9780521842914_frontmatter

SPACE-TIME CODING: THEORY AND PRACTICE

This book covers the fundamental principles of space-time coding for wirelesscommunications over multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels, and setsout practical coding methods for achieving the performance improvements pre-dicted by the theory.

Starting with background material on wireless communications and the capacityof MIMO channels, the book then reviews design criteria for space-time codes. Adetailed treatment of the theory behind space-time block codes then leads on to an in-depth discussion of space-time trellis codes. The book continues with discussion ofdifferential space-time modulation, BLAST and some other space-time processingmethods. The final chapter addresses additional topics in space-time coding.

Written by one of the inventors of space-time block coding, this book is idealfor a graduate student familiar with the basics of digital communications, and forengineers implementing the theory in real systems.

The theory and practice sections can be used independently of each other. Exer-cises can be found at the end of the chapters.

Hamid Jafarkhani is an associate professor in the Department of ElectricalEngineering and Computer Science at the University of California, Irvine, wherehe is also the Deputy Director of the Center for Pervasive Communications andComputing. Before this, he worked for many years at AT&T Labs-Research wherehe was one of the co-inventors of space-time block coding.

www.cambridge.org© Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press0521842913 - Space-Time Coding: Theory and PracticeHamid JafarkhaniFrontmatterMore information

http://www.cambridge.org/0521842913

http://www.cambridge.org


SPACE-TIME CODING

THEORY AND PRACTICE

HAMID JAFARKHANIUniversity of California, Irvine






cambridge university pressCambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo

Cambridge University PressThe Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.orgInformation on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521842914

C© Cambridge University Press 2005

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,

no reproduction of any part may take place withoutthe written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2005

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library

ISBN-13 978-0-521-84291-4 hardbackISBN-10 0-521-84291-3 hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external orthird-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such

websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate






Contents

Preface page ixStandard notation xiSpace-time coding notation xiiList of abbreviations xiv

1 Introduction 11.1 Introduction to the book 11.2 Wireless applications 21.3 Wireless channels 51.4 Statistical models for fading channels 121.5 Diversity 151.6 Spatial multiplexing gain and its trade-off with diversity 231.7 Closed-loop versus open-loop systems 241.8 Historical notes on transmit diversity 261.9 Summary 27

1.10 Problems 282 Capacity of multiple-input multiple-output channels 30

2.1 Transmission model for multiple-input multiple-outputchannels 30

2.2 Capacity of MIMO channels 342.3 Outage capacity 392.4 Summary of important results 432.5 Problems 44

3 Space-time code design criteria 453.1 Background 453.2 Rank and determinant criteria 463.3 Trace criterion 503.4 Maximum mutual information criterion 52

v






vi Contents

3.5 Summary of important results 533.6 Problems 53

4 Orthogonal space-time block codes 554.1 Introduction 554.2 Alamouti code 554.3 Maximum-likelihood decoding and maximum ratio

combining 594.4 Real orthogonal designs 604.5 Generalized real orthogonal designs 704.6 Complex orthogonal designs 764.7 Generalized complex orthogonal designs 774.8 Pseudo-orthogonal space-time block codes 904.9 Performance analysis 93

4.10 Simulation results 1014.11 Summary of important results 1074.12 Problems 108

5 Quasi-orthogonal space-time block codes 1105.1 Pairwise decoding 1105.2 Rotated QOSTBCs 1125.3 Optimal rotation and performance of QOSTBCs 1155.4 Other examples of QOSTBCs 1205.5 QOSTBCs for other than four transmit antennas 1225.6 Summary of important results 1255.7 Problems 125

6 Space-time trellis codes 1266.1 Introduction 1266.2 Space-time trellis coding 1306.3 Improved STTCs 1366.4 Performance of STTCs 1436.5 Simulation results 1456.6 Summary of important results 1496.7 Problems 149

7 Super-orthogonal space-time trellis codes 1517.1 Motivation 1517.2 Super-orthogonal codes 1537.3 CGD analysis 1677.4 Encoding and decoding 1737.5 Performance analysis 1797.6 Extension to more than two antennas 1817.7 Simulation results 187






Contents vii


8 Differential space-time modulation 1958.1 Introduction 1958.2 Differential encoding 1988.3 Differential decoding 2038.4 Extension to more than two antennas 2078.5 Simulation results 2148.6 Summary of important results 2188.7 Problems 218

