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SPECIFICATION AND TESTING OF PV PUMPS FOR A MOROCCANPROJECT

L. Narvarte, F. Poza and E. Lorenzo

Instituto de Energía Solar. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (IES-UPM .!iudad Universitaria s"n. #$%&% Madrid.

e-'ail navarte)ies-de*.u+'.esel & /0 1&& 0% 2%

Fa3 & /0 1&& 2 &0

4e56ords P7 +u'+, testing, relia8ilit5, tec9nical s+eci*ication.

SUMMARY

:lt9oug9 P7 +u'+ing is a 'ature tec9nolog5, current P7 +u'+ing +rogra''es

s9o6 relia8ilit5 de*iciencies. 9is +a+er +ro+oses +rocure'ent s+eci*ications and testing +rocedures in order to assure t9e tec9nical ;ualit5 o* t9is <ind o* s5ste'. esting*acilities *ollo6ing t9e 'otto = keep it as simple as possible>, in order to 'a<e t9eir a++lication easier in conventional la8oratories in develo+ing countries, 9ave 8eendevelo+ed. 9e lessons learned in t9e a++lication o* t9is ;ualit5 control 'ec9anis' to aP7 +u'+ing +rogra' o* #/ s5ste's in Morocco are discussed in order to s9o6 t9e <e5

+ara'eters t9at s9ould 8e ta<en into consideration in *uture initiatives.

1. INTRODUCTION?ig9 ;ualit5 P7 s5ste's e;ui+'ents 9ave 8een availa8le *or 'an5 5ears.

?o6ever, tec9nical ;ualit5 assurance +rocedures are still re;uired 69en i'+le'entinglarge P7 +u'+ing +rogra''es due to t9e ris<s derived *ro' tec9nical novelties o*ten

+ro+osed to t9e 'ar<et and, a8ove all, due to t9e need o* e3tending good engineering +ractices to t9e 69ole 6ater c9ain +u'+ing, storage and distri8ution. :vaila8leliterature +rovides enlig9tening e3a'+les. In 0///, $%0 innovative P7 9elicoidal +u'+so* Euro+ean origin 6ere installed in Nort9east @razil. A o* t9e' 8ro<e 6it9in one5ear o* o+eration, 8ecause o* a +ro8le' at t9e a3is lin<ing t9e 'otor and t9e +u'+ 0.Un*ortunatel5, t9e5 still re'ain out o* o+eration toda5. In 9ailand, a surve5 o* &$/ P7

+u'+s indicates t9at ##% units (&1B 9ave *ailed & 5ears a*ter t9e installation #.Fro' 0//# to 0//2, t9e so called Cegional Solar Progra''e (CSP installed 'ore

t9an 2%% P7 +u'+s in Sa9el countries (t9e region in t9e sout9 o* Sa9ara desert . 9is +rogra''e, 6idel5 recognised as a 8rilliant c9a+ter o* t9e P7 9istor5, o+ened t9edisci+line o* a++l5ing ;ualit5 control tests to P7 +u'+s. 9e results can 8e o8servedno6ada5s a8out 0. 'illion +eo+le can drin< currentl5 *ro' t9e CSP +u'+s, all t9ese

+u'+s 8eing in +ro+er o+eration, and t9e M @F (Mean i'e @et6een Failures islarger t9an 1 5ears .

?o6ever, even suc9 a 8rilliant e3a'+le includes unco'*orta8le relia8ilit5 +ro8le's 8ecause it tests onl5 t9e 6ater +u'+ing s5ste', 6it9out considering t9e 6ater +rovisioning service as a 69ole. !o'ing 8ac< again to t9e CSP re*erence “…very low failure rates concerning solar equipment…however…Numerous technical problems(sizing, design, ageing, etc. have been observed on the water distribution networks at the storage tank or at the fountains.!"# of the villages of $enegal have reddishcoloured water % !"# also have a water pressure which is too low or problems of wear

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at the valves or other plumbing elements. &dentical results have been recorded in 'ali,with almost )# of the villages having either water leaks at the tap heads or wear problems with the fittings. *hese problems have a direct impact on the water service proposed to the villagers and so on the image of all the solar pumping concept >.

