94132470 synopsis

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Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................1

Background........................................................................................................................................1

Problem Statement...........................................................................................................................1

Justification.......................................................................................................................................3

Objectives..........................................................................................................................................3

Research Questions...........................................................................................................................4

Scope of Research.............................................................................................................................4

METHODOLOGY....................................................................................................................................5

Research structure............................................................................................................................5

Desk Study.........................................................................................................................................5

Field Works........................................................................................................................................6

Key informant interview................................................................................................................6

Household survey..........................................................................................................................7

Direct Observation.........................................................................................................................7

Focus group discussion..................................................................................................................7

EXPECTED OUTPUT................................................................................................................................7

Data Analysis.....................................................................................................................................8

Conclusion and Recommendations...................................................................................................8

References.............................................................................................................................................9



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SYNOPSIS- PARTNERSHIPS IN SANITATION INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES PROVISION, STUDY OF KUMASI

INTRODUCTION

BackgroundWater and sanitation is a key sector where much effort is needed: with over a billion people

without access to drinking water and 2.6 billion lacking basic sanitation, developing the

relevant infrastructure constitutes a major challenge. Halving the proportion of people

without access to drinking water and sanitation by 2015(MDG, Target 7c) would require

investments of some 30 billion USD per year, which is twice the current spending levels. To

meet these tremendous needs, many countries have sought the involvement of the private

sector (NEPAD-OECD, 2007).

A report by WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP, 2010) describes the

sanitation situation in Ghana as 13% improved and 87% unimproved sanitation.

Provision of water and sanitation, health and educational services are important as a means to

achieving the broader goals of poverty reduction and economic growth. The “service”

perspective on these key sector areas has led sector practitioners away from the approach

which focus on asset creation and maintenance towards the building of service delivery

systems that provide continuous reliable and affordable service. In Ghana the trend in these

three sectors has been towards a decentralised, multi-sectoral, demand-driven and private-

sector oriented service delivery (WELL, 2003).

The Chinese have classified PPPs into three generic types namely; outsourcing, concession

and divestiture. And there are a total of 14 different modes of PPPs within the three generic

types: Design-build-transfer, Design-Build-maintain, operate and maintain, Design-build-

operate, Purchase-upgrade-operate-transfer, Lease-upgrade-operate transfer, Build-own-

operate-transfer, Design-build-transfer-operate, Design-build-finance-operate, Purchase-

upgrade-operate, Build-own-operate, Partial ownership, and share transference.(Adams et al,

2004).

Problem StatementThe provision of adequate sanitation and water facilities in urban areas is an important

investment which safeguards health and well-being of the people living in cities, as well as

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protection of the environment. The world is far from meeting the sanitation target. In fact, at

the current rate of progress, it will take until 2049 to provide 77 per cent of the global

population with flush toilets and other forms of improved sanitation. Almost half the

population of developing regions and some 2.6 billion people globally were not using an

improved form of sanitation in 2008(UN, 2011).

The city of Kumasi is one of the cities which need to improve its sanitation services as well

as its infrastructure, since the existing ones are not environmentally friendly and does not

provide its citizen with adequate services. Currently the sanitation coverage in Ghana

(12.4%) fall short of the country’s set target (53%) in attaining the MDGs. Also in general,

there is continuous increase in the percentage of the population that uses improved drinking

water and improved sanitation in cities. The increase for improved sanitation has however not

been substantial to meet the rapidly growing demand of most cities in developing countries.

In Kumasi the sanitation policies appear well developed on paper. Yet sanitation coverage is

clearly inadequate: 38% of Kumasi’s population relies on public toilets, over three-quarters

of the population rely on shared toilet facilities, and tens of thousands of urban residents rely

on open defecation (Thrift, 2007). At 2000 only 49% of Kumasi’s population had access to

improved sanitation but decreased to 44% in 2008 (Maoulidi, 2010). The sanitation coverage

needs to increase from 44% in 2008 to 75% in 2015 to help Kumasi city in attaining its

sanitation target. The city today, with about three years to go, remains far from attaining the

sanitation target. To do this there is the need for the collaboration of the public and the

private sector as well as all stakeholders.

