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COMMUNITY BASED SANITATION(SANIMAS)

IN INDONESIA

Presented at Fifth Meeting of Kitakyushu Initiative Network 10 – 11 February 2010, Kitakyushu - Japan

DIRECTORATE OF ENVIROMENTAL SANITATION DEVELOPMENTDirectorate General of Human Settlements

Ministry of Public WorksIndonesia

Handy B. LegowoSub-directorate of Wastewater Development

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Urban Sanitation Problems in IndonesiaUrban Sanitation Problems in Indonesia

Based on Data of Statistics Indonesia (2007), people accessibility into the basic sanitation facilities in Indonesia has reached 77.15% (90.5% in urban areas and 67% in rural areas). On the other hand, proportion of household using adequate on-site sanitation system (by using septic tank) only now 49.13% (71.06% in urban areas and 32.47% in rural areas).

Until 2008, there are 2.312 villages has reached zero open defecation, which is spread out of 213 cities/districts in 30 provinces (Ministry of Health, 2008).

There are 76.3% of 53 rivers in Java, Sumatera, Bali, and Sulawesi has been polluted by organics waste and 11 main rivers hardly polluted by amonium.

The death rate of under 3 years old children is 19% or it’s approximately 100.000 children died because of diarrhea in every year. (Indonesia Health Profile, 2003)

Economical loss caused by poor sanitation is about Rp. 58 quintillion every year, or 2.3% of GDP (ADB study, 1998).

In every additonal 1 mg/liter of BOD pollution concentration on the river will increase drinking water production cost about Rp. 9.17/m3, so that production cost of PDAM will increase 25% of average national water tariff. (World Bank, 2000)

Sanitation infrastructure investments need to be increased from Rp. 200 /capita/year to Rp. 47.000/capita /year, so it can increase community productive time about 34% -79% , decrease 6% - 19% health cost and 2% - 5% medical cost. (Bappenas, 2005).

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EXISTING CONDITIONEXISTING CONDITIONEXISTING CONDITIONEXISTING CONDITION

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PAST EXPERIENCESPAST EXPERIENCES

• Project oriented• Lack of people’s 

participation• Top‐down / political 

approachapproach• Creates ‘sanitation 

monuments’ • Built but not 

constructed properly or not connected to the main trunk pipe

Operation & maintenance rely to government’s budget

VISION

Development of environmental sanitation infrastructures to achieve a live-able, safely, healthy and sustainable human settlements for better quality of community health and environmental conservation.

MISION

• Develop environmental sanitation (wastewater, solid waste & urban drainage) infrastructures services for urban and rural to improve community health quality.

• Develop and promote environmental sanitation infrastructures (wastewater solid• Develop and promote environmental sanitation infrastructures (wastewater, solid waste and urban drainage) to protect environment from pollution of domestic wastewater.

• Strengthen institutional capacities and community to address the environmental sanitation development more efficient and effective.

• Establish law and regulation including standard, manual and guidelines to support regional/local regulation for better environmental management

• Develop financing approaches for funding environmental sanitation improvement. • Increase community involvement in development process through community

participation improvement.• Create private and other stakeholders participation to support implementation.

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MUNICIPAL WASTEWATERSCENARIO DEVELOPMENT

Neighborhood City Wide Regional/National

Institutional BasedCommunity Based

Level

Approach

Wastewater infrastructure services based on demand responsive approach

Wastewater infrastructures development support inter cities/region coordination to protect watershed from human waste

Adequate Sanitation:1. Rural areas2. Slum areas

Metropolitan & Large Cities Off site/sewerage system

Develop appropriatepollutionMedium & Small Cities

Integrated system of existing on-site and new off-site sanitation Improve Septage Treatment Plant (IPLT) and sludge services

Old CityShallow/small bore sewer or small scale sewerage integrated to municipal sewage system to support revitalization program for old cities.

