A-0AS0*28"1 AR04Y ELECTRONICS RESEARCH AND DEVELOP14ENT C004AND WS-ETC F/6 17/5LABORATORY FACILITY FOR MEASUREMENT OF 14OT GASEOUS PLUME RADIAT--ETC(U)

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LABORATORY FACILITY FOR MEASUREMENT OF

HOT GASEOUS PLUME RADIATIVE TRANSFER

JUNE 1981 .

By

Wendell R. Watkins

a.. Kenneth 0. White

8

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

US Army Electronics Research and Development Commaid

Atmospheric Sciences LaboratoryWhite Sands Missile Range. NM 88002

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NOTICES

Disclaimers

The findings in this report are not to be construed as anofficial Department of the Army position, unless so desig-nated by other authorized documents.

The citation of trade names and names of manufacturers inthis report is not to be construed as official Governmentindorsement or approval of commercial products or servicesreferenced herein.

Disposition

Destroy this report when it is no longer needed. Do notreturn it to the originator.

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~,I READ INSTRUCTIONSA Th REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE I BEFORE COMPLETING FORMIREPORT NU 0891-- 12. GOVT ACCESSION NO. RE. PIFNT'S CATALOG NUMBER

4. TITLE (nd Subtltle) S. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED

_.ABORATORY _EACILITY FOR-MEASUREMENT OF F inal1/ef* hOT GASEMUSLUME RADIATT-VE TRANSFER,0

( ~Lg~RM~-RG~APRT NUMBER

7. AUTHOR(4) S. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(*)

Wendell R./Watk insK enneth0.'hit

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM EEMENT. PROjECT. TASKAREA&S WORK UhUT NUMBERS

US Army Atmospheric Sciences LaboratoryWhite Sands Missile Range, NM 88002

DA Task '1o. iL1 611O2B53A11. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE

US Army Electronics Research JI June 1981* and Development Command . qP(.-. VGES

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Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the abstract entered in Block 20, It different from Report)

IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

19. 1(EY WORDS (Continue on rev'erse side It necesary and Identify by block number)

Radiative transfer Gaseous plumesSignature propagation Band models

MO ABST-Ac cathue sm reve shf~t ifneceway and Idetfify by block numtber)

This report describes a facility at the Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory (ASL)for the measurement of hot gaseous plume radiative transfer in the atmo-sphere. The measurement sequenc 9 by using a Fourier transform spectrometer(FTS), required to extract the hot-through-cold radiance, the source radi-ance, the hot cell absorption, and the long path cell transmission isdetailed. Problems peculiar to hot gaseous radiative transfer measurements

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20. ABSTRACT (cont)

are addressed as well as the impact on military systems. The direction ofupcoming measurements to be performed with this unique ASL facility is alsodescribed.

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(When Data Enered)

k • _

PREFACE

The authors thank Robert L. Spellicy for many helpful discussions concerningthe solutions to problems associated with "hot-through-cold" radiative trans-

fer measurements. They extend their appreciation to Richard G. Dixon for

design and fabrication of several system components including the hot cell gas

filling system, the purge housing, and the system table supports. The authors

also thank Young P. Yee for his review of this report.

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CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES ............................... ........................ 6

INTRODUCTION........................................................... 7

THEORY AND BACKGROUND.................................................. 11

EXPERIMENTAL FACILITY .................................................. 16

MEASUREMENT APPROACH................................................... 22

CONCLUSIONS ........................................................... 29

REFERENCES ............................................................ 30

5

LIST OF FIGURES

1 Scenario pair depicting the advantage of long-range detection ofenemy helicopters and advantages of signature suppression ............ 8

2 A HIDE model simulation of a helicopter gray body IR signatureis shown against a background. The hot exhaust is the prominentfeature .............................................................. 9

3 Depiction of the radiance contribution, AL, from a location, s,to the total observed radiance of the path, Sp, which containsthe hot gas plume .................................................... 13

4 Line strength dependence on increasing optical depth, X, forweak and strong line limits .......................................... 14

5 Schematic of the experimental setup for "hot-through-cold" radiative

transfer measurements ................................................ 17

6 Detailed schematic of the Nicolet 7000 series FTS .................... 18

7 Diagram of vacuum sealing of the hot gas cell. The inner chamber iselectrically heated and maintained at a constant temperature ......... 20

8 Schematic of the gas filling system for the hot gas cell whereTC1, TC2, and TC3 are thermocouples for monitoring the gastemperature, and IW and OW are, respectively, the hot gascell inner and outer chamber windows ................................. 21

9 Depiction of the emitting, absorbing, reflecting, andtransmitting elements of the "hot-through-cold"measurement system ................................................... 23

10 Schematic illustrating multiple reflections and transmissionsof an incident beam of intensity Io where the SrF 2 window

has surface reflectivity p and single pass absorptance a ............. 26

6

INTRODUCTION

Tactical and strategic vehicular and aircraft targets are observed in theinfrared (IR) bands in general by both gray body radiation of the equipmentframe and by hot gas radiation from the exhaust plume. It is imperative forArmy systems designers to have validated models for predicting these radiancelevels to build or improve their detection systems. Because of their mobilityand versatility in terms of required landing terrain, helicopters play an everexpanding role in military activities. Yet, because they are slow moving orstationary, they are highly vulnerable to enemy antiaircraft weaponry. Hence,the detection and suppression of aircraft signatures, which may be madepossible as a result of model validating "hot-through-cold" radiative transfermeasurements, is a vital issue in a wide variety of military scenarios. Theadvantage of long-range detection is shown in the scenario pair of figure laand h. At present, some helicopter signatures (visible and IR) have beenaddressed by the helicopter IR detection estimate (HIDE) model. 1 Use of theHIKE model has resulted in several system design changes such as lowspectrally reflecting paints, modification of helicopter windowconfigur3tions, and introduction of jammer designs for antihelicoptermissiles. Still, existing models and data bases do not accuratelycharacterize the hot gas IR plume or the radiative transfer of the plumeemissions through the atmosphere. Much of this uncertainty can be eliminatedif the correlation between the hot gas emission and atmospheric-pathabsorption lines are accurately modeled. Figure 2 shows that eithervisibility or range reduces the visible contrast; the plume's hot gas IRemission dominates the signature. With today's fuels, the vibration-rotationbands of the IR active water vapor and carbon dioxide molecules (H 20 and CO2 )dominate the plume spectrum. 2

limited number of controlled "hot-through-cold" radiative transfer measure-ments have been made which demonstrate the existence of correlation effectsbetween the hot emission and cold absorption line spectra of likespecies.3 Statistical band models have been developed which appear to

1Steve Smith and Dick Higbey, 1974, "HIDE Computer Model an IRCM EvaluationTool," Proceedings of the 12th Infrared Imaging Systems (IRIS) Symposium on IRCountermeasures, 2:7

2 Westinghouse Electric Corporation, 1974, Evaluation of IR CountermeasuresInfrared Suppressor Report, prepared for Program Manager, US Arm AviationSystems Command, AMCPM-AEWSPS, under Contract DAAJO1-72-0447, Exhibit A, DataADO3

3G. H. Lindquist, C. B. Arnold, and R. L. Spellicy, 1975, "AtmosphericAbsorption Applied to Plume Emission. Experimental and Analytical Investiga-tions of Hot Gas Emission Attenuated by Cold Gases," AFRPL-TR-75-30, Air ForceRocket Propulsion Laboratory, Edwards Air Force Base, CA. AD A015075

4Stephen J. Young, 1977, "Evaluation of Nonisothermal Band Models for H20," JQuant Spec Rad Trans 18:29

7

HELICOPTER NOT DETECTED AT LONGER RANGE

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Figure 1. Scenario pair depicting the advantage of long-range detection ofenemy helicopters and advantages of signature suppression.

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adequately handle these correlation effects,5 but an extensive set of param-eters is required before the models can be adequately tested or used to sig-nificantly improve current predictive capabilities. The band model approachto the characterization of correlation effects has distinct advantages overother approaches (for example, high resolution definition of both the plumeemission and atmospheric absorption) in that correlation effects are accountedfor at moderate resolution by treating the total path (plume and atmosphere)as a single highly inhomogenous path. Hence, the moderate resolution of thesystem detectors does not have to be exceeded in calculating the plume trans-mission. This requirement is in line with the tracking requirements of rapidpropagation predictions for which detector system models such as the HIDEmodel are tailored. Additionally, a validated band model could be used as aninvestigative tool which, in conjunction with well characterized propagatedradiance measurements of an actual plume source, could be used to betterdefine the physical makeup and hence quantitative definition of the IR plumesource for existing vehicles and aircraft.