Due to t9e decentralized c9aracter o* P7 +u'+ing, users al6a5s +la5 a <e5 role int9e construction and 'aintenance o* 8asic 6ater in*rastructures 6ells, storage tan<s,

+i+es, ta+s, etc. Most o*ten, P7 +u'+ing +rogra''es divide i'+le'entationres+onsi8ilities 85 creating a (*ictitious 8order at t9e outlet o* t9e 6ell or at t9e enteringo* t9e storage tan<. : P7 co'+an5, t5+icall5 6inner o* an strict +rocure'ent +rocess, isres+onsi8le *ro' 6ater source to t9is 8order. Mean69ile, t9e res+onsi8ilit5 *ro' t9is

8order to ta+ is le*t to t9e users, o*ten 6it9 t9e 9el+ o* local aut9orities or N s.G9atever t9e case, t9is *ictitious 8order re+resents a t9reat *or t9e 6ater service as a69ole, due to usersH li'ited tec9nical s<ills (it is o++ortune to re'ind t9at, 69en ur8an6ater s5ste's are concerned, t9e care o* t9e 69ole 6ater service is al6a5s ta<en 85

+ro*essional organisations and also to so'e +eculiarities o* +re-e3isting 6ater in*rastructures, so'eti'es associated 6it9 diesel +u'+s. 9is *act unavoida8l5 leads tot9e ;uestion o* 69at 'ust 8e done to i'+rove tec9nical and 'anagerial s<ills o* ruralP7 users. !urrent state o* art +rovides onl5 ne8ulous ans6ers li<e =users 'ust 8einvolved in all t9e +ro ect +9ases>, 69ose translation to concrete +ractices are *ar *ro'clear &. Not sur+risingl5, social as+ects are o*ten cited as t9e 'ain reason *or P7

+u'+ing *ailure. Morocco +rovides a relevant e3a'+le. U+ to 1% B o* t9e 1%% P7 +u'+s installed 8e*ore #%% 6ere out o* service at t9at ti'e 1. :s *ar as 6e <no6, t9isunco'*orta8le situation +ersists.

Finall5, 6ells dr5ing due to droug9t 9as also 8een re+orted as a <e5 reason *or 6ater su++l5 interru+tion 2,A. In +rinci+le, t9is can 8e avoided 85 restricting P7 +u'+s toonl5 large a;ui*ers, usuall5 accessi8le 85 'eans o* relativel5 dee+ 8ore9oles. ?o6ever,suc9 a +ossi8ilit5 is o*ten out o* t9e reac9 o* rural +o+ulations and, 'oreover, itso'eti'es entails relativel5 9ig9 salt content (8ecause 6ater <ee+s *or a long ti'e incontact 6it9 solu8le roc<s , negativel5 a**ecting 6ater taste. 9ere*ore, t9e installationo* P7 +u'+s in traditional o+en 6ells reac9ing relativel5 lo6 de+t9 and lo6 ca+acit56ater ta8les 6ill li<el5 re'ain in 'an5 cases as t9e onl5 +ractical alternative.

9is +a+er deals 6it9 ;ualit5 assurance +rovisions carried out in a P7 +ro ectdevelo+ed in t9e Sout9 o* Morocco t9at 9as led to t9e installation o* #/ P7 +u'+s 6it9a total o* 0%1 <G+. :ll t9ese +u'+s are in routine o+eration since June #%%&. 9e +a+er is restricted to +ure tec9nical as+ects (re+orting on social and 'anagerial as+ects is le*t*or *uture 6or<s and *ocuses on t9ose lessons su++osed to 8e o* general use*ulness.

2. THE PROJECTIn order to +ro+erl5 understand t9e content o* t9is +a+er, so'e +articular

*ra'e6or< *eatures s9ould 8e <e+t on 'ind

- 9e +ro ect 9as 8een i'+le'ented under t9e aus+ices o* a +rogra''e in t9e*ra'e6or< o* t9e agree'ents o* t9e Euro-Mediterranean !on*erencedeno'inated =MED: +rogra''e>. 9is *act 'eans t9at t9e su++l5 andinstallation o* P7 e;ui+'ent 'ust 8e done *ollo6ing strictl5 regulated o+en

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international tender. In +ractical ter's, t9is li'its t9e res+onsi8ilit5 o* t9e6inner u+ to t9e +oint o* entr5 into +re-e3isting 6ater tan<s. Mean69ile, users9ave 8een organised 85 ic9<a, a local N , to ta<e care o* 6ater in*rastructures.

