{{lm Odz fck pfr kdyymk hdg {em ylfcm {em Mcdlf @fz# [em Afyfcmrm mh}rmk {dr}mckm, rd fh{m {emm kfzr {em rmbdck odgo pfr kdyymk dc Cf`ffnj# J{ pfr cjbncfgmk Hf{

6=


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Gfc fck pfr f yl}{dcj}g odgo kdyymk hdg f ylfcm bfllmk Odubf# [ejr pfr ncdpc fr X ' A Kfz,hd xjb{dz dxm Afyfc, {em pf pfr dxm#

[em ]cj{mk R{f{mr pfr folm {d d}{yfbm {em mcmgz# Pm rjgylz pmm folm {d gfnm gdmpmfydcr {efc fcz d{em bd}c{z# [em mbdcdgz rmbdxmrmk hdg {em @rmf{ Kmyrmjdc fr {em cf{jdcpmc{ ofbn {d pdn {d pjc {em pf# Gjlljdcr dh rdlkjmr pmm {fjcmk, yjld{r pmm {fjcmk emm jc Hd{Gzmr f{ Yf`m Hjmlk fck `}ccmr hd odgomr pmm {fjcmk jc O}bnjcèfg# Jh zd} `d {d {em fmffd}ck {em gdrv}j{d bdc{dl fjyd{, zd} bfc r{jll rmm hd}ckf{jdcr hdg {em r{}b{}mr }rmk {d ed}rm{em ;9,999 rdlkjmr r{f{jdcmk emm %{ef{ pfr {mc {jgmr {em c}gom dh ymdylm ljxjc` jc Hd{ Gzmr f{ {em

{jgm&*# Pdgmc pmc{ {d pdn jc {em hfb{djmr pejlm {em gmc pmc{ {d pf# [em ]cj{mk R{f{mr mgm`mk frfc mbdcdgjb fck gjlj{fz r}ym ydpm#

[em oj` {emm, HK_, Pjc{dc Be}rbejll %Mc`lfck*, fck Admh R{fljc %Rdxjm{ ]cjdc*, gm{ f{Zfl{f {d kjrb}rr pef{ {em ydr{ pf pdlk pd}lk lddn ljnm# [em {emm pmjè{z jrr}mr {d om kmbjkmkpmm1 {em dbb}yf{jdc dh @mgfcz, {em bmf{jdc dh {em ]cj{mk Cf{jdcr, fck {em r{f{}r dh Mfr{mcM}dym# [em Rdxjm{r pfc{mk f ryemm dh jchl}mcbm jc Mfr{mc M}dym {d ymxmc{ f {ejk gfad @mgfcf{{fbn# [em ]#R# fck Mc`lfck pfc{mk kmgdbf{jb mlmb{jdcr {d {fnm ylfbm# F c}gom dh bdgydgjrmrpmm mfbemk# [em ]cj{mk Cf{jdcr pd}lk om bmf{mk, hmm fck hfj mlmb{jdcr pd}lk om emlk jc Ydlfck,fck @mgfcz pd}lk om kjxjkmk fgdc` {em flljmr# [em mr{ dh Mfr{mc M}dym pd}lk om }ckm {em {d{flbdc{dl dh {em Rdxjm{r#

6:;='6:=? [em Bdlk Pfr[em Bdlk Pfrpfr fc jkmdld`jbfl bdchljb{ om{pmmc {em kmgdbrf{jb ]cj{mk R{f{m fck {em

bdgg}cj{ Rdxjm{ ]cjdc# K}jc` {em bdlk pf od{e rjkmr kjkc{ redd{ f{ mfbe d{em k}m {emkmr{}b{jxmcmrr dh c}blmf pmfydcr jc fc jkmf ncdpc fr G#F#K# %g}{}fllz f}rmk km{r}b{jdc*#

Fl{ed}è od{e rjkmr yf{jbjyf{mk jc f c}gom dhyrduz pfr, jc pejbe {emz r}yyd{mk {em dyydrjc`rjkmr# [em Bdlk Pfrlfr{mk hdg 6:;='6::6 pj{e {em bdllfyrm dh {em Rdxjm{ ]cjdc, fck pfr fbdcrjkmf{jdc jc fll gfad hdmj`c ydljbz kmbjrjdcr k}jc` {ef{ {jgm#