New TownDevelop small sewerage system for Low Cost Housing areasEncourage sewerage development for new town through private investment

Clean River Program

(PROKASIH) or similar program

Develop appropriate system of On- Site sanitation and Small Scale Community Sewerage System

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SANIMAS IMPLEMENTATIONSANIMAS IMPLEMENTATION• SANIMAS was launched in 2003 as a Pilot Project

• SANIMAS 2003 are located at East Java Province (5 locations) and Bali Province (1 location)

• SANIMAS 2004 are located at East Java Province (6 locations) and Bali Province (2 location)

• SANIMAS 2003-2004 were funded by AUSAIDSANIMAS 2003 2004 were funded by AUSAID grant managed by WSP - World Bank.

• Community empowerment carried out by BORDA and partners.

• Technical team : Water and Sanitation Working Group (including Ministry of Public Works) is responsible for coordinating and advising program implementation.

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• SANIMAS Pilot Project (2003-2004) was success as sustainable program and

• Ministry of Public Works in the fiscal year 2005 took over the funding through special budget (Inpres Budget) and increased the scope areas.

• SANIMAS 2005 were located at East Java Province (6 locations), Central Java Province (4

) (1 )Locations) and Bali Province (1 location) • Community empowerment carried out by

BORDA and partners• Based on the Sanimas success story at 2005,

Ministry of Public Works replicated SANIMAS approach on a national scale with different funding scheme.

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FUNDING   SCHEMEFUNDING   SCHEME

• Central Government Materials : Rp. 100 Million

• Municipal Construction & Labour Cost : Rp. 200 MillionCommunity empowerment : Rp. 50 Million

• NGO BORDACommunity empowerment : ± Rp. 50 Million

• Community (in-kind & in-cash) : 2- 4 % from the total funding

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60

80

100

120

140

Province

Cities

Province 2 2 3 20 22 16 17Cities 6 7 10 53 80 69 65Location 6 8 11 65 125 108 97

0

20

40

60

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Cities

Location

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MORE THAN MORE THAN 420 420 SANIMAS/CBS CLUSTERS ALL OVER SANIMAS/CBS CLUSTERS ALL OVER INDONESIAINDONESIA

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CONCEPTCONCEPTFacilitate and assist poor urban communities to plan, implement and maintain sanitation systems of their choiceSanitation systems built will become demonstration projects to promote community based sanitation within poor urban areas of Indonesia

OBJECTIVEOBJECTIVETo improve sanitation conditions of poor in densely populated urban area using the community based sanitation/CBS approach To ensure that the community based sanitation/ CBS become one of the options for the local government’s wastewater management system

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SANIMAS PrinciplesSANIMAS PrinciplesDemand Responsive Approach

SANIMAS project will only assist and facilitate municipalities and communities who express an explicit demand.

Self-selection Eligible municipalities having a high verifiable demand for SANIMAS will be selected and Such communities having past experiences in self help projects, show active commitment and are ready to contribute time and resources are more likely to be selected than others

Multi-source FinancingStakeholders from communities, local government and central government will share investment costs for implementing SANIMAS.

Participatory of beneficiariesSuccessful implementation of SANIMAS rely on active participation of public and community stakeholders during planning and construction.

Technology Informed ChoicesSANIMAS system has several technical options such as : toilet component, collection component, treatment component and Disposal/reuse component.

Capacity BuildingTraining of Facilitators and communities in : community organization & institution building; identifying, selecting and implementing SANIMAS technical options; healthy sanitation and hygiene practices.

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SANIMAS FILLS THE GAPSANIMAS FILLS THE GAP

CONVENI Common on-site

S it ti S t

Conventional centralized & high costs systems

SANIMASSANIMASoptionsoptions

COST

ENCE

Sanitation Systems

US$ 600/HHUS$ 300/HHUS$ 100/HH14

MAIN SANIMAS/CBS SYSTEMSMAIN SANIMAS/CBS SYSTEMS

• Simplified sewerage system that is connected to appropriate wastewater treatment plant (in poor areas where majority of households are privately owned and space is available for sanitary hardware)

• Community Sanitation Center that comprises ofCommunity Sanitation Center that comprises of water point, toilets, bathrooms and laundry area in areas where majority live in rented rooms/households and no space is available for sanitary hardware

• Shared septic tank that is only possible to connect household within the clusters of 5-6 HHs

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Simplified Sewerage System

Shared Septic Tank

PREFERED SANIMAS PREFERED SANIMAS OPTIONSOPTIONS

Community Sanitation Centre (MCK+++)