- So'e +u'+s (00 out o* #/ 9ave 8een devoted to su8stitute ancient vertical-a3is'ec9anical +u'+s +o6ered 85 diesel engines and o+erating in traditional o+en6ells. 9is is a toda5 *ull5 o8solete tec9nolog5 t9at 9as created +oor 6ater 'anage'ent +ractices. n t9e one 9and, old diesel engine o+eration entailse3tre'el5 dirt5 a'8iences (lu8ricant s+ills, etc and +ri'itive 'ec9anicaltrans'issions *ro' engines to +u'+, 85 'eans o* leat9er stra+, re;uires o+en6ells, and 9ence, *ull e3+osure to dirt and insects entering t9e 6ater. Long*a'iliarit5 6it9 suc9 conditions 9as lead t9e concerned +o+ulations to relegate6ater 9ealt9 ;ualit5 to t9e last +lace o* t9eir +riorities. n t9e ot9er 9and, t9ese

+u'+s are usuall5 'anaged 85 a +erson in c9arge t9at 'anuall5 runs t9e +u'+

until t9e 6ater tan< over*lo6s t9roug9 an outlet slig9tl5 8elo6 t9e 6ater entr5 +oint. 9is control +rocedure 9as strong conse;uences 69en i'+le'enting t9ene6 P7 +u'+.

- Previous e3+erience in t9is regionA leads us to size t9e P7 s5ste's on t9e 8asiso* a current dail5 consu'+tion o* &1 l +er +erson, and to also allo6 *or a *utureincrease o* a8out #%B. 9is leads to a++arentl5 oversized P7 arra5s. ?o6ever, itis usti*ied 8ecause P7 'odules t5+icall5 re+resents no 'ore t9at 01 B o* t9etotal installed s5ste' cost ,A. 9e idea o* t9at P7 is e3+ensive s9ould 8e;uestioned *or rural electri*ication. In *act, t9e strictl5 P7 +art re'ains in suc9 alo6 +ro+ortion o* t9e total cost 8ecause ite's li<e installation, tu8es, 6ater tan<s, etc., are 'uc9 'ore e3+ensive t9an usuall5 su++osed, 'ainl5 due to t9edecentralized c9aracter o* rural electri*ication.

- 9e re;uired dail5 service and o+eration conditions 9ave 8een standardised *or +rocure'ent and ;ualit5 assurance +rocedures. !oncrete values are given inta8le 0.

Standard s5ste' Service (' &"da5 +eration conditionsS0 $1%S# 0A1%S #2%%S& 11%%

!onstant a'8ient te'+erature o* 1 o!n +lane irradiation 2 <G9"' #

Dail5 irradiance +ro*ile as given 85 IE! 20A#1

a8le 0. P7 +u'+ing s5ste's standardization.

- 9e ;ualit5 assurance +rocedure 9as 8een i'+le'ented 85 'eans o* t9reedi**erent ste+s De*inition o* tec9nical s+eci*ications, la8orator5 +rotot5+etesting and on-site c9ec<ing.

o a great e3tent, t9is +a+er *ollo6s t9e +niversal *echnical $tandard for $olar ome $ystems- and t9e consecutive testing ca'+aigns o* co''ercial P7co'+onents /,0%,00. It s9ould 8e 'ade clear t9at t9is +articular a++roac9 *or tec9nical

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;ualit5 assurance does not involve t9e accreditation o* testing la8oratories 85international certi*ication 8odies (IS #1 0# as a +rere;uisite. Instead, it is 8ased ont9e idea t9at tec9nical ;ualit5 in P7 rural electri*ication is 'ore a 'atter o* 6ill t9ano* tec9nical so+9istication. Cat9er si'+le local testing (in conventional la8oratories

o* agencies, utilities, universities, etc. can 8e a ver5 e**ective tec9nical ;ualit5assurance tool i* it is clearl5 esta8lis9ed in contractual agree'ents 8et6een vendorsand custo'ers. Ge s9ould clari*5 t9at t9is ad hoc alternative neit9er tries to co'+ete6it9 accredited la8oratories nor e3clude t9e'. Cat9er it is 'otivated 85 t9e

+ersistence o* tec9nical +ro8le's in t9e *ield t9at, toda5, re'ain 8e5ond t9e sco+e o* international standards. :s a 'atter o* *act, our la8orator5, at t9e IES-UPM, des+itenot 8eing internationall5 accredited, 'aintains a regular and increasing activit5 onP7 co'+onents testing (P7 generators, la'+s, regulators, 8atteries, inverters and,no6, P7 +u'+s u+on re;uest. 9ere*ore, t9e 'otto = keep it as simple as possible>9as 8een +ara'ount in t9e de*inition o* testing +rocedures, as 6ell as *or t9eselection o* t9e re;uired instru'entation.

3. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION!oncrete tec9nical s+eci*ications 9ave 8een derived *ro' t9e *ollo6ing

criteria relia8ilit5, 6ater service, +ersonal sa*et5 and 6ater 9ealt9 ;ualit5. a8le #su''arizes corres+onding <e5 re;uire'ents. Furt9er details can 8e *ound in t9e

+rocure'ent docu'ents 0 .

Criteria Req ire!e"t#Celia8ilit5 Protections against lac< o* 6ater in t9e 6ell, tan< over*lo6,K

Cesistance to 0%%%% N- FF c5clesCesistance to e3tre'e conditionsProtections against surges, overvoltage and s9ortcircuit.

Gater service :s de*ined in ta8le 0Personal sa*et5 rounding o* 'etallic 'asses

D! *loating sc9e'ePer'anent isolation surveillanceInverter isolation according 6it9 IE! 2%& / and IE! 2% 2&

Gater 9ealt9;ualit5

:uto'atic c9lorination *acilitiesProtection against dirtiness and insects entering into t9e 6ell andt9e storage tan<

a8le #. Su''ar5 o* tec9nical s+eci*ications re;uired *or P7 s5ste's

:s *ar as +ossi8le, t9e +ossi8ilit5 o* adding test +rocedures to t9e +ro+osedre;uire'ents 9as 8een +resent in aut9orsH 'inds 69en 6riting t9is s+eci*ication.

$. LA%ORATORY TESTING OF PROTOTIPESesting *ull s5ste' +rotot5+es +rior to 'ass installation in t9e *ield is o* +ara'ount

i'+ortance, 8ecause it allo6s detection o* +ossi8le de*iciencies 69en t9e5 still can 8eeasil5 solved.

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9e 'ain test *acilit5 *or t9e service delivered 85 t9e P7 +u'+ is s9o6n in Figures 0and #. Its si'+licit5 can 8e o8served. Using as in+ut +o6er a P7 generator or a D!

+o6er source, and esta8lis9ing t9e total 9ead =seen> 85 t9e +u'+ 6it9 a si'+le valvet9at restricts t9e 6ater tu8e and a 'ano'eter, t9is *acilit5 +roduces t9e 6ater *lo6

inverter in+ut current curve. Since t9is current is related to t9e irradiance, 6e cancalculate t9e volu'e o* 6ater +u'+ed 85 t9e s5ste' in a solar standard da5 (IE! 20A#1and co'+are it 6it9 t9e contractual service. In order to 'aintain a constant total 9eadinde+endentl5 o* t9e +u'+ed 6ater *lo6, 6e 9ave su8stituted t9e valve 85 a grid-connected +u'+ controlled 85 a +ressure sensor t9at esta8lis9es a constant +ressure att9e outlet o* t9e P7 +u'+. 9is si'+le i'+rove'ent, t9at 9as 8een success*ull5develo+ed in Universit5 o* Sao Paulo in @razil 0&, allo6s 'easure'ent o* 6ater *lo6 irradiance curves at constant 9eads and, t9ere*ore, calculation o* 6ater volu'e +u'+ed

85 t9e P7 s5ste' at a given 9ead. ?o6ever t9is 'et9od cannot c9ec< t9e servicedelivered 85 t9e P7 +u'+ on cloud5 da5s (not conte'+lated in IE! 20A#1 , and sosolutions to co'+are t9e 8e9avior o* di**erent +u'+s in suc9 real conditions s9ould 8e

develo+ed.: +rocedure to test t9e dura8ilit5 o* t9e 'otor-+u'+-inverter set 9as 8een also

i'+le'ented. It consists o* a resistance test 8ased on 0%%%% N- FF c5cles under 6ater +ressure. It is carried out in t9e sa'e test *acilit5 s9o6n in *igure #, 8ut 6it9 anelectronic valve controlled 85 a s+ring valve and 6it9 a s'all stretc9 o* *le3i8le +i+e toa8sor8 t9e 95draulic ra'. 9is test allo6s c9ec<ing o* t9e resistance o* t9e +u'+ 69enstarting 6it9 a great load. :lt9oug9 t9is test is not signi*icant 6it9 centri*ugal +u'+s, itcan 8e ver5 use*ul in t9e case o* ot9er +u'+s (li<e t9e 9elicoidal ones t9at 'ust start6it9 a long and 9eav5 colu'n o* 6ater.

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Figure 0 @loc< diagra' o* t9e delivered service test *acilit5.

