A Basic History. Signal fire Hebrew shofar Roman bucina.
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Transcript of A Basic History. Signal fire Hebrew shofar Roman bucina.
A Basic HistoryA Basic History
Signal fireSignal fire
Hebrew shofarHebrew shofar
Roman bucinaRoman bucina
Cavalry bugleCavalry bugle
Semaphore towerSemaphore tower
WritingWriting
What is writing?What is writing?
Turning sound symbols (talking) into Turning sound symbols (talking) into visual symbolsvisual symbols
Sound symbols are gone in an Sound symbols are gone in an instantinstant
Visual symbols can last foreverVisual symbols can last forever
Lascoux Cave painting ca. Lascoux Cave painting ca. 17,000 BCE17,000 BCE
Just a noun and a verbJust a noun and a verb
Marriage contract ca. Marriage contract ca. 17,000 BCE -17,000 BCE -
pictures reduced to pictures reduced to essentialsessentials
Pictures for abstractionsPictures for abstractions
Means “Man”Means “Man”
Means “Soul”Means “Soul”
Hieroglyph syllablesHieroglyph syllables
Hieroglyph letter - LHieroglyph letter - L
Evolution of pictures to Evolution of pictures to symbolssymbols
CuneiformCuneiform
Phoenician tradersPhoenician traders
Symbols become an alphabetPhoenician ca. 1050 BCE
STSTWhat’s the word?What’s the word?
Greek alphabet added Greek alphabet added vowelsvowels
CaenCaen
L’chaim lochL’chaim loch
Hand written lasted 1000 Hand written lasted 1000 yearsyears
Illuminated textIlluminated text
First change from First change from handwriting to handwriting to
printing came in 888 printing came in 888 CECE
The Diamond Sutra, a The Diamond Sutra, a Buddhist scripture, created Buddhist scripture, created
with block printingwith block printing
Chinese block printing – ca. Chinese block printing – ca. 1000 CE1000 CE
Entire page with one Entire page with one blockblock
Chinese type – entire wordsChinese type – entire wordsca. 1040 CEca. 1040 CE
Another little Another little side tripside trip
The Black Death – 1347-The Black Death – 1347-13511351
After the Black Death people had After the Black Death people had two things:two things: Lots of moneyLots of money A desire to enjoy lifeA desire to enjoy life
Fun and games like fairs and Fun and games like fairs and celebrationscelebrations
The fanciest clothes they could The fanciest clothes they could affordafford
The rich wore The rich wore silk and gold silk and gold wirewire
The middle class The middle class wore woolenswore woolens
Everyone wore Everyone wore linen, especially linen, especially ----
Linen underwearLinen underwear
What this has to do with What this has to do with printingprinting
What was necessary to printing was What was necessary to printing was paperpaper The only thing available up to this The only thing available up to this
time was parchment, expensive time was parchment, expensive and uncommonand uncommon
Linen sheets and underwear wore Linen sheets and underwear wore out and were thrown awayout and were thrown away
Linen rags can be turned into paperLinen rags can be turned into paper
Now there’s plenty of paperNow there’s plenty of paper Everyone uses it as trade and Everyone uses it as trade and
investing increasesinvesting increases ContractsContracts Record keepingRecord keeping
However, because of the Black Death However, because of the Black Death there weren’t enough scribes for all there weren’t enough scribes for all the paperworkthe paperwork
Something had to be doneSomething had to be done
The next, and greatest The next, and greatest change in printing came change in printing came
in 1450 CE in 1450 CE
Johannes Gutenberg c. Johannes Gutenberg c. 1398-14681398-1468
Moveable TypeMoveable Type
Gutenberg PressGutenberg Press
William Caxton – William Caxton – First printer in EnglishFirst printer in English
Spelling was Spelling was idiosyncraticidiosyncratic
KnightKnight
KnifeKnife
First Folio of First Folio of ShakespeareShakespeare
Images could be printedImages could be printed
Franklin’s Pennsylvania Franklin’s Pennsylvania GazetteGazette
American Magazine - American Magazine - 17581758
Poor Richard’s AlmanackPoor Richard’s Almanack
Paine’s Common SensePaine’s Common Sense
Sheet-fed rotary press - Sheet-fed rotary press - 18631863
Roll-fed rotary press - Roll-fed rotary press - 18661866
Mergenthaler’s Linotype Mergenthaler’s Linotype Machine - 1884Machine - 1884
NewspapersNewspapers
Started in the early 1600sStarted in the early 1600s Corontos, one page Dutch news Corontos, one page Dutch news
sheets imported to Englandsheets imported to England Diurnals – English news sheets Diurnals – English news sheets
started 1641started 1641
First American First American newspapernewspaper
Boston News-Letter – Boston News-Letter – 17041704
New-England CourantNew-England Courant
Zenger’s Weekly JournalZenger’s Weekly Journal
Effects of these 3 Effects of these 3 newspapersnewspapers
a newspaper with popular support a newspaper with popular support could challenge authority could challenge authority
financial independence can lead to financial independence can lead to editorial independence editorial independence
government should not control the government should not control the press because it can stifle the truth press because it can stifle the truth
The Daily SunThe Daily Sun
Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer
William Randolph HearstWilliam Randolph Hearst
Explosion of USS Maine in Explosion of USS Maine in Havana HarborHavana Harbor
Canons of Journalism and Canons of Journalism and Statement of Principles – Statement of Principles –
1923 1923 ““The right of a newspaper to attract The right of a newspaper to attract
and hold readers is restricted by and hold readers is restricted by nothing but considerations of public nothing but considerations of public welfare.” welfare.”
The beginnings of the modern ideal of The beginnings of the modern ideal of journalism: be objective, don’t be journalism: be objective, don’t be sensationalistic, operate for the sensationalistic, operate for the public goodpublic good
MagazinesMagazines
American magazines – American magazines – 1740s1740s
Saturday Evening PostSaturday Evening Post
Keys to successKeys to success
Rapidly rising literacy ratesRapidly rising literacy rates Lower printing costsLower printing costs Spread of social movements like Spread of social movements like
abolition and labor reformabolition and labor reform Made for compelling readingMade for compelling reading
The use of specialty writers rather The use of specialty writers rather than general reporters or book than general reporters or book authorsauthors
Growth of magazinesGrowth of magazines
Rise of women’s magazines that Rise of women’s magazines that advertisers lovedadvertisers loved
Postal Act of 1879 that lower mailing Postal Act of 1879 that lower mailing rates for magazinesrates for magazines
Railroads crisscrossing the entire Railroads crisscrossing the entire countrycountry
Made magazines the first truly Made magazines the first truly national mediumnational medium
Life MagazineLife Magazine