The measurements of "hot-through-cold" radiative transfer characteristics andthe necessary band model parameters is relatively straightforward but notwithout experimental difficulties. The components required are basically ahot gas source, a controlled long atmospheric path, and a spectrally scanningdetector. The unique hot gas cell source is temperature controlled from 500to 1100 K and is fitted with appropriate cell windows capable of withstandingthe high temperature and yet having the required broadband IR transmissioncharacteristics. At present, the Army is interested in four detection bandsbetween 1.5pm and 5.OUm.6 Whether or not these are the optimum spectral bandshas not been adequately addressed to date. A controlled long atmospheric pathis obtained by using an ASL developed White-type absorption cell.' The cellis stainless steel, oil free, temperature controlled, bakeable, and automatedfor single person use with remote control mirror adjustments. Pathlengths upto 2 km can be obtained with the 21-m White cell optics.8 The ASL facility isthus well suited to simulate atmospheric paths in the range between 0.6 to 3.0km which are presently of primary interest. For simulations of higher alti-tudes, the optical depth of paths substantially greater than the actual 2 kmgeometric path can easily be matched. A Nicolett 7000 series FTS is availableat the ASL facility. With spectral resolution to 0.04 cm-1 , the FTS caneasily handle the typical 3 to 5 cm-1 moderate resolution needed for bandmodel work and give the flexibility of later investigating high resolution

5Stephen J. Young, 1977, "Nonisothermal Band Model Theory," J Quant Spec RadTrans 18:1

6 Westinghouse Electric Corporation, 1975, Notes on Evaluation of IR Coun-termeasures; Subject: Standardized Detector Responses, reported to US ArmyAviation System Command, AMCPM-ASE, under Contract DAAJ01-72-C-0447, (P6C),Data Item FOB

7 Wendell R. Watkins and Richard G. Dixon, 1979, "Automation of Long-PathAbsorption Cell Measurements," Rev'Sci Inst 50:868John U. White, 1942, "Long Optical Paths of Large Aperture," J Opt Soc Am

32:285

10

'hot-through-cold" propa,;atod radiance for potential long-range plume detec-tion using narrow-band sensors. These three major pieces of equipment (thehot gas source, thie long path absorotcio' cell. and the FTS) comprise the coreof the unique ASL facility for investigating hot. gaseous plume radiativetransfer.

THEORY AND BA~kGROUND

The basic problem of c,)Y-'ati,-n of emission and absorption. lines of likegaseous species stl-ms from iie app~roach mnrst existing models take in assessingthe 'hot-through-cold' radiv-iet ~ fr The HIDE model, frexample,characterizes the plume ervi . , on separately from~ the atmofspheric path trans-mission. The source ;-a. r s-iion spel'-.a art, gerer~ted at moderate reso-lution -5 cm- which tw~o or'1e of iiacnit,,de larger t.han the typicalhalf-widths o~r the LOu -772 thre 1.2)n to c.Cgn region.)

The moderate rosolution hot cas '-3d~nce spect'wm is then IfU~tiplied by themoderate ecuto o'j tth~- - i'osmission soectrimr. However, thisprocedure generally dr- So l oc a- v he (niriprt lrn'v erte r,2solution "hot-through-cold" propagat., - *wiancc oJr i corre& atizn is present. Mathe-matically, t his Z() ~,~t~ni ~rn t te fact that the product ofthe means ~s ncT grne-.l y enu< 'Co thc( mcf the products for two cor--elated sets o- nu 'm!)rs-

The plan of attack that has been deve 3ped for addressing the correlationpe'obien is to: (! def4-j the fm-Pni 4- existing noncorrelating radia-

tfetransfer, models, (2) validatce exjstirq correlating statistical bandmodlels (4ncludinci refinement of the 7presz ntly Gncdequate band model parameterdata raean,-; 3) determine tn'e mordels azoo',cpriate fo,,r improving the predic-tive r:apabili1t~es cl- ex'sting ;ijstem,- models. This process requires accuratelycharacterizpd aeasure-en '.s oif 'hot-th-1cujh) -- old" radiative transfer and hencethe assembly of a facility with this capability. Before giving a detaileddescription of the measurements of the ASL facility, a brief outline of sta-tistica' band model theo'y is in order to better define the impact thesemneasrprien-t will have on improving caicilationl capabilities for propagatedi adi ances.

Several facet-% arc important to statisticl-_4 bend models. These facets are'ailo-ed to account for correlat~on effects for moderate spectral resolution"h ot- th rough -ca! d" rad-iarce ca'ct) ,ations and 'equire temperature dependentp~arameters wit), moderate spectral resolution instead of a complete high reso-lution listing of absorption and emission lines. They are presently limitedby lack of intermediate temperature (KCO tc 1200 K) measurements from which toextract the band model parameters. Finally, the facets must be validated byusing "hot-through-cold" radiative transfer data spanning the linear, squareroot, and transition regions of the curve of: growth.

9 R. A. McClatchey et al, lq73, Ar-CRL Absorption Line Parameter Compilation,"AFGRL-TR-73-0096. Air Fo;re;- ?oh/iLS- Lbratory, Hanscom Air Force Base, MA

.4

The secret to the success of statistical band models in accounting for corre-lation effects is that the theoretical approach does not separate the plumefrom the atmospheric path. instead, in the band model the whole path (theplume and intervening atmosphere) is considered as a singqle highly inhomoge-nous path and the combined Prp jated radiance obs;eryed at.' location removedfrom the plume source is calculated (figure 3). There is, of course, a strongspectral dependence of the eini tted, absorhe6, Vw r paqatr-d ra-diance onfrequency and path characteristic,- Two lirnitirui 2Thcs m , hamdled appro-priately by the band models a,. cufinct-'r of ~ n strengtrigrows linearly with incv'ea! i,o, cftical deoth v!n thr 11 ir is ao andrelatively weak but grows --a:'Z lly after '"e ~i ni, ccome stronO withan opaque central maximum !s Kc.irn aij:e o( :ne met~lor, ar tailored to match these tw , liht+1,, tt~nditiior- hn ra'vv -c~

modified to correct for orn -T r!cue fat' .'r'ut~~W~ asextensively detailed in a -1-,. or- 111 )norr

Several physical assuipt-oim c-.,isions or absorptions of & : ''pt onor their justifications C

and absorption lines in a cgv 0.re ~ ~-e'distributed and the radi-ic e_from a hot gaseous plume. dh-jstr-the regi on Av. This proceru- i r ~ ' A -

tion for the line strength.,13 )n ~ ( f tf ecti ve parameters for the patn r,- t ',

and a (essentially the rc - -m-'' ' r 'a srespectively). 'The time say-*, -,'c:-e.' r A ,ris that the frequency integra-_"o,, c~r, be -!onec-.,- ari Fo y-"ithe spatial integration 37o0j ,g -,th. 3 0 -"'L; -Ir U,

sity for a detailed c -np i o-- 4

d trstrengths. For a part-'rul'a' :-2 f ~ l~e 1'a Iuated by integrating the _t",>-~w ath cinterest and substituting the~ into tle anj -", P'nr po rep s sThe isothermal band mode' Tearamne ? are jtac Cf 2,± Sie U Cil

of the gas radiance and asrK for qiart s~ pae ou, Arr _ 0mixtures and temperatures.

Evaluation of the atmospher-*:c :r a ~io ~:c-t~sic'- vehicles andaircraft generally requires mo:- -)chth 'rai 3:- ,,uiie ernssions. Ingeneral, the calculation rf, frar-c nmissions rr~ ther peatenthrough theatmosphere can ")e treated with -ls~iable - v st g r, stn mul tifacetedmodels and standard atmoso ,erir -ismtszs -- c.,n or,_- the skin emissivities,reflectivi- ies, and temperatures -re known. 7he p obIem ofl evaluating plumeemissions and their atmospheric propagationn howvcr. is far more difficult,not only because of a high degree oc' spnctral rr"'epresent as, well as thecomplication of line position correlatior bet~wc'- 1 i ke emitting and absorbinggas species, but also because of 1,o 1.'ck of jn data base for either"line-by-line" or statistical band io&ca -,Jlatior,_

5 Stephen J. Young, 1977, "Nonisothermal Band Model Theory," J Quant Spec RadTrans 18:1

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The "line-by-line" approach, because it sums the contributions of the indi-vidual spectral lines and does so at a resolutioni small compared to a typicalline width, inherently accounts for line correlation and spectral structure.Unfortunately, this type of calculation is usually prohibitively expensive andis limited to temperatures below 700 K, the temperature regime for which theline parameter atlas 9 contains all or most of the significant spectrallines. Also, evaluation of the required line parameters (line strength, lineposition, and line width) at elevated temperatures is an involved processwhich is in general not warranted (except in the wings of absorption bands)because the increased line density and inherent line overlap destroys the highresolution structure. Band models, however, are not so limited because theband model parameters can be generated in a somewhat straightforward mannerregardless of the line density or line overlap.