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(a

G (W/m 2 ) Q (m 3)

19 0,00146 0,00370 2,15629 3,92853 4,71983 4,87983 4,87853 4,70629 3,92370 2,15146 0,0019 0,00

Q total (m 3) 31,29Servicesupplied (m 4)

1814,72

Re uiredservice (m 4)

1750,00

(8 (c

Figure #. Delivered service test (a E;ui+'ent (8 Cesult o* t9e test o* a Standard +rotot5+e S# 6it9 a total 9ead o* 1$' (c Irradiance (G"' # and *lo6 (liters"'inute

curves 'easured along a da5 in t9e test *acilit5

A

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9e testing *acilit5 s9o6n in *igure c9ec<s t9e resistance o* t9e inverter to 9ig9te'+erature o+eration, as is t9e case 69en t9is <ind o* s5ste's 6or<s in desert areas. Itconsists o* an s'all 9and'ade s9ed (*ro' t9e gardening 'ar<et , 6it9 an internal cover to i'+rove t9e t9er'al isolation, and a si'+le 9eater controlled 85 a t9er'ostat. 9e

te'+erature is continuousl5 'onitored and t9e t9er'ostat sto+s t9e 9eater 69en itreac9es t9e desired value, starting it again 69en it descends. 9e test consists o* one9our o+eration at 1% !.

Figure . Si'+le cli'atic c9a'8er.

Finall5 a set o* test +rocedures c9ec<s t9e +rotection o* t9e 'otor-+u'+-inverter against a8nor'al situations suc9 as e'+t5 6ell, *ull tan<, s9ort-circuitedinverter out+ut, 'otor 8loc<, +olarit5 reverse, etc. 9e ulti'ate ai' o* t9ese tests isto guarantee t9at t9e P7 +u'+ing s5ste' co'+onents are +rotected against ver5in*re;uent 8ut destructive events not onl5 *or t9e P7 +u'+ing s5ste' relia8ilit5 (a

+u'+ 6or<ing 6it9out 6ater over9eats and can get da'aged irreversi8l5 , 8ut also*or t9e 'anage'ent sustaina8ilit5 (an over*lo6ing reservoir can destro5 a

'anage'ent structure 8ased on 6ater tari** .: s+ecial 'ention s9ould 8e 'ade o* t9e +rotection t9at +reserves +ersonal

sa*et5 in t9e P7 +u'+ing installation 01,02,0A,0$ grounding, detection o* electricalisolation *ault, etc. Due to relativel5 9ig9 D! voltages, 6e 9ave included in t9etec9nical s+eci*ication t9e re;uire'ent o* a class II +rotection, *ollo6ing IE! 2% 2&.It is 6ort9 e'+9asising t9at t9e i'+le'entation o* a *loating D! +art 6it9 a detector o* electrical isolation *ault 9as 8een a *re;uent solution +ro+osed in t9e +rotot5+es'easured in our la8orator5. ?o6ever, in several cases, 6e 9ave o8servedinco'+ati8ilities 8et6een t9is detector and t9e inverter.

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&. ON SITE CHEC'INGn-site testing 9as 8een +er*or'ed *ro' #0 cto8er to & Nove'8er #%%&, in

coincidence 6it9 t9e Ca'adan +eriod. 9at 9as 8een a *ortunate circu'stance inter's o* 6or<ing e**icienc5, 8ecause 6ell <no6n religious restrictions during t9is

+eriod avoid t9e e3tre'el5 nice 8ut also ti'e-consu'ing 9os+italit5 rules 6c9ic9are custo'ar5 in t9is region. Due to Ca'adan, 6e 9ave 8een a8le to c9ec< u+ to P7 +u'+s +er da5.

It 'ust 8e understood t9at a8ove la8orator5 testing i'+lies t9e veri*ication o* t9e inverter 'otor-+u'+ c9ain e**icienc5. 9en, in order to veri*5 t9e *ull P7 s5ste'6ater ca+acit5, t9e P7 arra5 +ea< +o6er 'ust 8e tested at t9e *ield. 9is 9as 8eendone 85 'eans o* an o6n 'ade ca+acitive load 0/ . Figure & s9o6s t9e results.

Figure &. P7 generator +o6er 'easure'ents. Percentage deviation 6it9res+ect to t9eir no'inal +o6er (P n and P ' 'eans no'inal +o6er and 'easured

+o6er res+ectivel5 .