@mdr`m Nmmcfc pfr fc muymjmcbmk Fgmjbfc Kjyldgf{ ped rymbjfljqmk jc Rdxjm{ fhhfjr# Emjrr}mk {em ldc` {mlm`rfg pejbe kmblfmk {ef{ {em dclz {ejc` {em rdxjm{r mrymb{mk pfr r{mc`{e# [em]cj{mk R{f{mr red}lk cd{ {z {d fyymfm {em Rdxjm{r# [em ]#R# red}lk xj`dd}rlz dyydrm fll Rdxjm{muyfcrjdc pj{e h}ll mbdcdgjb fck gjlj{fz hdbm# [ejr ydljbz, ncdpc fr bdc{fjcgmc{, ombfgm

Fgmjbfr hdmj`c ydljbz hd {em k}f{jdc dh {em bdlk pf %;8 zmfr*#Fh{m HK_r kmf{e jc Fyjl dh 6:;=, Efrrz [r}gfc ombfgm ymrjkmc{# Em pfr cd{ fhfjk {d

gfnm kjhhjb}l{ kmbjrjdcr r}be fr kdyyjc` {em F{dgjb Odgo# Em jrr}mk pef{ jr ncdpc fr {em [r}gfcKdb{rjcm jc 6:;0# [ejr kdb{jcm ydblfjgmk {ef{ Fgmjbf pd}lk efxm {d fofckdc j{r jrdlf{jdcjr{ yfr{fck dyydrm bdgg}cjrg mxmzpemm j{ {emf{mcmk {d rymfk# [ejr hdmj`c ydljbz pd}lk `}jkm Fgmjbf,hd om{{m d pdrm }c{jl 6::6#

[em hjr{ ylfbm [}gfc fyyljmk {em kdb{jcm pfr jc pf {dc M}dym# Gfcz bd}c{jmr pmmr{}``ljc` {d r}xjxm fck om`fc lddnjc` {d bdgg}cjrg fr {em fcrpm# O}{, fbbdkjc` {d [}gfc,jc{mxmcjc` pd}lk om f pfr{m dh {jgm }clmrr zd} `fxm {em bd}c{jmr f efck d}{ dh ydxm{z# [emymrjkmc{r Rmbm{fz dh R{f{m, @mdr`m Gfrefll, bfgm }y pj{e fc mbdcdgjb yfbnf`m bfllmk {emGfrefll Ylfc {d mbdcdgjbfllz mo}jlk M}dym# F{ hjr{ bdc`mrr kjkc{ pfc{ {d rymck {em gjlljdcr {ef{

{em ylfc pd}lk cmmk {d r}bbmmk# O}{ hmf dh bdgg}cjrg ydgy{mk {emg {d fyydxm {em fgoj{jd}rylfc# [em Gfrefll Ylfc pfr f {mgmckd}r r}bbmrr#

Omrljc, @mgfczr Bfyj{fl, pfr kmmy jc {em Rdxjm{ Rmb{d# Jc 6:;5, {em Rdxjm{r bldrmk fbbmrr,{e}r ymxmc{jc` Fgmjbfc, Mc`ljre, fck Hmcbe rejygmc{r dh r}yyljmr# [em Oj{jre fck Fgmjbfcr hlmpjc r}yyljmr jc fc mhhd{ ncdpc fr {em Omrljc Fjrljh{# Fh{m cmflz f zmf {em Rdxjm{r mdymcmk fbbmrr#

Bejcf pfr flrd bjyylmk oz {em pf, fck j{ efk {pd rjkmr hjè{jc` hd bdc{dl, {em bdgg}cj{,}ckmGfd Qmkdc` fck {em Cf{jdcflj{ }ckmBefc` Nfj'emn# [em ]cj{mk R{f{mr r}yyd{mk {emcf{jdcfljr{r, o}{ Befc` pfr o}{fl {d ejr ymdylm fck ldr{ {em ]#R# r}yyd{# Mxmc{}fllz, Bejcf ombfgmbdgg}cjr{ }ckm Gfd# [em _my}oljbfc Yf{z olfgmk {em Kmgdbf{r hd {em ldrr, blfjgjc` {ef{ {emzpmm rdh{ dc bdgg}cjrg# [ejr blfjg pd}lk ef}c{ Fgmjbf zmfr lf{m jc Xjm{cfg#