The available bana model parameters are the National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration (NASA) (General Dynamics) parameters10 and those derivable fromthe Air Force Geophysics Laboratory (AFGL) atmospheric absorption line tabula-tion.9 The NASA parameters for water vapor are measured values, based onemission and absorption measurements by using a long strip burner(a > 1200 K), which were extrapolated to cover temperatures below 1200 K,while the CO2 parameters were derived from theoretical calculations based on

observed spectroscopic parameters for band positions but relied on harmonicoscillator approximations for the excited state band strengths. In general,the NASA H20 parameters give reasonable agreement with observed radiance

levels at temperatures near or above 1200 K, while the CO2 parameters are

seriously in error in the 2.7om and in the 4.3om bands at 1200 K. Also, asexpected, the NASA parameters do not accurately predict atmospheric transmis-sion or low temperature emissions because of their dependence on high tempera-ture data.

Parameters derived from the AFGL compilation have exactly opposite character-istics because the tabulation, being suited for atmospheric applications, doesnot contain high rotational lines or excited state bands. Water vapor param-eters generated from this tabulation show reasonable agreement with observedradiance levels near band centers, even at temperatures about 1200 K, butseriously underpredict the radiance in the band wings. For CO2 a similar

situation is seen in the 4.3rm band while the 2.7im band is underpredictedthroughout. At lower temperatures, such as those encountered in the atmo-sphere, the AFGL generated pardmeters give reasonable agreement with transmit-tances in both the 4.3jim region and the 2.7vm region.

Therefore, two separate sets of band model parameters may be used at eitherelevated temperatures (NASA, 6 > 1200 K) or near atmospheric temperatures(AFGL, 300 K < a < 700 K). However, no such set exists for intermediate

9 R. A. McClatchey et al, 1973, AFCRL Absorption Line Parameter Compilation,"AFCRL-TR-73-0096, Air Force Geophysics Laborator, Hanscom Air Force Base, MA

10C. B. Ludwid et al, 1973, Handbook of Infrared Radiation from CombustionGases, NASA SP-3080, Marshal Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL

F 15

I I, I

temperatures (700 to 1200 K) of importance to aircraft or vehicular detectionexcept for those generated by Young through interpolation of the NASA and AFGLvalues.4 As expected, the lack of intermediate temperature (700 to 1200 K)band model parameters is accompanied by a lack of controlled intermediatetemperature data required for either validation of the models or extraction ofthe required parameters.

EXPERIMENTAL FACILITY

As discussed in the introduction of this report, the basic "hot-through-cold"measurement system is comprised of three major pieces of equipment--the hotgas source, the long path absorption cell, and the FTS. Figure 5 shows theequipment in an experimental setup and also shows a blackbody source, f-numbermatching optics, and two directional mirrors which are used to steer the bed-through the White cell for extracting "hot-through-cold" radiance spectra 3r

to bypass the cell for extracting separate spectra of the hot gas source andcell transmission. By using this setup, absorption cell pathlenoths of morethan 1.0 km can easily be obtained. The hot cell, White cell, and FTS wereoptically coupled so that a rapid rate of data collection could be maintainedfor a 1.0 km pathlength without losing any FTS resolution. The iritial systemalignment was accomplished by replacing the blackbody source with a helium-neon (HeNe) laser. The f-number matching lenses, the optical axis of the hotcell, and the directional mirrors were carefully positioned one element at atime. A second and permanent HeNe alignment laser, to be discussed in thefollowing paragraph, was coupled into the FTS so as to retrace the opticalpath back to the first HeNe laser. The first HeNe laser was removed and thenthe blackbody source was put back into the system. This arrangement allowsprecision visible alignment of the entire system independent of the sourceintensity.

The Nicolet 7000 series FTS tailored for this measurement system is shown infigure 6. The FTS accommodates a 5-cm diameter input and gives up to 0.06cm"I resolution between 10 to 5000 cm-1 . The resolution is variable from 0.06to 8 cm"1 , which meets the moderate and the high resolution requirements for"hot-through-cold" measurements, The presently used germanium coated K!3rbeamsplitter (BSIR in figure 6) is designed for use in the 400 to 5000 cm-1

range. InAs, HgCdTe, and InSb detectors (1) in figure 6) are on hand and spanthe entire 1.5wm to 10.Oum region. The FTS data system is quite flexible andallows for storing the interferogram data on discs as well as displaying andcomparing the resulting transform spectra on an integral CRT. Finally, thecenterline laser prism (P1 in figure 6) used for monitoring the FTS mirrormovement was silvered on the back surface. This prism, in conjunction with aflat positioning mirror M6 and the second and permanent system HeNe alignmentlaser (described earlier), allows visible alignment of the entire opticalsystem of figure 5 including the FTS input beam.

The 21-m long path absorption cell used in the "hot-through-cold" measurementsystem has already been used in several previous experiments including water

4 Stephen J. Young, 1977, "Evaluation of Nonisothermal Band Models for H20," J

Quant Spec Rad Trans 18:29

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Figure 6. Detailed schematic of the Nicolet 7000 series FTS where M1 is anoff-axis parabolic mirror with 20.8-cm focal length, D is the systemdetector, M2 are flat directional mirrors, M3 is the moving mirror assembly,M4 is a fixed mirror for the IR beam and reference laser, M5 is a fixed mirrorfor the white light source, BSWL is the white light beamsplitter, BSIR is theIR/reference laser beamsplitter, LD is the centerline reference laserdetector, WLD is the white light detector, WLS is the white light source, Liis the reference HeNe laser, P1 is the centerline laser prism with silveredback surface, M6 is a micrometer adjustable flat mirror, and L2 is the systemHeNe alignment laser.

18

l .

vapor absorption studies. 11 12 13 The automated mirror controls allow simpleone person alignment as well as path differencing14 capability when measuringthe cell transmittance. The cell gas handling system, including an oil freeturbo molecular pump as well as the cell temperature control system, allowsrelatively high water content atmospheres to be used. Since the ends of thecell which contain the mirrors can be heated independently from the rest ofthe cell, 1 5 relative humidities approaching 100 percent can be used if neces-sary. Also, since an FTS is used in conjunction with the cell, the purity ofthe cell's atmosphere can easily be determined.

The most challenging technical problem encountered in developing this systemwas the design and fabrication of a heatable absorption cell employing long-wavelength (transmits well through 6.5um) transmitting yet brittle windowswhich could-maintain a vacuum seal without breaking even when temperatureswere recycled between ambient to at least 1100 K. The final design, which wasfound to be highly successful, is shown in figure 7. This desiqn uses dualwindows so that minimal pressure differential can be maintained across the hotinner window, with dual "O"-ring seals on both windows to allow for thermalexpansion. The inner SrF2 windows are sealed with silver coated metallic

"O"-rings while the outer cooler windows (SrF 2 or BaF 2 ) are sealed with sili-

cone "O"-rings. Preliminary tests have shown that this cell is capable ofmaintaining a vacuum seal at temperatures from ambient to at least 1000 K andthat the cell can be repeatedly cycled over tthis range without damage to theinner windows. The cell is electrically heated, and the temperature is moni-tored internally with three thermocouples to insure uniformity.

An elaborate fill system shown in figure 8 for producing hot " 20 and CO2 gas

fills is attached to the hot gas cell. The entire fill system can be evacu-ated by using a cold-trapped vacuum pump. The pressure is monitored by usinga 0- to 1000-torr pressure gauge. The water is boiled into the system from aconstant temperature water bath. The gas can be circulated through the innerchamber, and the dew point monitored even when a mixture of gases is used.Because the water concentrations in simulated plumes are well above the roomtemperature dew point, all the gas fill system lines which contain 1420 are

tIWendell R. Watkirrs and Kenneth 0. White, 1977, "Water-Vapor-Continuum

Absorption Measurements (3.5-4.Oum) Using HDO Depleted Water," Opt Lett 1:31

12Kenneth 0. White et al, 1978, "Water Vapor Continuum Absorption in the 3.5-4.0im Region," Appl Opt 17:2711

13Wendell R. Watkins et al, 1979, "Pressure Dependence of the Water VaporContinuum Absorption in the 3.5-4.Oum Region," Appl Opt 18:1149

14Wendell R. Watkins, 1976, "Path Differencing: An Improvement to MultipassAbsorption Cell Measurements," AOpt 15:16

'5Darrell E. Burch, 1980, "Recent Measurements of the 4pm H20 Continuum,"presented at the 1980 Annual Review Conference on Atmospheric TransmissionModels, Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, Hanscom Air Force Base, MA

19

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Figure 8. Schematic of the gas filling system for the hot gas cell where TCL,TC2, and TC3 are thermocouples for monitoring the gas temperature,and IW and OW are, respectively, the hot gas cell inner and outerchamber windows.