@ecause actual +u'+ing 9eads can di**er signi*icantl5 *ro' t9e standard value,and 8ecause t9ere are no clear +rocedures *or translating +u'+ e**icienc5 values*ro' standard to actual 9eads, direct on-site testing o* s+eci*ied 6ater service ise3tre'el5 di**icult. Nevert9eless, 'easuring e**icienc5 at actual 9ead is stillinteresting *or ot9er t9an 'ere contractual reasons. In +articular, 8ecause it re;uirest9e o8servation o* 6ater de+t9 variations during +u'+ing, it allo6s to get a roug9

8ut ver5 use*ul idea concerning t9e 6ell ca+acit5 *or +roviding 6ater in relation 6it9t9e P7 s5ste' ca+acit5 *or e3tracting it, so t9at +ossi8le 6ell e39austion and need*or *urt9er 6ell acco''odation (dee+ening, galleries, etc. can also 8e investigated.It 'a5 see' sur+rising t9at P7 +u'+s are so'eti'es installed on 6ells 69oseca+acit5 9as not 8een +reviousl5 tested in accordance 6it9 e3isting standard

+rocedures. ?o6ever, t9is is o*ten t9e case o* traditional 6ells in develo+ing

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countries. :vaila8le in*or'ation is o*ten not re+resentative o* 69at is actuall5 *oundin t9e *ield. 9ese are realities o* rural areas in suc9 countries, and P7 +u'+ingengineering +ractices 'ust deal 6it9 t9e'. 9is is 695 6e 9ave +aid so'e attention9ere to suc9 +ro8le's. In our case 6e *ound u+ to #%B o* =6ea<> 6ells. @ut,

*ortunatel5, 6e 9ave 8een a8le to convince concerned users and local aut9orities tocarr5 out i'+rove'ent 6or<s. ?aving alread5 o+erational P7 +u'+s ande3+eri'ental testing results 9ave 8een our 'ost convincing argu'ents.

Furt9er'ore, 6e 9ave *ound a curious situation 69en re+lacing +re-e3istingdiesel +u'+s. :s alread5 'entioned, a t5+ical arrange'ent 6it9 t9ese +u'+sinvolves a storage tan< over*lo6 8elo6 t9e inlet 6ater level. No6, due to longdistances *ro' 6ells to tan<s ('ore t9an 1%% ' in 'an5 cases auto'atic +rotectiono* P7 +u'+s against tan< over*lo6 is not i'+le'ented 85 'eans o* a direct 6ater level detector lin<ed to t9e inverter 85 a ca8le, 8ut 85 'eans o* a 8allcoc< at t9e tan< 6ater inlet and a s+ring valve +laced in t9e +i+e close to t9e inverter. 9is 6a5,

69en t9e tan< is *ull, t9e 8allcoc< s9ould close t9e +i+e and t9e resulting 6ater +ressure s9ould o+erate t9e s+ring valve, sending a signal to t9e inverter to sto+ +u'+ing. 8viousl5, t9is never 9a++ens i* tan< over*lo6 outlet is +laced 8elo6 t9e6ater inlet. Instead, 6ater over*lo6s 8e*ore t9e 8allcoc< can close t9e +i+e. ?ence,

+u'+ing continues inde*initel5 6it9 corres+onding 6ater 6aste. In order to avoidsuc9 an undesira8le situation, t9e e3isting over*lo6 outlet is o*ten si'+l5 sealed o**.?o6ever, t9is solution 'eans uncontrolled over*lo6 in case o*, *or e3a'+le, a

8allcoc< de*icienc5. : si'+le 'odi*ication to +reserve t9e e3isting over*lo6 outletis a 'uc9 8etter solution, as s9o6n in Fig 1.

0%

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Fig 1. Modi*ication o* tan< over*lo6 outlet to avoid 6ater over*lo6 8e*ore t9eactivation o* t9e 8allcoc<.

:gain, it 'a5 see' sur+rising to devote so 'uc9 o* a su++osedl5 P7 +a+er to t9e

9u'8le 6ater outlet o* a storage tan<. ?o6ever, 6e 8elieve t9at P7 engineering, at least69en isolated rural electri*ication s5ste's are concerned, 'ust deal 6it9 t9e *inalservice as a 69ole. t9er6ise, service relia8ilit5 8eco'es negativel5 a**ected. t9er t9an +ure P7 +ro8le's 9ave 8een re+eatedl5 'entioned as 8eing t9e reason *or P7s5ste's *ailures ,#%,#0,##,# ,#& . Diesel su8stitution is e3+ected to 8eco'e relevant *or *utureP7 'ar<ets #1,#2 . Ge *ailed to antici+ate t9is over*lo6 outlet +ro8le' 69en 6riting t9etec9nical s+eci*ications o* t9is +ro ect, and 6e t9in< is 6ort9 to 6arning our colleagues.