9 Spatial multiplexing and receiver design 2219.1 Introduction 2219.2 Spatial multiplexing 2229.3 Sphere decoding 2239.4 Using equalization techniques in receiver design 2279.5 V-BLAST 2309.6 D-BLAST 2359.7 Turbo-BLAST 2389.8 Combined spatial multiplexing and space-time coding 2419.9 Simulation results 246


10 Non-orthogonal space-time block codes 25110.1 Introduction 25110.2 Linear dispersion space-time block codes 25210.3 Space-time block codes using number theory 25910.4 Threaded algebraic space-time codes 26010.5 Simulation results 26710.6 Summary of important results 27010.7 Problems 270

11 Additional topics in space-time coding 27211.1 MIMO-OFDM 27211.2 Implementation issues in MIMO-OFDM 27811.3 Space-time turbo codes 28311.4 Beamforming and space-time coding 28611.5 Problems 290

References 291Index 300






Preface

The use of multiple antennas in most future wireless communication systems seemsto be inevitable. Today, the main question is how to include multiple antennas andwhat are the appropriate methods for specific applications. The academic interest inspace-time coding and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems has beengrowing for the last few years. Recently, the industry has shown a lot of interestas well. It is amazing how fast the topic has emerged from a theoretical curiosityto the practice of every engineer in the field. It was just a few years ago, when Istarted working at AT&T Labs – Research, that many would ask “who would usemore than one antenna in a real system?” Today, such skepticism is gone.

The fast growth of the interest and activities on space-time coding has resulted ina spectrum of people who actively follow the field. The range spans from mathemati-cians who are only curious about the interesting mathematics behind space-timecoding to engineers who want to build it. There is a need for covering both thetheory and practice of space-time coding in depth. This book hopes to fulfill thisneed. The book has been written as a textbook for first-year graduate students andas a reference for the engineers who want to learn the subject from scratch. Anearly version of the book has been used as a textbook to teach a course in space-time coding at the University of California, Irvine. The goal of such a course is theintroduction of space-time coding to anyone with some basic knowledge of dig-ital communications. In most cases, we start with common ideas for single-inputsingle-output (SISO) channels and extend them to MIMO channels. Therefore, stu-dents or engineers with no knowledge of MIMO systems should be able to learn allthe concepts. While graduate students might be interested in all the details and theproofs of theorems and lemmas, engineers may skip the proofs and concentrate onthe results without sacrificing the continuity of the presentation.

A typical course on space-time coding may start with some background materialon wireless communications and capacity of MIMO channels as covered in Chapters1 and 2. A review of design criteria for space-time codes is covered in Chapter 3.

ix






x Preface

Chapters 4 and 5 provide a detailed treatment of the theory behind space-time blockcodes. A practitioner who is only interested in the structure of the codes may bypassall the proofs in these chapters and concentrate only on the examples. Chapters 6and 7 discuss space-time trellis codes in depth. Each chapter includes discussionson the performance analysis of the codes and simulation results. For those who aremore interested in the practical aspects of the topic, simulation results are sufficientand the sections on performance analysis may be skipped. The practitioners maycontinue with Chapter 11 and its discussion on MIMO-OFDM and Chapter 9 onreceiver design. On the other hand, those who are more interested in the theoryof space-time codes can follow with Chapter 8 and its treatment of differentialspace-time modulation. Finally, for the sake of completeness, we discuss BLASTand some other space-time processing methods in Chapters 9 and 10. Homeworkproblems have been included at the end of each chapter.

The book includes the contribution of many researchers. I am grateful to allof them for generating excitement in the field of space-time coding. My specialthanks goes to my very good friend and former colleague Professor Vahid Tarokhwho introduced space-time coding to me. Also, I should thank my other colleaguesat AT&T Labs – Research who initiated most of the basic concepts and ideas inspace-time coding. Without the support of my department head at AT&T Labs –Research, Dr. Behzad Shahraray, I would not be able to contribute to the topic and Iam thankful to him for providing the opportunity. Also, Professor Rob Calderbankhas been a big supporter of the effort.

The early versions of this book have been read and reviewed by my studentsand others. Their comments and suggestions have improved the quality of thepresentation. Especially, comments from Professor John Proakis, Professor SyedJafar, Dr. Masoud Olfat, and Hooman Honary have resulted in many improvements.My Ph.D. students, Li Liu, Javad Kazemitabar, and Yun Zhu, have helped with theproofreading of a few chapters. Many of the presented simulation results have beendouble checked by Yun Zhu. I also thank the National Science Foundation (NSF)for giving me an NSF Career Award to support my research and educational goalsrelated to this book.

Last but not least, I would like to thank my wife, Paniz, for her support and love.