21

heated to 600C to prevent condensation. CO2 0 and N2 can be introduced

into the hot gas cell from high purity fill bottles. A separate fill bottle

of N2 is used for equalizing the outer and inner chambers of the hot cell, and

the differential pressure across the inner windows is monitored with a two-sided 0- to 760-torr pressure gauge.

Because the input and output windows of the long path absorption cell areapproximately 2 m above the laboratory floor, concrete pedestals were fabri-cated to elevate the surfaces of the 1.2-m by 3.6-m and the 1.2-m by 1.8-moptical tables used for mounting all of the system components. Since the roomair contains absorbing gases, the entire system is housed in a purge box sothat it can be filled with an inert gas to eliminate this background absorp-tion.

14EASUREMENT APPROACH

The difficult task of developing a systematic measurement approach to obtainthe "hot-through-cold" measurement spectra for system model validation and thenecessary data base for statistical band model use was greatly simplified bythe assistance of Robert L. Spellicy, an expert in this field. After review-ing his previous work, 3 present efforts in related areas,16 and helpfuldiscussions, we defined a complex yet efficient measurement procedure. Inretrospect, the etalon and multiple reflection effects of the present hot celldesign will be eliminated from any future hot cells by using wedges for win-dows and tilting the windows off axis.

The quantity which is sought is the hot gas radiance times the transmission ofthe absorption cell gas. Unfortunately, other radiance sources and transmis-sion losses must be accounted for or ratioed out cf the measured radiancequantity. The first step is to examine the radiance from the hot gas celldepicted in figure 9. Excluding the multiple reflection terms for thepresent, there are two sources of radiance from the hot gas cell: (1) the hot* L*

gas radiance, L ag, where L is the Planck function for the inner cell temper-

ature, and a9 is the absorption of the hot cell gas; and (2) L*a which is the

radiance from the inner cell windows which are also hot. Here a is theabsorptance of the windows. These two sources result in three radiance termswhich exit the hot cell:

3G. H. Lindquist, C. B. Arnold, and R. L. Spellicy, 1975, "AtmosphericAbsorption Applied to Plume Emission. Experimental and Analytical Investiga-tions of Hot Gas Emission Attenuated by Cold Gases," AFRPL-TR-75-30, Air ForceRocket Propulsion Laboratory, Edwards Air Force Base, CA. AD A015075

16Robert L. Spellicy, Progress Reports 26 Jan 80 - 29 Feb 80 and 29 Feb 80 -

31 Mar 80, under grant Environmental Protection Agency Grant R-805956-01, byOptiMetrics, Inc., PO Drawer E, White Sands Missile Range, NM

22

men-

I

-. 1r

c-4.)

- - cEe~C)

4.)

I-- 0 ~ C)

~ C)

-oI~o -(j~O

.0

I-o~o

- 4.)= 4.)

..-. 4.)-

C).0

0)

-~ 4-.-~ -a- O4.~

- 0

a)1-

0~)

LL

23

LcaT' from the front inner window where T' is the transmission of theouter front window of the cell,

L agTT' from the hot gas where T is the transmission of the inner frontwindow of the cell, and

L'a(1 - a )TT' from the back window where (1 - a g) represents the trans-

mission of the hot cell gas charge.

The amount of the radiance reaching the FTS is diminished by the transmission

of all the optics in the system, -s, as well as the transmission of the long

oIath White cell gas, T/wc. Hence, the propagated radiance seen at the FTS, Y.

is given by:

Y = [L*(' + L 9gT-' + L a1 - cE )UT T /S (1)

g g s9

Grouping terms of hot gas radiance and cell window radiance yields

= gWlC [TT' (1 - c)] + LaT w/c [TT (1 + T)] • (2)

Note (as will be detailed later for multiple reflections) that for the windowT does not equal (1 - a) because of the window surface reflections. Also, foran empty hot cell ag + 0 and the propagated radiance is given by just the

second term on the right hand side of equation (2). This term will thus bereferred to as a "cell" scan or

"cell" = L aT [T'T (1 + T)] (3)

Then, to obtain the "hot-through-cold" propagated radiance, L*agT /c, evaluate

[TT'TS(1 - a)]. To begin, a for the SrF2 windows is on the order of 10-4

cm" , and hence (1 - a) goes to 1 within system measurement accuracies. To

evaluate TT'TS, a blackbody source is used. Its propagated radiance, YBB,

through an empty hot cell (ag + 0) and absorption cell (aw/c + 0) is given by:

* *

YBB LBB T'TT'TS + L a[T'T S(1 + T)] , (4)

24

rI

p--I

where LB is the blackbody source radiance which can be calculated frnm the

blackbody source temperature. Again the second term on the right side ofequation (4) can easily be measured by blocking the blackbody source. Thisterm will be denoted as the "cell KT" scan. ,inally, T and z' can be calcu-lated for the hot cell windows knowing the index of refraction .n and r' since

T = (I - p)2(l - (5)

and

2

P (6)

where P is the window surface reflectance. Therefore, by using equations 2and 4, the "hot-through-cold" propagated radiance can be given by:

L w/c = Y -"cell" 'g g YBB - "cell MT'

To begin the discussion of how mutliple reflections complicate the aboveanalysis, the case of one inner window flat will be addressed. Figure 10shows the resultant multiple reflections of an incident beam with intensity Iowhere the beam experiences a reflection p and a transmission loss of(1 - a). Hence, for a wedge the transmitted beam intensity is simply

1(1 - p) 2 (l - a) .

For the multiply reflected beam the resultant intensity, I, is given by:

I = I0(1 - p)2(1 - a)[1 + p2(1 - a)2 + p4(l - a)4 + ] (8)

25

SrF) WVIN I )W

ad

Figure ~ ~ ~ ~ (IP 10 ceai lutaignIpCle elcin n tasisoso

an Incdent b addfitniy1 hr heSF id a ufcrelctvt p ad ingepasasopane

26d

P( I - (

and, since p .nd a are between 0 and 1, the series identity

[ i Ix T x (9)

i=0

can be applied. This results in

I (I1I - p)2(l- - (

- - 2 (1 l0T (10)fI p2 1 -a)2 0

where T is the window multiple reflection transmittance. A similar derivationcan be used to get the multiple reflection window reflectance R. The resul-tant expressions are given by:

T = (1 - p)2 (1 - a)/[1 - p2(1 - a)2] (11)

and

R = p{l + (I - p)2 (l .,)2/[ - p2(1 _ a.)2]1 (12)

with similar expressions for T' and R' for the outer cell windows. When themultiple reflection terms are included, the resultant expression for thepropagated "hot-through-cold" radiance becomes:

,LTw/c =Y - LaTw/c T [T/(i - R'R)]{1 + T/[I - R(1 - )1

L a T g (13)g g T'Tts(I - a)/[1 - R(1 - ag )](1 - R'R)

A dependence of the second numerator term of equation 13 now appears upon a9

through the expression {1 + T/[1 - R(1 - a g)]}. This was not the case previ-

ously in equation 2 where multiple reflection effects were ignored. Fortu-nately, the "cell" scan for the multiple reflection case given by

27

* W/C -,"cell" = L aT9 TsET /(I - R'R)][1 + T/(1 - R)] (14)

is very simit.r to the second numerator term in equation 13. The only differ-ence is the omission of the (1 - cg) in the last term. For the cell windows

used T %-- T' = 0.94 and R = R' 0.058, and the resulting error in using the"cell" scan to approximate the second numerator term in equation 13 would beas follows for various values of ag:

[1___ + Tf -~ R) =. 1.01 if a = 0.5g!Il + TIFI - R'! - ag)]"- ' 1.00 if ag = 0.0

Whether this error is significant depends on the measurement error bound, andif significant it can be corrected to first order by using calculated correc-tion coefficients.

The blackbody source can again be used for evaluating the denominator ofequation 13 with the resulting approximation being given by

YBB - "cell MT" T2T'2 sL* W/c (1 - R2 )(1 (16)BBTg

The major difference other, than simply terms of T, T', R, and R' is the omis-

sion of the (1 - a)/[1 - R(1 - ag)] term which again can be corrected for ifnecessary.