(. CONCLUSSIONS6ent5 nine P7 +u'+s, totalling 0%1 <G+, 9ave 8een installed in Sout9 Morocco

under t9e 'ain aus+ices o* t9e Euro+ean coo+eration in t9e *ra'e6or< o* t9e Euro-Mediterranean agree'ents (MED: +rogra''e . : ;ualit5 assurance +rocedure 9as

8een designed and i'+le'ented. o a certain e3tent, t9e co''on +rocure'ent +rocedures o* +u8lic *inancing +rogra''es, toget9er 6it9 t9e need *or strong usersHco''it'ent, re+resents a 8arrier *or e3tending ;ualit5 assurance to t9e 69ole 6ater c9ain, *ro' source to ta+. 9is is not 6it9out conse;uences, in ter's o* 6ater servicerelia8ilit5.

9e ;ualit5 assurance +rocedure consists o* t9ree di**erent ste+s 6riting tec9nicals+eci*ications, testing +rotot5+es at t9e la8orator5, and on-site c9ec<ing o* all t9e *inall5installed s5ste's.

00

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Future lines *or i'+roving s+eci*ication and testing 9ave 8een suggested.Moreover, so'e +articularities associated 6it9 t9e su8stitution o* +re-e3isting diesel

+u'+s 85 P7 ones 9ave also 8een re+orted.

A)*"+,-e /e!e"t#9is 6or< 9as 8een su++orted in +art 85 Euro+e-:id contract

ME$":ID! "#%%0"%0 #"SM:P-& (= &mplementation of a / 0ater umping rogramme in 'editerranean 1ountries2 and t9e :za9ar +rogra' o* t9e S+anis9 !o-o+eration :genc5 (:E!I .

9e aut9ors 6ould li<e to t9an< t9e 9el+*ul reco''endations o* Mr. Co8ertoOilles and Mr. :llan @rito (Institute o* Electrotec9nics and Energ5 o* Sao PauloUniversit5 69en designing t9e P7 +u'+ testing 8enc9, and t9e intensive colla8orationo* Mr. Javier Mu oz (Instituto de Energía Solar, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid in'easuring t9e P7 generators.

Re0ere")e#

0#

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0 Fedrizzi !. Siste'as Fotovoltaicos de :8asteci'iento de :gua +ara Uso !o'unitario

LiQoes :+reendidas e Procedi'ientos +ara Potencializar sia Di*usao, P9D 9esis, Universit5 o* Sao

Paulo, @razil, #%% .

#

4aun'uang P., 4irti<ara 4., Song+ra<or8 C., 9e+a S., Su6anna<u' . :sses'ent o* +9otovoltaic +u'+ing s5ste's in 9ailand one decade e3+erience . $olar 3nergy 'aterials 4$olar 1ells#%%0,( 1#/ 1 &.

Lie8ard :. 5egional $olar rogramme. 6essons and erspectives, Fondation Energies +our le Monde, Paris, 0///.

& S PC:-CE, Social Practice *or Cene6a8le Energ5 S5ste's in Cural Electri*ication, Pro ectnu'8er &.0% %"O"%0-%$2"#%%0, Euro+ean !o''ission, #%%0.

1 Nasir El ?a< C. :. E3+Rrience Marocaine dans le do'aine du Po'+age +ar Energie SolaireP9otovolta ;ue. roceedings of the &nternational seminar 7 ompage hotovolta8que et traitement de l9eau en milieu rural , uarzazate, Morocco, #%% /-0&.

2 !ota :.D., Foster C.E., T'ez L.M., Coss M.P., ?anle5 !.J., u+ta 7.P., Mont *ar .,

Co'ero :. en 5ear Celia8ilit5 :ssess'ent o* P9otovoltaic Gater Pu'+ing S5ste's in Me3ico,$olar :));, <merican $olar 3nergy $ociety, Portland, regon, #%%&, 00 -00$.

A Narvarte L., Lorenzo E., :anda' M. Lessons *ro' an P7 Pu'+ing Progra''e in Sout9Morocco, rogress in hotovoltaics7 5esearch and <pplications. #%%1 13 #20-#A%.

$ Universal ec9nical Standard *or Solar ?o'e S5ste's. 9er'ie @ SUP //1-/2. E!-D V7II. 0//$.