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COMMUNITY CHOICE OF TECHNOLOGYCOMMUNITY CHOICE OF TECHNOLOGY

No. Year CHOSEN TECHNOLOGYCommunity

Sanitation CenterSimplified Sewerage TOTAL

1 2003 3 3 62 2004 6 2 83 200 8 2 103 2005 8 2 104 2006 57 11 685 2007 100 25 1256 2008 81 27 1088 2009 74 23 97

TOTALTOTAL 327327 9393 420420

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SANIMAS IMPLEMENTATION STEPSSANIMAS IMPLEMENTATION STEPS

Preparation of Facilitators :- Selection- Training

Letter of Interest

Location Elected

- Municipal Elected- MoU signed- TFL Terpilih

MUNICIPALITY SELECTIONLocation CandidatesLocal Facilitator Agent (LFA) candidateMoU Preparation

PREPARATIONSosialization Workshop

COMMUNITY SELECTIONLonglist Shortlist

CAP Document

- Operator Training- Health Campaign for User

- Community Group formed - Community Group Training- Foreman Training- Labor Training

Infrastructure ready to use

Shortlist

Organization, Technology Choice , DED, Cost, Time Schedule

COMMUNITY ACTION PLAN

Operational, Monitoring & Evaluation by Community

CBS CONSTRUCTION

OPERATION & MAINTENANCE

- Standardized Effluent- Water related epidemy decreased- Sustainability Development

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The sanitation system chosen should be The sanitation system chosen should be allall of of the following*:the following*:

socioculturaly acceptable

economically feasible

financially affordable

technically appropriate, and

institutionally feasible.Source: Duncan Mara, SA10. Settled Sewerage

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ANTICIPATED CHALLENGES: TECHNICAL TEAMANTICIPATED CHALLENGES: TECHNICAL TEAM

• Ensure the quality and sustainability of the sanitation facilityC it b ildi f• Capacity building for Design Engineers, Assistant Supervisors and Supervisors

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ANTICIPATED CHALLENGES: COMMUNITY ANTICIPATED CHALLENGES: COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONSORGANIZATIONS

Capacity building for community: CBOs Association Increase bargaining 

fposition of poor communitySupport to speed up the dissemination at national scaleSharing experiences and problems among CBOs and operators

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COMMUNITY BEHAVIOUR COMMUNITY BEHAVIOUR CHANGESCHANGES

SANIMASSANIMASSANIMASSANIMAS

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SHALLOW SEWER : BLITAR SHALLOW SEWER : BLITAR –– EAST JAVA EAST JAVA 

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SHALLOW SEWER : DENPASAR SHALLOW SEWER : DENPASAR -- BALIBALI

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DENPASARDENPASAR

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DENPASARDENPASAR

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BEST PRACTICE : BIOGASBEST PRACTICE : BIOGASPublic Toilet and Shallow Sewer for home industry (tofu) equipped with bio-digester to produce Biogas.

Biogas can be use as an energy alternative for household (HH).

Technology Input Output : Biogas

Shallow Sewer (Home Industry)

150 kg soybean/day 2 HH, @ 1 stove

Public Toilet 100 HH 2 HH, @ 1 stove

Biogas Production Biogas Production 

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BIOGAS APPLICATIONBIOGAS APPLICATION

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Sedimentation

Baffle ReaktorAnaerobic Filter

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BIODIGESTERBIODIGESTER

Digester

tation

Design Public Toilet

• 10 Toilets

• 2 Bathrooms

• 1 Washing33

THANK YOU THANK YOU FOR FOR YOUR KIND YOUR KIND ATTENTIONATTENTION

Handy B. Handy B. LegowoLegowoSubSub--directorate of Wastewater Developmentdirectorate of Wastewater Development

Directorate of Environmental Sanitation DevelopmentDirectorate of Environmental Sanitation DevelopmentJlnJln. . PattimuraPattimura 20, 20, KebayoranKebayoran BaruBaru

Jakarta Jakarta –– Indonesia 12110Indonesia 12110Website : Website : legowohb@yahoo.comlegowohb@yahoo.com

Phone : +6221Phone : +6221--727971757279717534