A typical set of measurements for determination of "hot-through-cold" radiancewill then consist of:

16

1. A "cell" measurement with both the hot cell and White cell empty

2. An absorption measurement of the hot cell gas

3. A radiance measurement of the hot gas through an empty White cell

1 6Robert L. Spellicy, Progress Reports 26 Jan 80 - 29 Feb 80 and 29 Feb 80 -

31 Mar 80, under grant Environmental Protection Agency Grant R-805956-01, byOptiMetrics, Inc., PD Drawer E, White Sands Missile Range, NM

28

4. A transmissicn measurement 'ot the White cell cjas dfter filiqg byusing either a direct measurement or i'ath differencirng

5. A "hot-through-cold" meisurement for a giver hot ceil and White cel;fill.

Measurements I through 4 are requireG to evaluate the denominator of equation13; measurement 4, in corjunction with measurement 1, is required to evaluatethe second term in the numerator of equation 13; and measurement 5 is requiredto determine the desired "hot-through-cold" radiance. This particularsequence of measurements also supplies the hot gas radance and cold celltransmittance independeritly so that the product of these two may b ± comparedwith the measured "hot-through-cold" rad43nce to evaluate the significance ofline correlation effects.

CONCLUSIONS

A measurement facility with unique capah-lities for handlir. "hot-through-cold" radiative transfer measurements has beer a;senbled at ASL. The systemhas been tailored for addressin g problems of current Army interest of plumepropagatio model validation for intermediate temoerature plumes (500 to1200 K) over the 1.5pm to 5.0pm soectral ranqe (provided the appropriate beam-splitters and detectors are used). The system has been designed to be asflexible as possible. Moderate 3 to 5 cm-1 resolution will be used initially,but the available FTS capability of up to 0.06 cm"- has not been compromisedthrough the design process. Likewise, the five-step measurement scheme whichwas selected allows for model validatior measurements and assessment of corre-lation effects of like emitting and absorbing molecules on radiative transfer,and also provides the spectra required to assess the validity of the inter-mediate temperature data base now used in statistical band model calcula-tions. Also, the capability of expanding the spectral range for measurementsbeyond the 5im limit was not eliminated in the hot cell design by judiciouschoice of window materials.

The ASL facility can now be used to address a yriad of heretofore unaddres-sable exoerimental roblems related to hot gaseous plume radiative transfer.Although the initial emphasis was to be placed on the 2.7urm H20 band, the

present FTS beamsplitter and detector configuration does not span the wave-length range between 1.5wm to 2.Ourn. Hence, the longer wavelength end of the1.5rm to 5.Ounm range of the presert detector systems will be addressed firstwith the resulting "hot-through-cold" measurements to be compared with exist-ing model predictions to assess their degree of validity and define the scopeand direction of subsequent measurements. If the band model parameter database is found to be inadequate, an assessment for requirements for obtaining ausable data base will be made. Also, by postponing the 2 .7 pm investigationuntil a beamsplitter which also spans the 1.5im to 2.0utm region is purchased,the subsequent necessity of duplicating the measurement spectra will beavoided. Once spectra are taken over a region, the scope of the analysis isessentially limited by funding levels only and not experimental measurementdata collection.

29

REFERENCES

1. Smith, Steve, and Dick Higbey, 1974, "HIDE Computer Model an IRCM Evalua-tion Tool," Proceedings of the 12th Infrared Imaging Systems (IRIS) Symposiumon IR Countermeasures, 2:7

2. Westinghouse Electric Corporation, 1974, Evaluation of IR CountermeasuresInfrared Suppressor Report, prepared for Program Manager, US Army AviationSystems Command, AMCPM-AEWSPS, under Contract DAAJOI-72-044 7 , Exhibit A, DataA003.

3. Lindquist, G. H., C. B. Arnold, and R. L. Spellicy, 1975, "AtmosDhe- cAbsorption Applied to Plume Emisso>v. Experimental and Analytica' ;-ie oa-tions of Hot Gas Emission Attenu-tec by Cold Cases," AFRPL-TR-75-30, Air oc ,

Rocket Propulsion Laboratory. dw.'is Air Force ase, r". AD AC 7

4. Young, Stephen J., 1977, of Noisotne-ral -- ; Mole> forH20," J Quant Spec Rad Trans 18..

5. Young, Stephen J., 1977, ",os,;othermal Band Mode Thery," 3 Quant SpecRad Trans 18:..

6. Westinghouse Electric Corporation, 1975, Notes on Evaluation o IR Cun-termeasures; Subject: Standardized Detector Responses, reported to 's ArmyAviation Systems Command, AMCDM-ASE. under Contract DAAJ01-7/2-C-10447 P6C',Data item FOB.

7. Watkins, Wendell R., and Richard G. Dixon, 1979, "Automation of Long-PathAbsorption Cell Measurements," Rev Sci Inst 50:86.

8. White, John U., 1942, "Long Optical Paths of La'r'ge Aerture," _1 OPt Soc A.32:285.

9. McClatchey, R. A., et a1 , 1973, AFCRL Absorptlion. Line Parameter Compila-tion," AFCRL-TR-73-0096, Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, Hanscom Ai- FcrCcBase, MA.

10. Ludwid, C. B., et al, 1973, Handbook of Infrared Radiation from Combus-tion Gases, NASA SP-3080, Marshal SpaceFlight Center, Huntsville. AL.

11. Watkins, Wendell R., and Kenneth 0. White, 1977, "Water-Vapor-ContinuumAbsorption Measurements (3.5-4.0km) Using HDO Depleted Water," Opt Lett 1:31.

12. White, Kenneth 0., et al, 1978, "Water Vapor Continuum Absorption in the3.5-4.Oum Region," Appl Opt 17:2711.

13. Watkins, Wendell R., et al, 1979, "Pressure Dependence of the Water VaporContinuum Absorption in the 3.5-4.Om Region," Appl Cpt 18:1149.

14. Watkins, Wendell R., 1976, "Path Differencing: An Improvement to Multi-pass Absorption Cell Measurements," Appl Opt 15:16.

30

7 _n:

I I15. Burch, Darrell E., 1980, "Recent Measurements of the 4wm H20 Continuum,"presented at the 1980 Annual Review Conference on Atmospheric TransmissionModels, Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, Hanscom Air Force Base, MA.

16. Spellicy, Robert L., Progress Reports 26 Jan 80 - 29 Feb 80 and 29 Feb 80- 31 Mar 80, under grant Environmental Protection Agency Grant R-805956-01, byOptiMetrics, Inc., PO Drawer E, White Sands Missile Range, NM.

31

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- . - - "

ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES RESEARCH REPORTS

1. Lindberg, J. D. "An Improvement to a Method for Measuring the AbsorptionCoefficient of Atmospheric Dust and other Strongly AbsorbingPowders," ECOM-5565, July 1975.

2. Avara, Elton P., "Mesoscale Wind Shears Derived from Thermal Winds,"ECOM-5566, July 1975.

3. Gomez, Richard B., and Joseph H. Pierluissi, "Incomplete Gamma FunctionApproximation for King's Strong-Line Transmittance Model,"ECOM-5567, July 1975.

4. Blanco, A. J., and B. F. Engebos, "Ballistic Wind Weighting Functions forTank Projectiles," ECOM-5568, August 1975.

5. Taylor, Fredrick J., Jack Smith, and Thomas H. Dries, "CrosswindMeasurements through Pattern Recognition Techniques," ECOM-5569,July 1975.

6. Walters, D. L., "Crosswind Weighting Functions for Direct-FireProjectiles," ECOM-5570, August 1975.

7. Duncan, Louis D., "An Improved Algorithm for the Iterated MinimalIr~ormation Solution for Remote Sounding of Temperature," ECOM-5571,August 1975.

8. Robbiani, Raymond L., "Tactical Field Demonstration of Mobile WeatherRadar Set AN/TPS-41 at Fort Rucker, Alabama," ECOM-5572, August1975.

9. Miers, B., G. Blackman, D. Langer, and N. Lorimier, "Analysis of SMS/GOESFilm Data," ECOM-5573, September 1975.

10. Manquero, Carlos, Louis Duncan, and Rufus Bruce, "An Indication fromSatellite Measurements of Atmospheric CO2 Variability," ECOM-5574,September 1975.

11. Petracca, Carmine, and James D. Lindberg, "Installation and Operation ofan Atmospheric Particulate Collector," ECOM-5575, September 1975.

12. Avara, Elton P., and George Alexander, "Empirical Investigation of ThreeIterative Methods for Inverting the Radiative Transfer Equation,"ECOM-5576, October 1975.

13. Alexander, George D., "A Digital Data Acquisition Interface for the SMSDirect Readout Ground Station - Concept and Preliminary Design,"ECOM-5577, October 1975.

14. Cantor, Israel, "Enhancement of 'Point Source Thermal Radiation Under

Clouds in a Nonattenuating Medium," ECOM-5578, October 1975.

36

I.4.

15. Norton, Colburn, and Glenn Hoidale, "The Diurnal Variation of MixingHeight by Month over White Sands Missile Range, NM," ECOM-5579,November 1975.