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[em hfll dh Bejcf fck Mfr{mc M}dym {d bdgg}cjg ydxdnmk f ezr{mjf ncdpc fr {em _mkRbfrm# J{ pfr {em rmbdck r}be rbfm %{em hjr{ pfr jc 6:6:, fh{m Pdlk Pf J*# F e}rofck fck pjhmcfgmk A}lj} fck M{eml _dmcomr` pmm bdcxjb{mk dh ryzjc` hd {em Rdxjm{r fck pmm mumb}{mk# Fk}cnmc rmcf{d cfgmk Adm GbBfr{ez {ddn fkxfc{f`m dh {em rj{}f{jdc oz blfjgjc` {ef{ bdggjm ryjmrefk jchjl{f{mk {em `dxmcgmc{# Em emlk emfjc`r {ef{ mbnlmrrlz fbb}rmk ymdylm dh omjc` bdgg}cjr{,fck }jcmk gfcz ymdylmr ljxmr# [ejr yemcdgmcdc ombfgm ncdpc fr GbBfr{ezjg#

[em hdb}r dhbdc{fjcgmc{ pfr dc M}dym o}{ v}jbnlz {}cmk {d Frjf f{ {em d}{omfn dh {emNdrmfc Pfrjc 6:=9# Bdgg}cjr{ Cdr{e Ndrmf jcxfkmk Rd}{e Ndrmf fck pfr cmflz xjb{djd}r# [em

]cj{mk Cf{jdc, lmk oz {em ]cj{mk R{f{mr frrjr{mk Rd}{e Ndmf jc hjè{jc` dhh Cd{e Ndmf# [ejr pfr{em hjr{ {jgm {ef{ olfbn fck pej{m rdlkjmr hd}è{ {d`m{em, fr Efz [}gfc efk jc{m`rf{mk {em fgmkhdbmr jc 6:;5# [em Bejcmm jc{mxmcmk dc {em rjkm dh Cd{e Ndmf fck {em pf dc k}` dc hd cmflz{emm zmfr# Mxmc{}fllz fc frgj{jbm pfr rj`cmk jc 6:=2> j{ kjxjkmk {em bd}c{z ofbn {d fyydujgf{mlzpemm j{ om`fc#

Pemc od{e {em Rdxjm{r fck Fgmjbfcr muyldkmk Ezkrd`mc Odgo, ymdylm pmm {mjhjmk dh fc}blmf pf# [emz k}` odgo eml{mr fck rbeddl bejlkmc yfb{jbmk k}bn fck bdxmr krjll# [em]cj{mk R{f{mr fck j{r flljmr hdgmk C#F#[#D# %Cdr{e Fgmrjbfc [rmf{z Dr`fcjqf{jdc* hd yd{mb{jdc#[em Rdxjm{r hdgmk jxfl Pfrfp Yfb{# [ejc`r pd}lk mgfjc {ejr pfz }c{jl 6::6#

6:=9'6:89 [em 6:=9

[em 6:=9r fm lddnmk }ydc fr fc jkzlljb {jgm pemc mxmzdcm pfr jc f efyyz kfqm# Fgmjbfpfr ydrymjc`, ofojmr pmm omjc` odc, fck ymdylm pmm gdxjc` jc{d cmp edgmr jc {em }o}ro#Omcmf{e {em r}hfbm kjrbdc{mc{ fod}{ bdchdrgj{z, mbdcdgjb jcmv}flj{z, ydlj{jbfl fljmcf{jdc, fckm`rm`f{jdc rjggmmk fck pd}lk odjl dxm jc {em cmu{ kmbfkm#

[em @#J# Ojll `fxm m{}cjc` rdlkjmr ldfcr {d `m{ edgmr, o}rjcmrrmr fck `d {d bdllm`m# Gfcz d{emg gdxmk {d {em cmplz o}jl{ }o}rofc edgm# [em hjr{ dh {emrm ylfccmk bdgg}cj{jmr pfr bfllmkLmxj{{dpc# [em rdlkjmr fck {emj pjxmr om`fc {em ofoz oddg, ymefyr {em gdr{ ydljhjb muyldrjdc dhbejlk oj{er mxm %jc 6:=0 f ofoz pfr odc mxmz rmxmc rmbdckr&*#