The public sector only, in most developing countries has often not been efficient in providing

access to reliable water and sanitation services. To aggravate the situation the demand for

water and sanitation services is high and continues to grow with increasing population

growth. This has called many several governments in developing countries to involve the

private sector but the role of private operators in sanitation services is relatively new (Dima,

2004). This development therefore calls for concern on how the private operators are

performing in their involvement in the sanitation services provision in achieving the MDGs

target This research seeks to investigate the potentials of the private sector and to optimise

private sector participation in the development and management of infrastructure and services

in view of improving access to improved sanitation in lieu with achieving the MDG target

(NEPAD-OECD, 2007).

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Justification

Even though the study is in Kumasi, the results are expected to contribute to other cities in

developing countries, with the same characteristics. The findings of the study are important in

the light of improving efforts to achieving the MDG target in sanitation. Also the research

will provide understanding on the PPP in sanitation services with developing countries. A

good understanding of the case study will help improve further management contracts

involved with the private sector.

The relevance of this research is to inform policy makers in making decisions in the

sanitation service provision. The study will also help identify whether the ongoing

partnership formed with the private sector is producing the intended results; whether there

has been improved service delivery and partnership relationship; which good aspects can be

used to improve sanitation provision; what the challenges are, etc.

ObjectivesThe overall research goal of this study is to strengthen public-private partnerships and ensure

effective management of sanitation services and infrastructure.

The main objective is to establish the role of partnerships in the provision of sanitation

facilities and services in Kumasi.

The specific objectives are to:

Appraise the performance of sanitation facilities (both sewered at Asafo and

onsite household facilities at Ayigya) towards achieving the MDG target.

Identify the partnerships in the construction of facilities and provision of

sanitation services

Examine the challenges and constraints facing the institutions and actors involved

with the provision of sanitation facilities and services

Assess the motivation for the implementation of pilot sewered system at Asafo

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Research QuestionsThe primary research question is “how do the public and private sectors relate/interact to

provide improved sanitation for the people of Kumasi towards meeting the MDG?”

To aid in answering the primary research question, several key questions not limited to those

enumerated here about public-private partnerships need to be answered too:

Who are the institutions or bodies involved in sanitation services and

infrastructure (public toilets especially) provision?

What are the various ways of involving the private sector in the provision of

sanitation?

What has been the performance of the private sector involvement in sanitation

service and infrastructure delivery?

What is the role /contribution of both public and private sectors in sanitation

service and infrastructure management?

How does partnership affect the performance of the sanitation sector?

Scope of ResearchFor the purposes of this study, sanitation is taken as the effective and safe management and

disposal of human excreta (WELL, 2006).

The research will focus on sanitation in Kumasi with special emphasis on Moshi Zongo,

Asafo and Ayigya communities. Kumasi will be taken as a case study because among the two

main cities in Ghana it is the one with the worse sanitation coverage. Also the researcher is

very familiar with the area and the language of the local people. With the various branches of

sanitation, the study shall focus on the on-site sanitation with the provision of public toilets

facilities at Ayigya community and sewered toilet facilities at Asafo.

Major limitations to the study shall be provided as they are encountered.

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METHODOLOGY

The methodology section explains the proposed methods to be adopted for this research. It

provides a clear and complete description of the specific steps to be followed to achieving the

research objectives. The two major methods that will be adopted by the researcher will be

desk study and field works. The desk study shall comprise literature reviews of various

documents and the field works will be based on key informant’s interview, focus group

discussion, direct observations and the use of survey questionnaires.

Research structureThe structure of this study shall be as shown below:

Desk StudyThis will involve a comprehensive literature review on various documents on the existing

sanitation situation in developing countries with particular attention to Ghana. This will help

inform the study on the current sanitation issues in the country.

Another area which will be subjected to review is the area of partnership involving water and

sanitation services. The various forms of partnership in the sanitation sector especially in

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developing countries will be the main focus for review. These reviews will provide

knowledge on the private sector participation in sanitation services and infrastructure

provision, their involvement and the reasons for being involved.