16. Avara, Elton P., "On the Spectrum Analysis of Binary Data," ECOM-5580,November 1975.

17. Taylor, Fredrick J., Thomas H. Pries, and Chao-Huan Huang, "Optimal WindVelocity Estimation," ECOM-5581, December 1975.

18. Avara, Elton P., "Some Effects of Autocorrelated and Cross-CorrelatedNoise on the Analysis of Variance," ECOM-5582, December 1975.

19. Gillespie, Patti S., R. L. Armstrong, and Kenneth 0. White, "The SpectralCharacteristics and Atmospheric CO2 Absorption of the Ho+

3 :YLF Laserat 2.05pm," ECOM-5583, December 1975.

20. Novlan, David J., "An Empirical 4ethod of Forecasting Thunderstorms forthe White Sands Missile Range," ECOM-5584, February 1976.

21. Avara, Elton P., "Randomization Effects in Hypothesis Testing withAutocorrelated Noise," ECOM-5585, February 1976.

22. Watkins, Wendell R., "Improvements in Long Path Absorption CellMeasurement," ECOM-5586, March 1976.

2'. Thomas, Joe, George D. Alexander, and Marvin Dubbin, "SATTEL - An ArmyDedicated Meteorological Telemetry System," ECOM-5587, March 1976.

24. Kennedy, Bruce W., and Delbert Bynum, "Army User Test Program for theRDT&E-XM-75 Meteorological Rocket," ECOM-5588, April 1976.

25. Barnett, Kenneth M., "A Description of the Artillery MeteorologicalComparisons at White Sands Missile Range, October 1974 - December1974 ('PASS' - Prototype Artillery [Meteorological] Subsystem),"ECOM-5589, April 1976.

26. Miller, Walter B., "Preliminary Analysis of Fall-of-Shot From Project '4

'PASS'," ECOM-5590, April 1976.

27. Avara, Elton P., "Error Analysis of Minimum Information and Smith'sDirect Methods for Inverting the Radiative Transfer Equation,"ECOM-5591, April 1976.

28. Yee, Young P., James D. Horn, and George Alexander, "Synoptic ThermalWind Calculations from Radiosonde Observations Over the SouthwesternUnited States," ECOM-5592, May 1976.II

37

72. . .

29. Duncan, Louis D., and Mary Ann Seagraves, "Applications of EmpiricalCorrections to NOAA-4 VTPR Observations," ECOM-55j3, May 1976.

30. Miers, Bruce T., and Steve Weaver, "Applications of MeteorologicalSatellite Data to Weather Sensitive Army Operations," ECOM-5594, May1976.

31. Sharenow, Moses, "Redesign and Improvement of Balloon ML-566," ECOM-5595,June 1976.

32. Hansen, Frank V., "The Depth of the Surface Boundary Layer," ECOM-5596,June 1976.

33. Pinnick, R. G., and E. B. Stenmark, "Response Calculations for aCommerical Light-Scattering Aerosol Counter, ECOM-5597, July .975.

34. Mason, J., and G. B. Hoidale, "Visibility as an Estimator of InfraredTransmittance," ECOM-5598, July 1976.

35. Bruce, Rufus E., Louis D. Duncan, and Joseph HA. Pierluissi, "Experimenta'Study of the Relationship Between Radiosonde Temperatures andRadiometric-Area Temperatures," ECOM-5599, August 1976.

36. Duncan, Louis D., "Stratospheric Wind Shear Computed from SatelliteThermal Sounder Measurements," ECOM-5800, September 1976.

37. Taylor, F., P. Mohan, P. Joseph, and T. Pries, "An All Digital AutomatedWind Measurement System," ECOM-5801, September 1976.

38. Bruce, Charles, "Development of Spectrophones for CW and Pulsed RadiationSources," ECOM-5802, September 1976.

39. Duncan, Louis D., and Mary Ann Seagrave;, "Another Method for Estimat4-qClear Column Radiances," ECOM-5803, October 1976.

40. Blanco, Abel J., and Larry E. Taylor, "Artillery Meteorological Analysisof Project Pass," ECOM-5804, October 1976.

41. Miller, Walter, and Bernard Engebos, "A Mathematical Structure forRefinement of Sound Ranging Estimates," ECOM-5805, November 1976.

42. Gillespie, James B., and James D. Lindberg, "A Method to Obtain DiffuseReflectance Measurements from 1.0 and 3.Oum Using a Cary 171Soectrophotometer," ECOM-5806, November 1976.

43. Rubio, Roberto, and Robert 0. Olsen, "A Study of the Effects ofTemperature Variations on Radio Wave Absorption," ECOM-5807,November 1976.

38

44. Ballard, Harold N., "Temperature Measnrements in the Stratosphere fromBalloon-Borne Instrument Platforms, 1968-197r," ECOM-5808, December1976.

45. Monahan, H. H., "An Approach to the Short-Range Prediction of EarlyMorning Radiation Fog," ECOM-5809, January 1977.

46. Engebos, Bernard Francis, 'Introduction to Multiple Siate Multiple ActionDecision Theory and Its Relation to Mixi!g Struccures," ECOM-5810,January 1977.

47. Low, Richard D. H., "Effects of Cloud 'articles on Remote Sensing -romSpace In the 10-Micrometer Infrared Pegion," LCO!-53I, January1977.

48. Bonner, Robert S., and R. Newton, "Application o t'te AN/GVS-5 LaserRangefinder to Cloud Base leight Measurements,' COM-5812, February1 977.

49. Rubio, Roberto, 'Lidar Detection of Subvisible Reentry Vehicle ErosiveAtmospheric .!terial ,' ECOM-5Pl3, March 19i7.

50. Low, Richard D. H., and J. D. Horn, "Mesoscale Determination of Cloud-TopHeight: Problems and Solutions," ECOM-5814, March 1977.

51. Duncan, Louis D., and Mary Ann Seagraves, "Evaluation of the NOAA-4 VTPRThermal Winds for Nuclear Fallout Predictions," ECOM-5815, March1977.

52. Randhawa, Jagir S., M. Izquierdo, Carlos Mcdonald, and Zvi Salpeter,"Stratospheric Ozone Density as Measured by a ChemiluminescentSensor During the Stratcom VI-A Flight," ECOM-5816, April 1977.

53. Rubio, Roberto, and Mike Izquierdo, "Measurements of Net Atmosphericirradiance in the 0.7- tc 2.8-Micrometer Infrared Region,"ECOM-5817, May 1977.

54. Ballard, Harold N., Jose M. Serna, and Crank P. Hudson, Consultant forChemical Kinetics, "Calculation of Selected Atmospheric CompositionParameters for the Mid-Latitude, September Stratosphere," ECOM-5818,May 1977.

55. Mitchell, J. D., R. S. Sgar, and R. 0. Olsen, "Positive Ions in theMiddle Atmosphere During Sunrise Conditions," ECOM-5819, May 1977.

56. White, Kenneth 0., Wende'l R. Watkins, Stuart A. Schleusener, and RonaldL. Johnson, "Solid-State Laser Wavelength Identification Using aReference Absorber," ECOM-5820, June 1977.

57. Watkins, Wendell R., and Richard 'G. Dixon, "Automation of Long-PathAbsorption Cell Measurements," ECOM-5821, June 1977.

sq

• .4

58. Taylor, S. E., J. M. Davis, and J. B. Mason, "Analysis of Observed SoilSkin Moisture Effects on Reflectance," ECOM-5822, June 1977.

59. Duncan, Louis D., and Mary Ann Seagraves, "Fallout Predictions Computedfrom Satellite Derived Winds," ECOM-5823, June 1977.

60. Snider, D. E., D. G. Murcray, F. H. Murcray, and W. J. Williams,"Investigation of High-Altitude Enhanced Infrared BackroundEmissions," (U), SECRET, ECOM-5824, June 1977.

51. Dubbin, Marvin H., and Dennis Hall, "Synchronous Meteorological SatelliteDirect Readout Ground System Digital Video Electronics," ECOM-5825,June 1977.

62. Miller, W., and B. Engebos, "A Preliminary Analysis of Two Sound RangingAlgorithms," ECOM-5826, July 1977.

63. Kennedy, Bruce W., and James K. Luers, "Ballistic Sphere Techniques forMeasuring Atmospheric Parameters," ECOM-5827, July 1977.

64. Duncan, Louis D., "Zenith Angle Variation of Satellite Thermal SounderMeasurements," ECOM-5828, August 1977.

65. Hansen, Frank V., "The Critical Richardson Number," ECOM-5829, September1977.

66. Ballard, Harold N., and Frank P. Hudson (Compilers), "StratosphericComposition Balloon-Borne Experiment," ECOM-5830, October 1977.