Standard notation

|| · || Euclidean norm|| · ||F Frobenius norm

⊗ tensor product∗ conjugate+ Moore-Penrose generalized inverse (pseudo-inverse)

det determinant of a matrixE expectation

fX (x) pdf of XH Hermetian� imaginary partI imaginary part

IN N × N identity matrixj

√−1K X covariance of vector X� real partR real partT transposeTr trace of a matrixVar variance

xi






Space-time coding notation

αn,m path gain from transmit antenna n to receive antenna mχk a chi-square RV with 2k degrees of freedomη noiseφ rotation parameter for constellationsγ SNR

ρ(N ) Radon functionθ rotation parameter for STBCsb number of transmit bits per channel useC capacity

Cout outage capacityCI set of complex numbersC T × N transmitted codewordC set of super-orthogonal codes

dmin minimum distanceEs average power of transmitted symbolsfd Doppler shift

Gc coding gainGd diversity gainG generating matrix for a STTCG generator matrix for a STBCH N × M channel matrixI number of states in a trellisJ number of delta functions in the impulse response of a frequency selective

fading channelJ number of groups in a combined spatial multiplexing and space-time cod-

ing system2l number of branches leaving each state of a trellisK number of transmitted symbols per block

xii






Space-time coding notation xiii

L number of orthogonal (data) blocks in a SOSTTCL size of IFFT and FFT blocks in OFDM

L-PSK a PSK constellation with L = 2b symbolsM number of receive antennasN number of transmit antennasN T × M noise matrixN0 noise samples have a variance of N0/2 per complex dimensionP number of trellis transitions (two trellis paths differ in P transitions)

Pout outage probabilityQ the memory of a trellisr transmission rate in bits/(s Hz)r received signalr T × M received matrixR rate of a STCIR set of real numberss transmitted signalSt the state of the encoder at time tx indeterminant variableZZ set of integers






Abbreviations

ADC Analog to Digital ConverterAGC Automatic Gain ControlAWGN Additive White Gaussian NoiseBER Bit Error RateBLAST Bell Labs Layered Space-TimeBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBSC Binary Symmetric ChannelCCDF Complementary Cumulative Distribution FunctionCDF Cumulative Distribution FunctionCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCSI Channel State InformationCT Cordless TelephoneDAST Diagonal Algebraic Space-TimeDASTBC Diagonal Algebraic Space-Time Block CodeD-BLAST Diagonal BLASTDECT Digital Cordless TelephoneDFE Decision Feedback EqualizationDPSK Differential Phase Shift KeyingEDGE Enhanced Data for Global EvolutionFER Frame Error RateFFT Fast Fourier TransformFIR Finite Impulse ResponseGSM Global System for MobileIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transformiid independent identically distributedIMT International Mobile TelephoneISI Intersymbol Interference

xiv






Abbreviations xv

LAN Local Area NetworkLDSTBC Linear Dispersion Space-Time Block CodeLOS Line of SightMGF Moment Generating FunctionMIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-OutputMISO Multiple-Input Single-OutputMMAC Multimedia Mobile Access CommunicationMMSE Minimum Mean Squared ErrorMRC Maximum Ratio CombiningML Maximum-LikelihoodMTCM Multiple Trellis Coded ModulationOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexingOSTBC Orthogonal Space-Time Block CodePAM Pulse Amplitude ModulationPAN Personal Area NetworkPAPR Peak-to-Average Power RatioPDA Personal Digital AssistantPDC Personal Digital Cellularpdf probability density functionPEP Pairwise Error ProbabilityPHS Personal Handyphone SystemPSK Phase Shift KeyingQAM Quadrature Amplitude ModulationQOSTBC Quasi-Orthogonal Space-Time Block CodeQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRF Radio FrequencyRLST Random Layered Space-TimeRV Random VariableSER Symbol Error RateSISO Single-Input Single-OutputSIMO Single-Input Multiple-OutputSM Spatial MultiplexingSNR Signal to Noise RatioSOSTTC Super-Orthogonal Space-Time Trellis CodeSQOSTTC Super-Quasi-Orthogonal Space-Time Trellis CodeSTBC Space-Time Block CodeSTTC Space-Time Trellis CodeTAST Threaded Algebraic Space-TimeTASTBC Threaded Algebraic Space-Time Block Code






xvi Abbreviations

TCM Trellis Coded ModulationTDD Time Division DuplexingTDMA Time Division Multiple AccessV-BLAST Vertical BLASTZF Zero Forcing






9780521842914_frontmatter

Documents

Transcript of 9780521842914_frontmatter