95991237 Folio Star and Galaxy Form 3

7/29/2019 95991237 Folio Star and Galaxy Form 3

1/16

Name : Nur Izzati Sofea Binti Ahmad Sofi

Form : 203 Courageous

Collage no. : 11092


2/16

Characteristic of the sun

At the center of Solar System One of the billion stars seen at night in our galaxy A huge mass of hot, glowing gases Nearly 110 times bigger than the Earth It is about 150 million km away from Earth Medium-sized star known as a yellow dwarf The largest object in the Solar System

Property characteristic Characteristic compared to

Earth

Diameter 1 392 000 km 109 times the diameter of

Earth

Mass 1.989 1034 kg 333 420 times the mass of

Earth

Density 1 485 kg m-3 0.27 times the density of

Earth

Surface temperature 5 500-6 000 oC 227-273 times the

temperature on Earth

Composition Composed of about 70%hydrogen, 28% helium, and

other elements such as

carbon, nitrogen, oxygen,

silicon and iron which amount

to less than 2%

The Earths atmospherecontains oxygen, nitrogen,

carbon dioxide, inert gases an

water vapour


3/16

Structure of the Sun

The Suns atmosphere consist three part. The part are:

Corona

Chromospheres Photosphere

Characteristic of:

Corona

Outermost layer of gas in the Suns atmosphere Forms rings of whitish-blue light Only visible during total solar eclipses It temperature is about 1 000 000 oC

Chromospheres

layer above the visible photosphere this layer is about 10 000 km thick glows red because hydrogen gives off a reddish colour at this high

temperature

only visible during the total eclipse

Photosphere

Innermost atmosphere layer of dense gases Photospheres surface appears turbulence because gas from the Suns core

is release to its surface

This layer is responsible for radiating heat and light from the Sun


4/16

Suns core

Consist of hydrogen and helium gases Nuclear reaction occurs in the core all the time to generate to release heat

and light energy The core temperature is extremely high. It is about 15 million degree Celsius

Structure of the Sun showing some phenomena on its surface


5/16

Phenomena on the Suns surface

Prominences, solar flares and sunspots are examples of phenomena thatoccur on the surface of the Sun

These phenomena are believed to occur because of the changes in magneticfield of the Sun

Prominences

Immense clouds of glowing gases that erupt from the upper chromosphere The loop or arches of gases may shoot as high as 100 000 km from the Sun Can from two to three months Visible during solar eclipses

Solar flares

the result of violent energy explosions in complex sunspot group release gases and charged particles far into space its temperature can reach up to 5 million degree Celsius

emit electrons, visible light, and radiation it make the night sky above the Earths poles appear colourful. This known as

an aurora

Sunspots

dark regions which are visible on the photosphere appear dark because they are much cooler than their brighter surroundings. Usually appear in groups and are of different sizes


6/16

Effect of the sun phenomena on Earth

The phenomena that occur on the surface of the Sun have various effects onEarth

The eruptions of prominences and solar flares release large amounts of solarmaterial into space

Gases that escape to space carry a stream of electrically charged particlesof energy

The continuous flow of these particle from the surface of the Sun causes aphenomenon known as solar wind

Communication system

the Earths atmosphere plays an important role in reflecting radio sigals incommunication

solar wind affects radio communication as it causes radio signals to fluctuatenavigation system and compasses

radio signal from transmitter are used by ship and aeroplanes to determinetheir location

solar wind disrupts the radio signals of the transmitter, resulting ininaccuracies in the navigation systems

intense solar flares send out continuous streams of electrically chargedparticles which interfere with the Earth s magnetic field and compasses

satellites and astronauts

the ultraviolent rays and X-rays given off by solar flares heat up the Earthupper atmosphere

high energy particles released by intense solar flare increase radiatonhazard and pose a threat to the health of astronauts in space


7/16

power generation

the charged particles interfere with Earths magnetic field and inducesurges in the electric current along power transmission lines

this overloads the power grids and causes blackouts over large areasglobal climate

sunspots bring about changes in temperature, humidity and atmosphericpressure, which affect the weather conditions on Earth

wind, land and sea breezes are affected by sunspotformation of aurorae

aurorae are bands of coloured lights visible in the night sky, especially at thepolar regions of the Earth

fluctuations in the solar wind can cause them to be visible at lower altitudes

generation of the energy by the Sun

consist of hydrogen and helium gases nuclear reaction that take place in the Suns core generates energy during a nuclear reaction, 2 hyrogen atoms fuse to form one helium atom.

Heat and light energy are released


8/16

Definition of a star

celestial body that released its own heat and light made of dust and gases like hydrogen and helium They generate energy through nuclear reactions

The sun as a star

The sun is a medium-sized star A star that is nearest to Earth Formed in a huge cloud of gas and dust called a nebula It is a huge sphere made up mainly of hydrogen and helium Generate heat and light, and releases energy through nuclear fusion The sun is about 4.6 billion years old

Various type of stars

From Earth, all the stars in the sky look alike. However, each star has its own characteristic Astronomers use some of these characteristics to classify the stars

- colour

- temperature- brightness

- size


9/16

The colour and temperature of stars

Colour of a star indicates its temperature The hottest stars are blue The coldest stars are red The Sun, which is yellow in colour, is a star of average temperature