67. Barr, William C., and Arnold C. Peterson, "Wind Measuring Accuracy Testof Meteorological Systems," ECOM-5831, November 1977.

68. Ethridge, G. A., and F. V. Hansen, "Atmospheric Diffusion: SimilarityTheory and Empirical Derivations for Use in Boundary Layer DiffusionProblems," ECOM-5832, November 1977.

69. Low, Richard D. H., "The Internal Cloud Radiation Field and a Techniquefor Determining Cloud Blackness," ECOM-5833, December 1977.

70. Watkins, Wendell R., Kenneth 0. White, Charles W. Bruce, Donald L.Walters, and James D. Lindberg, "Measurements Required forPrediction of High Energy Laser Transmission," ECOM-5834, December1977.

71. Rubio, Robert, "Investigation of Abrupt Decreases in AtmosphericallyBackscattered Laser Energy," ECOM-5835, December 1977.

72. Monahan, H. H., and R. M. Cionco, "An Interpretative Review of ExistingCapabilities for Measuring and Forecasting Selected WeatherVariables (Emphasizing Remote Means)," ASL-TR-OOO1, January 1978.

40

-7

_ _ -.. . . .. . .. .. .. ... .. . -. -_.- -.. .. . . ... .. . ....

73. Heaps, Melvin G., "The 1979 Solar Eclipse and Validation of D-RegionModels," ASL-TR-0002, March 1978.

74. Jennings, S. G., and J. B. Gillespie, "M.I.E. Theory Sensitivity Studies- The Effects of Aerosol Complex Refractive Index and SizeDistribution Variations on Extinction and Absorption Coefficients,Part II: Analysis of the Computational Results," ASL-TR-0003, March1978.

75. White, Kenneth 0., et al, "Water Vapor Continuum Absorption in the 3.5i m

to 4.Otim Region," AS_-TR-0004, March 1978.

76. Olsen, Robert 0., and Bruce W. Kennedy, "ABRES Pretest AtmosphericMeasurements," A SL-TR-OY)5, Apr 1978.

77. Ballard, Harold N., Jose M. Se-na, and Frank P. Hudson, "Calculation ofAtmospheric Composition in the High Latitude SeptemberStratosphere," ASL-TR-0006, May 1978.

78. Watkins, Wendell R., et al, "Waler Vapor Absorption Coefficients at HFLaser Wavelengths," ASL-TR-0007, May 1973.

79. Hansen, Frank V., "The Growth and Prediction of Nocturnal Inversions,"ASL-TR-OO08, May 1978.

80. Samuel, Christine, Charles Bruce, and Ralph Brewer, "SpectrophoneAnalysis of Gas Samples Obtained at Field Site," ASL-TR-0009, June1978.

81. Dinnick, R. G., et al., "Vertical Structure in Atmospheric Fog and Hazeand its Effects on IR Extinction," ASL-TR-O010, July 1978.

82. Low, Richard D. H., Louis D. Duncan, and Richard B. Gomez, "TheMicrophysical Basis of Fog Optical Characterization," ASL-TR-O011,August 1978.

83. Heaps, Melvin G., "The Effect of a Solar Proton Event on the MinorNeutral Consticuents of the Summer Polar Mesosphere," ASL-TR-0012,August 1978.

84. Mason, James B., "Light Attenuation in Falling Snow," ASL-TR-0013, August1978.

85. Blanco, Abel J., "Long-Range Artillery Sound Ranging: 'PASS' Meteorolog-ical Application," ASL-TR-0014, September 1978.

86. Heaps, M. G., and F. E. Niles, "Modeling of Ion Chemistry of theD-Region: A Case Study Based Upon the 1966 Total Solar Eclipse,"ASL-TR-0015, September 1978.

41

87. Jennings, S. G., and R. G. Pinnick, "Effects of Particulate ComplexRefractive Index and Particle Size Distribution Variations onAtmospheric Extinction and Absorption for Visible ThroughMiddle-Infrared Wavelengths," ASL-TR-0O16, September 1978.

88. Watkins, Wendell R., Kenneth 0. White, Lanny R. Bower, and Brian Z.Sojka, "Pressure Dependence of the Water Vapor Continuum Absorptionin the 3.5- to 4.0-Micrometer Region," ASL-TR-0017, September 1978.

89. Miller, W. B., and B. F. Engebos, "Behavior of Four Sound RangingTechniques in an Idealized Physical Environment," ASL-TR-0018,September 1978.

90. Gomez, Richard G., "Effectiveness Studies of the CBU-88/B Bomb, Cluster,Smoke Weapon," (U), CONFIDENTIAL ASL-TR-0019, September 1978.

91. Miller, August, Richard C. Shirkey, and Mary Ann Seagraves, "Calculationof Thermal Emission from Aerosols Using the Doubling Technique,"ASL-TR-0020, November 1978.

92. Lindberg, James D., et al, "Measured Effects of Battlefield Dust andSmoke on Visible, Infrared, and Millimeter WavelengthsPropagation: A Preliminary Report on Dusty Infrared Test-I(DIRT-I)," ASL-TR-0021, January 1979.

93. Kennedy, Bruce W., Arthur Kinghorn, and B. R. Hixon, "Engineering FlightTests of Range Meteorological Sounding System Radiosonde,"ASL-TR-0022, February 1979.

94. Rubio, Roberto, and Don Hoock, "Microwave Effective Earth Radius FactorVariability at Wiesbaden and Balboa," ASL-TR-0023, February 1979.

95. Low, Richard D. H., "A Theoretical Investigation of Cloud/Fog OpticalProperties and Their Spectral Correlations, "ASL-TR-0024, February1979.

96. Pinnick, R. G., and H. J. Auvermann, "Response Characteristics ofKnollenberg Light-Scattering Aerosol Counters," ASL-TR-0025,February 1979.

97. Heaps, Melvin G., Robert 0. Olsen, and Warren W. Berning, "Solar Eclipse1979, Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory Program Overview,"ASL-TR-0026, February 1979.

98. Blanco, Abel J., "Long-Range Artillery Sound Ranging: 'PASS' GR-8 SoundRanging Data," ASL-TR-0027, March 1979.

99. Kennedy, Bruce W., and Jose M. Serna, "Meteorological Rocket NetworkSystem Reliability," ASL-TR-0028, March 1979.

42

100. Swingle, Donald M., "Effects of Arrival Time Errors in Weighted RangeEquation Solutions for Linear Base Sound Ranging," ASL-TR-0029,April 1979.

101. Umstead, Robert K., Ricardo Pena, and Frank V. Hansen, "KWIK: AnAlgorithm for Calculating Munition Expenditures for SmokeScreening/Obscuration in Tactical Situations," ASL-TR-0030, April1979.

102. D'Arcy, Edward M., "Accuracy Validation of the Modified Nike HerculesRadar," ASL-TR-0031, May 1979.

103. Rodriguez, Ruhen, 'Evaluation of the Passive Remote Crosswind Sensor,"ASL-TR-0032, May 1979.

104. Barber, T. L., and R. Rodriguez, "Transit Time Lidar Measurement ofNear-Surface Winds in the Atmosphere," ASL-TR-O033, May 1979.

105. Low, Richard D. H., Louis 9. Duncan, and Y. Y. Roger R. Hsiao, "Micro-pnysical and Optical Properties of California Coastal Fogs at FortOrd," ASL-TR-0034, June 1979.

106. Rodriguez, Ruben, and William J. Vechione, "Evaluation of the SaturationResistant Crosswind Sensor," ASL-TR-0035, July 1979.

107. Ohmstede, William D., "The Dynamics of Material Layers," ASL-TR-0036,July 1979.

108. Pinnick, R. G., S. G. Jennings, Petr Chylek, and H. J. Auvermann,"Relationships between IR Extinction Absorption, and Liquid WaterContent of Fogs," ASL-TR-0037, August 1979.

109. Rodriguez, Ruben, and William J. Vechione, "Performance Evaluation ofthe Optical Crosswind Profiler," ASL-TR-0038, August 1979.

110. Miers, Bruce T., "Precipitation Estimation Using Satellite Data,"ASL-TR-0039, September 1979.

111. Dickson, David H., and Charles M. Sonnenschein, "Helicopter Remote WindSensor System Description," ASL-TR-0040, September 1979.

112. Heaps, Melvin G., and Joseph M. Heimerl, "Validation of the DairchemCode, I: Quiet Midlatitude Conditions," ASL-TR-0041, September1979.

113. Bonner, Robert S., and William J. Lentz, "The Visioceilometer: APortable Cloud Height and Visibility Indicator," ASL-TR-0042,October 1979.