The review shall include different sources of information both international and local,

published and unpublished works, studies conducted to date by students and the documented

case studies carried out so far in the field of sanitation provision and management services by

the private sector. Since the city of Kumasi was chosen as the case study, there will be an

extensive literature review on the sanitation provision and management of the city which will

also in include Ghana as a whole. Some of the important documents that will be targeted shall

include; documents on the profile of the KMA, contract documents for the management for

the sanitation , monitoring documents and reports on the management of sanitation systems in

Kumasi, national documents, reports papers, journals and publication already done on the

study area. Also relevant information from the internet as well as other relevant sources shall

be considered for review.

The information gathered from the various documents and reports shall help re-affirm

responses from the interviews and small group discussions.

Field WorksThe field works would involve consultation with relevant stakeholders in the provision and

the management of sanitation services in Kumasi. Some of the target stakeholders include

staff of members of the KMA waste and sanitation department, private companies involved

with sanitation provision in KMA, unit committee members and beneficially localities

(consumers) as well as donors. Data collection procedures for the field works shall involve

various techniques which will include;

Key informant interviewInterviews will be conducted to key stakeholder including CWSA, KMA waste and sanitation

department and the various private companies involved with sanitation services. Issues that

will be raised shall include; drivers to engaging to private sector, contract arrangement, scope

of contract, roles and responsibilities, key performance indicators for assessment,

accountability and transparency issues, performance of the private sector

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Household surveyThe research will use questionnaires as its instrument for survey. A sample of service

recipients will be selected and studied from the study areas, Moshi zongo, Asafo and Ayigya.

The service recipients interviewed shall involve both public and households sanitation

facilities users. The survey shall focus on perception of customer service satisfaction to re-

affirm information gathered from the other data collection methods.

Direct ObservationIn this research direct observations will be used to gain insight into the overall provision and

management of sanitation services in the study areas. In particular observation will be made

on private sector activities. The observations shall be made by visiting private sector offices,

their working area and public toilets sites. Digital camera pictures shall be taken during the

observation which will be used as documentary evidence where possible.

Focus group discussionFocus group discussions (FGD) will be conducted on issues of operations and management of

the sanitation services in the study areas with various unit committee members. FGD shall

also be organised to the management term of the private sectors and some NGOs.. Some of

the issues that shall be raised will be on partnership relationship, cost recovery issues, tariff

issues and service reliability.

EXPECTED OUTPUTAt the end of this research some of the outcomes that will be expected will be as follows;

To identify the challenges and constraints faced with sanitation provision.

Come out with the level of performance of the actors involved with the sanitation

service delivery.

Establish the existing relationship between the partnership parties and the ways it

affects the sustainability of the services delivery.

Come out with the perceptions and attitudes of the service recipients towards

sanitation services(toilet) and also the service providers

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Establish the government institutions and the private companies involved with the

provision of toilets services and also examine their capacities to service delivery.

Data AnalysisData from questionnaires and interviews will be coded and fed into the Statistical Package for

Social Science SPSS program. The data analyses will be carried out by using the same

Statistical Package for Social Science version 16 (SPSS16). Microsoft Excel will also be used

in the analysis of some of the data.

Conclusion and RecommendationsBased on the data collected and analysis, certain valid conclusions and recommendations

would be made.

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ReferencesUnited Nations New York (2011). The Millennium Development Goals Report 2011

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week 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52

1 Initial Stage

1.1 Development of Research Synopsis

1.2 Desk Study and Literature Review

1.3 Design of Survey Questionnaires/Interview Guide

1.4 Writing of Report: Chapter One/Two

1.5 Correction of Report2 Field Works

2.1 Key Informant Interviews -KMA/Private Operators

2.2 Focus Group Discussions (Sub-Mteros, Town-Council/Unit Committee)

2.3 Administrating of HH Questionnaires

2.4 Other Field Works; Direct Obervations

3 Final Stage

3.1 Analysis of Questionnaries/ Interview/ FGD

3.2 Submission of Progress Reports

3.3 Submission of Results and Discussions3.4 Writing of First Draft Research Report

3.5 Writing and Correction of Second Draft Report

3.6 Submission of Final Research Report

Today19/05/2012 14:21

May June July AugustActivities

Research Work schedule

October November DecemberSeptember

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94132470 synopsis

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