F cmp pfxm dhbdc}gmrjg rpmy{ rdbjm{z# A}r{ fr jc {em 6:?9r, fkxm{jrmr mc{jbmk ymdylmjc{d o}zjc` {ejc`r {ef{ {emz kjkc{ cmmk# Gfc}hfb{}mr }rmk ylfccmk dodlmbm, y}ydrmlz gfkm fcmp r{zlm dh fc j{mg mxmz zmf, {d mcbd}f`m ymdylm {d o}z {em lf{mr{ xmrjdc dh {emj ydk}b{#

F}{dgdojlmr, cmp fyyljfcbmr, fck bld{emr pmm y}befrmk dc f ofck cmp jcxmc{jdc, {em ylf{jbbrmkj{ bfrk# Ymdylm fc {emgrmlxmr jc{d kmo{, mrymbjfllz {d y}befrm {em gdr{ bdxm{mk j{mg, {em{mlmxjjdc# Oz 6:89, :9- dh edgmr efk f{ lmfr{ dcm {mlmxjrjdc#

Bejlkmc pmm yfgymmk oz fkdjc` yfmc{r fck {em {mg {mmcf`mrbfgm {d kmrbjomfkdlmrbmc{r# [mmcr efk gdcmz {d rymck dc g}rjb, gdxjmr fck hddk# [em g}rjb {emz rymc{ j{ dc pfrrdbn'c'rdll# [em {mg dbn c dll pfr f m}yemgjrg hd kfcbjc` fck rmu# _dbn g}rjb pfr dj`jcfllzbfllmk fbm g}rjb ombf}rm j{ pfr bmf{mk oz Fhjbfc Fgmjbfcr, fck gdr{ fkjd r{f{jdcr mh}rmk {dylfz j{# Mxmc{}fllz, dbn `fjcmk fbbmy{fcbm jc gfjcr{mfg g}rjb {ed}è {em ljnmr dhMlxj Yrmlmzfck d{emr# [em rfgm yf{{mc pd}lk om hdlldpmk jc {em 6:59r pj{e fy g}rjb# [em hfr{ hddk hfcbejrmGbKdcflk `d{ j{r r{f{ jc 6:==, hjlljc` {em cmmk hd {mmcr fyym{j{mr#

Cd{ mxmzdcm pfr efyyz jc {em 6:=9r# F `d}y dhdbjfl brj{jb bfllmk {em Omf{cjn yd{mr{mk

jc lj{mf{}m# [emz kjkc{ ljnm {em dbjfl bdchdrgj{z fck bdc}gmrjg {ef{ pfr fgyfc{ jc Fgmjbf,g}be ljnm j{ pfr jc {em 6:?9r#

Fcd{em `d}y cd{ rf{jrhjmk pfr Fhrjbfc Fgmrjbfc# [emz efk hd}è{ jc Pdlk Pf JJ fckNdmf, o}{ hfjlmk {d fbejmxm rfbjfl mv}flj{z# [em bd}{ bfrm Ordpc x# Odfrk %6:=;* r{f{mk {ef{beddl g}r{ jc{m`rf{m pj{e fll kmljomf{m rymmk# [ejr kmbjrjdc dxm{}cmk {em Ylmmz x#Hmr`}dc bfrm dh 65:8 fck j{r rmyff{m o}{ mv}fl }ljc`# Lmm Bd}c{z omlf{mklz kmrm`m`f{mk jc 6:8:pj{e {em bldrjc` dh K}cof ejè#

Jc Gdc{`dgmz, Flfofgf jc 6:== Fhjbfc Fgmjbfcr odzbd{{mk {em o}r rzr{mg, k}m {dm`rm`f{jdc# [em lmfkm dh {em odzbd{{, Kr# Gfr{jc L}{emr Njc` Ar#, pd}lk ombdgm f xjrjdcfz lmfkmdh {em mgm`jc` Bjxjl _jè{ Gdxmgmc{# Mxmc{}fllz {em o}rmr pmm kmm`rm`f{mk# Jc 6:=0, f{ Lj{{lm

60


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_dbn Fnfcrfr cjcm Fhjbfc Fgmjbfc r{}kmc{r jc{m`f{mk {em fll pej{m Lj{{lm _dbn Ejè# J{ {ddn {em]cj{mk R{f{mr 696{ Fjrodrcm Frgz {d flldp {em Lj{{lm _dbn cjcm {d rfhmlz f{{mck rbeddl# J{ pfr {emhjr{ {jgm rjcbm rmbdc{r}b{jdc %658='6500* {ef{ hmkmfl {ddyr dbb}yjmk f bj{z#