Class Colour Surface temperature (oC) Example

O Blue More than 25 000 Spica

B Whitish-blue 11 000 25 000 Rigel

A White 7 500 11 000 Sirius

F Yellowish-white 6 000 7 500 Procyon AG Yellow 5 000 - 6 000 The Sun

K Orange 3 500 5 000 Arcturus

M Red Less than 3 500 Betelgeuse

Size

Neutron star > white dwarf > the Sun > giant star > supergiant star

Type of star White dwarf dwarf Giant supergiant

Relative size

(the sun = 1)

0.1 10 10 - 100 >100


10/16

Brightness

Brightness of a star known as the apparent magnitude. It is determine bynaked eye

A star with apparent magnitude of 1 is the brightest and a star withapparent magnitude of 6 is the dimmest

Factors such as surface, surface, size, and distance manipulated thebrightness of the star

Name of star Distance in light years

Sirius 9

Canopus 98Alpha Centauri 4.3

Arcturus 36

Vega 26

Capella 45

Rigel 900

Procyon 11

Archernar 118

Beta Centauri 490


11/16

Formation of stars

Cloud of swirling gas and dust > gas and dust collect at the centres

of whirlpools > collection of gas and dust: a star is formed

Nebulae- huge cloud of gases (mainly hydrogen and helium) and dust (is aresult of pull of gravity between particles)

A star is formed when the nebulae is pulled inward toward the core until itbecome compact. As the nebulae collapse, it starts to spin

The gravitational force increase and this cause the materials between thenebula to condense. As a result, the temperature and pressure of the gases

and the dust particles at the centre increase When the temperature reaches 15 000 oC, nuclear fusion takes place at the

core of the nebula

Hydrogen atoms fuse together to form helium atoms, releasing a largeamount of heat and light energy

The ball gas starts to shine and a new star is born

Death of stars

The lifespan of a star depends on its size A star with a small mass has a longer lifespan when compared to a star with

big mass

Small star may finally die after more than 10 billion years Super large star may not survive more than 100 million years Once the hydrogen fuel is used up and nuclear fusion is completed, the core

of the star start to shrink. The star is said to be dying

A star will become either a white dwarf, a neutron star, and a black holewhen it dies


12/16

death of a medium-sized star

If the star is less than 1.2 times the mass of the Sun, the heat generated inthe core will heat up the outermost layer of the star

It cause the outer layer expand and become brighter The star will become bigger and red giant star is formed the outer layer of the star breaks up and drifts into space the core cool down and the star shrink to become a white dwarf white dwarf use helium as its nuclear fuel when it exhausted, the star will cool and finally fade into dark body called a

black dwarf

death of a large star

a star with mass of 1.4 to 3 times more than the mass of the Sun undergoesdifferent changes from those of a medium-sized star

it expands to become a red supergiant which collapses rapidly and causegigantic explosion called a supernova

during the explosion, the outer layer of the star is expelled into space

this leaves a dense core called a neutron star the neutron star will eventually lose all its heat and become cold

death of a super-large star

the dying star expands to become a red supergiant it collapses rapidly and causes a gigantic explosion called a supernova during the explosion, the outer layer of the star is expelled into space then, it contracts ad becomes very dense (light cannot escape from it) the star is known as a black hole and will not be seen again


13/16

galaxies

group of million or billions of stars held together by gravity there are million galaxies scattered at random throughout the Universe each galaxies has its own shape, size and luminosity, and contain different

bodies

galaxies can be classified according to their shapes there are three basic type of galaxies

- elliptical galaxies- spiral galaxies- irregular galaxies

characteristic of;elliptical galaxies

has a flattened oblong shape some are almost spherical while others are very elongated there is little gas or dust in this galaxies very few new stars are formed in this galaxies consist mostly of old stars

its core is bright but its edges are dimspiral galaxies

it are disc-shaped with arm spiraling outwards it is among the brightest galaxies in the Universe the young, hot stars, dust and gases are concentrated in the spiral arm the percentage of young stars is high contain a lot of dust and gases

irregular galaxies

do not have specific shape size can change among the smallest galaxies contain a lot of dust and gases. Also consist mostly of new star and nebula


14/16

image of type of galaxies

Elliptical

Spiral

irregular


15/16

the Milky Way

galaxies were form from the large cloud of cold gases rotating slowly inspace

on a clear night, we can see a band of light spreading across the sky. This isour own galaxies, the Milky Way

it is home to Earth and the Solar System it is a Spiral galaxy it is shapes like flat disc and has projection

the Universe

consist of matter, energy and space everything you can see around you it is unimaginably huge there are over 100 billion galaxies in the whole universe galaxies which have been spotted are located up to 10 000 million light

years apart

the actual size of the Universe may be many times biggerposition of the Solar System in the Universe

- the Sun, the planets, asteroids, meteors, and moon make up the SolarSystem

- the Milky Way and millions of other galaxies make up the Universe- the Solar System is only one tiny part of the whole Universe

the milky way


16/16

the universe as a gift from god

all living thing depend it life to the Suns energy photosynthesis- plant use the energy to make food animal- get energy indirect by eating the plant Earth- solar energy warmth (help plant and animal to grow) Solar energy (control Earths climate)- cloud, storm, rain, wind and drought Human- use energy to produce electrical energy, dry clothing and kill

microorganism

Moon smaller than sun moons gravity effect the Earth influences oceanand the sea tidal changes

95991237 Folio Star and Galaxy Form 3

Documents

Transcript of 95991237 Folio Star and Galaxy Form 3