114. Cohn, Stephen L., "The R)le of Atmospheric Sulfates in BattlefieldObscurations," ASL-TR-0043, October 1979.

43

115. Fawbush, E. J., et al, "Characterization of Atmospheric Conditiois atthe High Energy Laser System Test Facility (HELSTF), White SandsMissile Range, New Mexico, Part I, 24 March to 8 April 1977,"ASL-TR-0044, November 1979.

116. Barber, Ted L., "Short-Time Mass Variation in Natural Atmospheric Dust,"ASL-TR-0045, November 1979.

117. Low, Richard D. H., "Fog Evolution in the Visible and Infrared SpectralRegions and its Meaning in Optical Modeling," ASL-TR-0046, December1979.

118. Duncan, Louis D., et al, "The Electro-Optical Systems AtmosphericEffects Library, Volume I: Technical Documentation," ASL-T0 -0047,~December 1979.

119. Shirkey, R. C., et al, "Interim E-O SAEL, Volume II, Users Manual,"ASL-TR-0048, December 1979.

120. Kobayashi, H. K., "Atmospheric Effects on Millimeter Radio Waves,"ASL-TR-0049, January 1980.

121. Seagraves, Mary Ann, and Louis D. Duncan, "An Analysis of TransmittancesMeasured Through Battlefield Dust Clouds," ASL-TR-0050, February1980.

122. Dickson, David H., and Jon E. Ottesen, "Helicopter Remote Wind SensorFlight Test," ASL-TR-0051, February 1980.

123. Pinnick, R. G., and S. G. Jennings, "Relationships Between RadiativeProperties and Mass Content of Phosphoric Acid, HC, Petroleum Oil,and Sulfuric Acid Military Smokes," ASL-TR-0052, April 1980.

124. Hinds, B. D., and J. B. Gillespie, "Optical Characterization ofAtmospheric Particulates on San Nicolas Island, California,"ASL-TR-0053, April 1980.

125. Miers, Bruce T., "Precipitation Estimation for Military Hydrology,"ASL-TR-0054, April 1980.

126. Stenmark, Ernest B., "Objective Quality Control of Artillery ComputerMeteorological Messages," ASL-TR-0055, April 1980.

127. Duncan, Louis D., and Richard 0. H. Low, "Bimodal Size DistributionModels for Fogs at Meppen, Germany," ASL-TR-0056, April 1980.

128. Olsen, Robert 0., and Jagir S. Randhawa, "The Influence of AtmosphericDynamics on Ozone and Temperature Structure," ASL-TR-0057, May 1980.

44

A .. ... ... . ... " i - .---- . - - T---

129. Kennedy, Bruce W., et al, "Dusty Infrared Test-Il (DIRT-II) Program,"ASL-TR-0058, May 1980.

130. Heaps, Melvin G., Robert 0. Olsen, Warren Berning, John Cross, andArthur Gilcrease, "1979 Solar Eclipse, Part I - Atmospheric SciencesLaboratory Field Program Summary," ASL-TR-0059, May 1980

131. Miller, Walter B., "User's Guide for Passive Target Acquisition ProgramTwo (PTAP-2)," ASL-TR-0060, June 1980.

132. Holt, E. H., editor, "Atmospheric Data Requirements for BattlefieldObscuration ApDlications," ASL-TR-0061, June 1980.

133. Shirkey, Richard C., August Miller, George H. Goedecke, and Yugal Behl,"Single Scattering Code A.GAUSX: Theory, Applications, Comparisons,and Listing," ASL-TR-0062, July 1980.

134. Sojka, Brian Z., and Kenneth 0. White, "Evaluation of SpecializedPhotoacoustic Absorption Chambers for Near-Millimeter Wave (NMMW)Propagation Measurements," ASL-TR-0063, August 1980.

135. Bruce, Charles W., Young Paul Yee, and S. G. Jennings, "In SituMeasurement of the Ratio of Aerosol Absorption to ExtinctionCoefficient," ASL-TR-0064, August 1980.

136. Yee, Young Paul, Charles W. Bruce, and Ralph J. Brewer,"Gaseous/Particulate Absorption Studies at WSMR using Laser SourcedSpectrophones," ASL-TR-0065, June 1980.

137. Lindberg, James D., Radon B. Loveland, Melvin Heaps, James B. Gillespie,and Andrew F. Lewis, "Battlefield Dust and AtmosphericCharacterization Measurements During West German SummertimeConditions in Support of Grafenwohr Tests," ASL-TR-0066, September1980.

138. Vechione, W. J., "Evaluation of the Environmental Instruments,Incorporated Series 200 Dual Component Wind Set," ASL-TR-0067,September 1980.

139. Bruce, C. W., Y. P. Yee, B. D. Hinds, R. G. Pinnick, R. J. Brewer, andJ. Minjares, "Initial Field Measurements of Atmospheric Absorptionat 9um to Ilum Wavelengths," ASL-TR-0068, October 1980.

140. Heaps, M. G., R. 0. Olsen, K. D. Baker, D. A. Burt, L. C. Howlett, L. L.Jensen, E. F. Pound, and G. D. Allred, "1979 Solar Eclipse: Part IIInitial Results for Ionization Sources, Electron Density, and MinorNeutral Constituents," ASL-TR-0069, October 1980.

141. Low, Richard D. H., "One-Dimensional Cloud Microphysical Models forCentral Europe and their Optical Properties," ASL-TR-0070, October1980.

45

. . .. .. ... . . , .-,. ' z =" 2 ',. - i IM . .. . .. .

142. Duncan, Louis D., James D. Lindberg, and Radon B. Loveland, "AnEmpirical Model of the Vertical Structure of German Fogs,"ASL-TR-0071, November 1980.

143. Duncan, Louis D., 1981, "EOSAEL 80, Volume I, Technical Documentation,"ASL-TR-0072, January 1981.

144. Shirkey, R. C., and S. G. O'Brien, "EOSAEL 80, Volume II, Users Manual,"ASL-TR-0073, January 1981.

145. Bruce, C. W., "Characterization of Aerosol Nonlinear Effects on aHigh-Power CO2 Laser 3eam," ASL-TR-0074, February 1981.

146. Duncan, Louis D., and James 9. Lindberg, "Air Mass Considerltions i" oqOptical Modeling," AS_-TR-0075, February 1981.

147. Kunkel, Kenneth E., "Evaluation of a Tethered Kite Anemometer,"ASL-TR-0076, February 1981.

148. Kunkel, K. E., et al, "Characterization of Atmospheric Cond'tions at "heHigh Energy Laser System Test Facility (HELSTF) White 'aMnrs Y';s7'oRange, New Mexico, August 1977 to October 1978, Part I., i (,ilTurbulence, Wind, Water Vapor Pressure, Temperature," A L-'- 2!',February 1981.

149. Miers, Bruce T., "Weather Scenarios for Central Germany," ASL-' 071,

February 1981.

150. Cogan, James L., "Sensitivity Analysis of a Mesoscale Moistjre Model,"ASL-TR-0079, March 1981.

151. Brewer, R. J., C. W. Bruce, and J. L. Mater, "Optoacoustic Spectrosc-)V

of C2H4 at the 9om and 1Oum C20,11 Laser Wavelengths," ASL-TR-0080,March 1981.

152. Swingle, Donald M., "Reducible Errors in the Artillery Sound RangingSolution, Part I: The Curvature Correction" (U), SECRET,ASL-TR-0081, April 1981.

153. Miller, Walter B., "The Existence and Implications of a FundamentalSystem of Linear Equations in Sound Ranging" (U), SECRET,ASL-TR-0082, April 1981.

154. Bruce, Dorothy, Charles W. Bruce, and Young Paul Yee, "ExperimentallyDetermined Relationship Between Extinction and Liquid WaterContent," ASL-TR-0083, April 1981.

155. Seagraves, Mary Ann, "Visible and Infrared Obscuration Effects of IceFog," ASL-TR-0084, May 1981.

46

- ---- ,.

156. Watkins, Wendell R., and Kenneth 0. White, "Wedge Absorption RemoteSensor," ASL-TR-0085, May 1981.

157. Watkins, Wendell R., Kenneth 0. White, and Laura J. Crow, "TurbulenceEffects on Open Air Multipaths," ASL-TR-0086, May 1981.

158. Blanco, Abel J., "Extending Application of the Artillery ComputerMeteorological Message," ASL-TR-0087, May 1981.

159. Heaps, M. G., D. W. Hoock, R. 0. Olsen, B. F. Engebos, and R. Rubio,"High Frequency Position Location: An Assessment of Limitations andPotential Improvements," ASL-TR-0088, May 1981.

160. Watk-ns, Wendell R., and Kenneth 0. White, "Laboratory Facility forMeasurement of Hot Gaseous Plume Radiative Transfer," ASL-TR-0089,June 1981.

47

iW