9/17/15 QOD: What is the difference between a covalent bond and an ionic bond? #TBT LG1 :Understand...
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Transcript of 9/17/15 QOD: What is the difference between a covalent bond and an ionic bond? #TBT LG1 :Understand...
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9/17/15
• QOD: What is the difference between a covalent bond and an ionic bond? #TBT
• LG1 :Understand how water supports life. • LG2 : Understand the pH scale and how
relates to acids and bases.
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Properties of Water
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Water is the strangest, yet most common, molecule on earth!
Its strangeness is due to its chemical structure and its chemical properties.
Its properties are required for life.
Water covers about 70% of the earth’s surface, and it comprises about 70% of our body mass.
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Water = H2O
Oxygen and Hydrogen are bonded together by Covalent Bonds
O and H share some electrons
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Water is a Polar Molecule
• Water is a Polar Molecule
• Oxygen atom is bigger than Hydrogen atoms.
• Oxygen has 8 protons
• Oxygen pulls the electrons closer, making the oxygen side of the molecule partially negative and the hydrogen side partially positive
POLAR COVALENT BONDS – unequal sharing of electrons; creates molecules that have a slightly positive pole and a slightly negative pole
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• NON POLAR COVALENT BONDS – EQUAL sharing of electrons
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How does water stick together?
The “connections” between different water molecules are called Hydrogen Bonds- A weak attraction between the slightly negative oxygen of one molecule, and the slightly positive hydrogen of another
OPPOSITES ATTRACT!!
The positive end of one water molecule attracts the negative end of another water molecule, until all the water molecules are connected.
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Water is a polar molecule because
A. It shares electrons equally between oxygen and hydrogen
B. It shares electrons unequally between oxygen and hydrogen
C. It freezes at zero degrees Celsius
D. It forms ionic bonds with other water molecules
It share
s electr
ons equall..
.
One side of t
he molecu
le...
It freeze
s at z
ero degre
es ...
It form
s ionic
bonds with
...
15%
0%0%
85%
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Which side of the water molecule has a slight negative
charge?A. Oxygen side
B. Hydrogen side
26%
74%
Darker grey shading shows higher electron density around nuceli
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What type of bond existswhere the red arrows are
pointing?A. Ionic
B. Covalent
C. Metallic
D. Hydrogen
Ionic
Covalent
Meta
llic
Hydroge
n
11%17%
11%
61%
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Water molecules form what type of bonds with each other?
A. Covalent bonds
B. Metallic bonds
C. Ionic bonds
D. Hydrogen bonds
Covalent bonds
Meta
llic bonds
Ionic bonds
Hydroge
n bonds
21%
53%
21%
5%
These weak bonds
saburchill.com
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CohesionCohesion: attraction between molecules of the
same substance. Water likes Water.
Water is cohesive because the H-bonds hold the molecules together. Cohesion of water molecule creates high surface tension.
A paper clip can float in water and insects can walk on water because the H-bonds hold the water molecules together
Water strider
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Adhesion Adhesion: attraction between molecules of
different substances. Water loves some other substances too.
Examples:- Meniscus in graduated cylinder: water sticks to the glass and “crawls up”- Water sticking to the leaf of a plant
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Adhesion and cohesion
cause capillary action
Water moves up in plants
from the roots to the leaves
though tubes called xylem.
The thinner the tube, the higher
the water moves.
Capillary action: water moves up thin tubes
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Heat Capacity (specific heat)
Water has a HIGH heat capacity! It takes a lot of heat energy to raise the temperature of water!
Water absorbs the heat produced by cell processes and regulates the temperature of the cell
The lakes and oceans on Earth help to stabilize temperatures because so much heat is absorbed by water
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Water droplets form by water molecules being attracted to each other. What term best explains this
behavior?
A. Adhesion
B. Cohesion
C. Solubility
D. Magnetism
Adhesion
Cohesion
Solubility
Magn
etism
25%
0%5%
70%
encyclopedia.lubopitko-bg.com
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Which property of water allows water to stick to the
sides of the straw?A. Cohesion
B. Adhesion
C. Heat capacity
D. Universal Solvent
Cohesion
Adhesion
Heat capacit
y
Universal S
olvent
5% 5%10%
80%
Straw molecules
scienceprojectideasforkids.com
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Which property of water allows bugs to walk on water?
A. Adhesion
B. Surface tension
C. Heat capacity
Adhesion
Cohesion
Surface
tensio
n
Heat capacit
y
26%
0%
11%
63%
quest.nasa.govdefneapul-
cive1170.wikispaces.com
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Water takes _______ heat to change to its gaseous state.
A. Large amounts of
B. Small amounts of
C. No
83%
11%6%
Boiling temperatures
buildingscience.com Middleschoolscience.com
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Universal SolventWater dissolves most substances!
Water dissolves polar substances. Water cannot dissolve nonpolar substances.
Like dissolves like!!
Water inside the cells and body can carry
nutrients and waste around.
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ICE IS LESS DENSE THAN LIQUID WATER
Solid water (ice) is less dense than liquid water and floats.
Water expands when it freezes - Ice floats.
Floating ice prevents rivers, lakes, and oceans from freezing solid.
The top ice insulates the water below from the extreme cold.
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What property of water allows sweat to cool the body & coastal cities to have more stable
temperatures than inland cities?
A. High heat capacity of 1.0 calories/gº C
B. Neutral pH of 7
C. Surface tension and capillary action
D. Living Solvent of polar covalent & ionic compounds
Heat capacit
y
Neutral p
H
Cohesion
Universal S
olvent
28%
39%
22%
11%
Very helpful animation to explain: http://www.hk-phy.org/contextual/heat/tep/temch/island_e.htm http://www.abpischools.org.uk/page/modules/skin/skin3.cfm
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What kinds of substance can dissolve in water?
A. Hydrophobic/nonpolar molecules
B. Hydrophilic/polar molecules
0%0%
http://chsweb.lr.k12.nj.us/mstanley/outlines/waterap/water.html newdirections.com.au
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pH: 0 -14pH: A measure of a solution’s acidity or alkalinity (basic)
pH scale: 0-14
0 = Very Acid 14= Very Basic
Pure Water is neutral.
0-6 ACID 7 NEUTAL 8-14 Base
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pH ScaleAcids are substances that have
a higher H+ ion than 0H-
concentration.
Bases are substances that have
a higher OH- ion than H+
concentration.
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A solution with a pH of 3 is
A. Acidic
B. Basic
C. Neutral
Acidic
Basic
Neutral
0% 0%0%
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A solution with a pH of 8 is
A. Acidic
B. Basic
C. Neutral
Acidic
Basic
Neutral
0% 0%0%
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Which of the following is considered a basic solution?
A. H+ is greater than OH-
B. OH- is greater than H+
C. H+ is equal to OH-
H+ is gr
eater than O
H-
OH- is gre
ater than
H+
H+ is equal to
OH-
0% 0%0%
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Which of the following is considered a neutral solution?
A. H+ is greater than OH-
B. OH- is greater than H+
C. H+ is equal to OH-
H+ is gr
eater than O
H-
OH- is gre
ater than
H+
H+ is equal to
OH-
0% 0%0%