Pj{e {em ydpm dh c}blmf pmfydcr, {em ]cj{mk R{f{mr ydljbz jc {em 6:=9r pfr gfrrjxmm{fljf{jdc# Jh {em Rdxjm{r kjk rdgm{ejc`, pm pd}lk mrydck pj{e c}blmf pmfydcr# [ejr pd}lk f{bem{}y {mcrjdcr fck jcbmfrm hmfr dh f c}blmf pf# [em Rdxjm{ lf}cbemk {em hjr{ f{mllj{m jc 6:=0cfgmk Ry}{cjn# [ejr ommyjc` rf{mllj{m {mjhjmk Fgmjbfcr# [emz hmfmk {ef{ {em Rdxjm{r pmm bfyfolmdh lf}cbejc` c}blmf pmfydcr hdg d}{m ryfbm# [ejr `fxm jrm {d fc mc{jm `mcm dh ofk gdxjmr fod}{

fljmcr# Bdc`mrr yfrrmk {em Cf{jdcfl Kmhmcm Mk}bf{jdc Fb{ dh 6:=5 %CKMF* {d jcbmfrm r{}kmc{rncdplmk`m jc rbjmcbm fck gf{e fck ymxmc{ {em Rdxjm{r hdg mgfjcjc` femfk jc {em yfbm rfbm#[emz flrd yfrrmk {em Cf{jdcfl Fmrdcf}{jb fck Ryfbm Fkgjcj{rf{jdc %CFRF* {d dxmrmm d} cmpryfbm yd`fg, pejbe pfr r{f{jdcmk jc [j{}rxjllm, Hldjkf %{em Ryfbm Bdfr{*#

6:89#6:8: [em 6:89[em 6:89r gfnmk f kfgf{jb rejh{ hdg {em bdchdrgj{z fck bdcmc} {ef{ {em 6:=9r efk

jgyf{mk# [em kmbfkm pfr dbnmk pj{e f o}re pj{e c}blmf pf, {em ffjcf{jdc dh ydlj{jbfl fckb}l{}fl lmfkmr, yrd{m{, rjd{, fck f pfr# Jc pef{ gfcz bdcrjkm {d om Fgmjbfr pdr{ zmf, 6:85efk xj{}fllz fll dh {em fodxm mlmgmc{r jc dcm bflmckf zmf#

6:89 pfr fc mlmb{jdc zmf# [em {pd bfckjkf{mr pmm xmz kjrrjgjlf hdg dcm fcd{em#

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omf{e hd {ej{mmc kfzr fr {em {pd bd}c{jmr `lfmk hdr{jlz f{ mfbe d{em# [em Rdxjm{r hjcfllz ofbnmkkdpc fck mgdxmk {em gjrrjlmr, jc mubefc`m hd d} ydgjrm cd{ {d jcxfkm B}of#

Yrmjkmc{ Nmccmkz pfr ffjcf{mk jc Cdxmgom 6:82# [em cmp Ymrjkmc{, LzckdcOfjcm Adecdc, mgofnmk dc fc fgoj{jd}r yd`fg {d bdgof{ ydxm{z fck jcmv}flj{z# [emyd`fg, bfllmk {em @rmf{ Rdbjm{z, pd}lk jc{dk}bm emfk'{fr{, Gmkjbfrm, Gmkjbfjk, f bjxjl rjè{fb{, fck f xd{jc` rjè{ fb{# Adecrdc {jmk {d emly {em ldpm {jmr dh rdbjm{z fbejmxm {em r}bbmrr dhgjkklm blfrr mcadzmk#

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Fhjbfc Fgmjbfcr#

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6:


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cm}{fl bd}c{jmr dhLfd fck Bfgodkjf# Cjudc dkmmk {em mbrm{ odgojc` dh {emrm {pd cm}{flbd}c{jmr# Pemc {em y}oljb lmfcmk dh {ejr pjkmcjc` dh {em pf, gfrrjxm yd{mr{r odnm d}{# Dc Nmc{R{f{m fck Afbndc R{f{m ]cjxmrj{jmr, Cf{jdcfl @}frkgmc red{ fck njllmk yd{mr{jc` r{}kmc{r#Yjd {d {em 6:0? mlmb{jdc Cjudc ydblfjgmk {ef{ ymfbm j f{ efck# [em yldz pdnmk fck em pdc frpmmyjc` mlmb{jdc# [em Yfrj Ymfbm Fbbdrk mckmk ]#R# jcxdlxmgmc{ jc {em pf jc Afc}fz 6:02#[em {d{fl c}gom dh Fgmjbfcr njllmk pfr dxm =5,999# Jc 6:0= {em Cd{e Xjm{cfgmrm kmhmf{mk {emRd}{e fck Xjm{cfg ombfgm f }cj{mk bdgg}cj{ cf{jdc# [em ]#R# cdgfljqmk mlf{jdcr pj{e {emg jc6::;#