/ !aa'a o-Martín E., Lorenzo E., Lastres !.. !r5stalline silicon +9otovoltaic 'odulesc9aracterization in t9e *ield o* rural electri*ication. rogress in hotovoltaics7 5esearch and <pplications.#%%#1 &$0-&/

0% Narvarte L., Mu oz J., Lorenzo E. esting o* *luorescent D! la'+s *or Solar ?o'eS5ste's. rogress in hotovoltaics7 5esearch and <pplications. #%%0 &A1-&$/

00 Díaz P., Lorenzo E. Solar ?o'e S5ste' 8atter5 and c9arge regulator testing. rogress in hotovoltaics7 5esearch and <pplications. #%%0 2 - AA

0# IS "IE! 0A%#1. eneral re;uire'ents *or t9e co'+etence o* testing and cali8rationla8oratories. 0///.

0 ender s+eci*ication announced in t9e *ra'e6or< o* t9e contractME$":ID! "#%%0"%0 #"SM:P-&, availa8le at 666.ies-de*.u+'.es

0& @rito :. U., Oilles C., @anco +ara ensaios o+eracionais e de +er*or'ance de siste'as de 8o'8ea'ento *otovoltaico. Internal re+ort LSF#%%&"%%1, La8oratTrio de Siste'as Fotovoltaicos doInstituto de Eletrotécnica e Energia, Universit5 o* SWo Paulo, @razil, #%%&, 0-A.

01 IE! Standard 2% 2&, Electrical Installations o* @uildings. Part A-A0# Ce;uire'ents *or S+ecial Installations or Locations Solar P9otovoltaic Po6er Su++l5 S5ste's. #%%#.

02 Mu oz J. 5ecomendaciones sobre el +so de 1orriente <lterna en la 3lectrificaci=n 5ural >otovoltaica. P9D 9esis at t9e Politec9nical Universit5 o* Madrid (#%%&

0A Lig9tning and vervoltage Protection in P9otovoltaic and Solar er'al S5ste's. *hermie? @ rogramme <ction nA $'3?!BB:?C-?D3 . Euro+ean !o''unities. #%%0.

0$ ?ernXndez J.!., 7idal P. . :nal5sis o* P7 enerator Insulation and Lea<age !urrents.Celevance *or Personal Sa*et5. !Cth 3uropean hotovoltaic $olar 3nergy 1onference, Paris, #%%&#1$A-#1/%.

0/ Mu oz J., Lorenzo E. Dise o de una carga ca+acitiva +ara 'edir generadores *otovoltaicos. 3ra $olar , #%%1,12 , $-&&.

#% 7an der Plas C.J., ?an<ins M. Solar Electricit5 in :*rica : Cealit5, 3nergy olicy, 0//$,

vol. 2( "& #/1- %1.#0 @ar8osa E.M., Fraidenraic9 N. Periodic Evaluation o* P9otovoltaic Electri*icationS5ste'sHs Per*or'ance in t9e Nort9east o* @razil 9ird Year, !; th 3uropean hotovoltaic $olar 3nergy 1onference, @arcelona, 0//A #112-#11/.

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## ?a''a'i N. LHElectri*ication Curale +ar les S5ste'es P9otovoltai;ues en unisie,1onfErence 3uro?'EditerranEenne sur les *echnologies de 693fficacitE FnergEtique, des Fnergies 5enouvelables et de 693nvironnement , unis, 0///.

# Ga'u<on5a L. Meeting t9e Cural Lo6-Load Energ5 Needs 6it9 P7 S5ste's t9e Na'i8ian E3+erience, Domestic +se of 3lectrical 3nergy 1onference, 0/// #0#-#0$.

#& Pedro . !on*ia8ilidad de !o'+onentes 5 Siste'as +ara el :8asteci'iento Eléctrico con

Siste'as Fotovoltaicos en la Provincia de Neu;uén, rograma && *aller de 3nergGas 5enovables para el <bastecimiento 3lEctrico en Hreas 5urales, EJSEDS:, 0///, San Salvador de Ju u5.:rgentina.

#1 7allvé V., a*as ., :rias !., Mendoza J.J., orra !. Electricit5 costs o* P7-958rid vs.diesel in 'icrogrids *or village +o6er. !I th 3uropean hotovoltaic $olar 3nergy 1onference,Munic9, #%%0 0/2%-0/21.

#2 ?o**'ann G., :ulic9 ?.:., 7iaud M. Euro+ean P7 Industr5 Coad'a+. !Cth 3uropean hotovoltaic $olar 3nergy 1onference, Paris, #%%& 0A1- 0AA.

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