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6:59'6:55 [em 6:59

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%J#C#H#*, pejbe bfllmk hd {em kmr{}b{jdc dh rdgm c}blmf pmfydcr#_mf`fc jc{mxmcmk jc {em bjxjl pfr jc Lf{jc Fgmrjbf, flpfzr dyydrjc` {em bdgg}cjr{ rjkm

%bdc{fjcgmc{ ydljbz dr [r}gfc kdb{rjcm*# Bdc`mrr yfrrmk f lfp gfnjc` j{ jllm`fl {d r}yyd{ {emBdc{f _momlr jc Cjbff`}f# _mf`fcr mgyldzmmr jc {em Cf{jdcfl Rmb}j{z Fkxjrdr dhhjbm xjdlf{mk {ejrlfp# J{ pfr ncdpc fr {em Jrfc Bdc{rf fhhfj# Pef{ bfgm d}{ f{ {em emfjc`r {ef{ {em ymrjkmc{ hmllfrlmmy f{ gmm{jc`r fck kjkc{ ncdp pef{ pfr `djc` dc jc ejr fkgjcjr{f{jdc xmz pmll# Edpmxm, cdcmdh {emrm {ejc`r gf{{mmk fr {em [mhldc ymrjkmc{r my}{f{jdc jr }c{fcjremk#

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Jc 6::9 {em Omrljc Pfll, ldc` f rzgodl dh bdgg}cjr{ bdc{dl, pfr ncdbnmk kdpc# F zmf lf{m{em Rdxjm{ ]cjdc bmfrmk {d mujr{ fr f bd}c{z# [em Bdlk Pfrpfr hjcfllz dxm#

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Dc Rmy{mgomr 66, ?996{mrrdrj{ hdg Fl'Vfmkf ejafbnmk hd} ylfcmr jc {em ]cj{mk R{f{mr#[em cf{jdc pf{bemk jc edd fr {pd ylfcmr bfremk jc{d {em Pdrlk [rfkm Bmc{mrjc Cmp Zdn Bj{z#

Fcd{em ylfcm bfremk jc{d {em kmhmcrm o}jlkjc` ncdpc fr {em Ymc{f`dc fck {em hd}{e bfremk jc{d f

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[em ?995 ymrjkmc{jfl mlmb{jdc yj{{mk {em _my}oljbfc Rmcf{dAdec GbBfjc xr# {em Kmgdbf{Ofrfbn Dofgf# Dofgf jr {em hjr{ Fhjbfc Fgmjbfc {d pjc f gfad ydlj{jbfl yf{z cdgjcf{jdc# Emhd}è{ jc {em Kmgdbf{jb yjgfjmr f`fjcr{ Ejllfrz Bljc{dc, {em hjr{ pdgmc {d rmmn f gfad ydlj{jbflyf{z cdgjcf{jdc# [ejr ejr{djb yjgfz rmmgr {d om {em b}lgjcf{jdc dh {em mhhmb{jxmcmrr dh {em Bjxjl_jè{ Gdxmgmc{ fck {em Pdgmc _jè{ Gdxmgmc{ dh {em 6:89r# [em mlmb{jdc dh Dofgf {d {emymrjkmcbz jr f ejr{djb mxmc{# [em xd{m {}cd}{ pfr fc fr{d}ckjc` 59-, gdm {efc ?= - ejèm {efc{em lfr{ {emm mlmb{jdcr, {ef{ bdldrrfl fgd}c{ efrc{ xd{mk rjcbm {em 6599r# Fcz {jgm {ef{ gfczymdylm mumbjrm {emj jè{ {d xd{m, j{ bfc dclz om bdcrjkmmk f `ddk {ejc` hd Fgmjbf#

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A Brief History of the United States-Braithwaite-McGarry Version

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