90 Days UPSC Mains Optional Answer Writing Initiative · 2019-02-28 · Public Administration –...

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90 Days UPSC Mains Optional Answer Writing

Initiative

Public Administration – Paper 2

Question and Model Answers from Subject Experts

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11-Dec-2017 – Question 1

“Autonomy to public sector understating is a myth.” Analyse in the context of

the use of government expenditure by politicians who control government at

different levels. (2013)

Model Answer

Public Sector Undertaking is an industrial or commercial undertaking owned,

managed and controlled by the Government to produce and supply goods and

services to society. Autonomy of public undertaking implies operational freedom

to take a quick decision with a minimum of red tape and formalities. Such

autonomy can be secured if administrative practices are detached from political

consideration. For the effective functioning of the public undertaking require

autonomy (administrative and financial) in both word and spirit.

The Memorandum of understanding (MoU) as recommended by the Arjun

Sengupta committee sets the broader framework of Public Sector Undertaking

governance. There is increased autonomy, more so after the scheme of according

different “Ratna” status to Public Sector Undertaking. Maharatna, Navratna, and

Miniratna had financial autonomy in capital investment without government

approval according to there financial capabilities. But there is a difference

between the prescribed and the reality. There are substantial controls of the

political class which results in controlling of the Public Sector Undertaking

autonomy.


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Methods through which political control the financial decision related to Public

Sector Undertaking:

1. Sharing of dividend:- Sharing of the dividend is one way to finance

governments’ fiscal deficit. Politician operate government which in turn

works through parliament. The raising of dividend rates, populism or

controlling operations for “strategic reasons” affects autonomy of the

Public Sector Undertakings

2. Investment Decisions:– The big investment decision after prescribed limit

in government companies according to there Ratna status requires

governmental approval. While the ministerial approval is required for

capital investment and borrowing by the corporation.

3. Subsidising Services:- Government provide various subsidies without

considering its negative impact on Public sector undertaking. for eg cross-

subsidization of the power sector, cross-subsidization in railways.

Ministerial control should be strictly restricted if autonomy of the public sector

undertaking is to be properly preserved. At the same, the appointment to the

public sector undertaking should be depoliticised. Ministers should confine

themselves to giving guidance and direction of policy. The Government should

clearly lat down guidance for pricing decision in each and every public enterprises.

More autonomy to Public Sector Undertaking bring more efficiency in there

functioning.


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“Indian administration is said to be characterized by its three features viz.

Weberian structures, Kautilyan practice and Gandhian rhetoric.” Examine the

statement. (2014)

Model Answer

Answers should include the following :

1 Introduction- Few lines regarding India Administration

2 Body -Addressing the needs of the question; Weberian structure in Indian

Administration; Kautilyan Practice followed by Indian Administration and

Gandhian influence on Indian administration

3 Conclusion

The Administration is the non-political bureaucratic machinery of the

government for implementing its laws and policies in actions. Indian

Administration is highly influenced by Weberian Structure (Progressive

outlook), Kautilyan practices (centralized and Welfare overtone) and Gandhian

Rhetoric(moral values)

Weberian Structure in Indian Administration

As the Indian Administrative in the structure is similar to the Weberian

bureaucracy. As the characteristic mention by Weber of the bureaucracy as the

hierarchy, Written record, merit-based selection, career system and non-


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bureaucratic head are the pillar of the Indian bureaucracy. The well defined

hierarchical system in Indian Bureaucracy is as mentioned by the Weber. As in

Indian administrative system, a politically elected minister is the head of the

department and ministry. While there is a Merit-based selection and seniority-

cum-merit based promotion in Indian Bureaucracy is similar to the Weberian

characteristic in structure.

Kautilyan Practice in Indian Administration

As in Kautilyan Administration, the King is Supreme same as in Indian

Administration The president of India is supreme power. While the responsibility

of the king was protection and welfare of people, Same the responsibility of

Indian administration is people’s welfare and protection of the Nation. Like

Kautilyan administration present Indian Administration has well-developed

intelligence and foreign services. The other practices of Indian Administration like

salary, transfer, village administration is derived from the Mauryan administration

or Kautilyan practice.

Gandhian Rhetoric in Indian Administration

Gandhiji emphasized the idea of ‘swarajya’ or ‘self-rule’ and with the 73rd and

74th amendment establishment of the local self-government institution. With

Local Self Government institution, more people’s participation in governance and

decentralized system of governance was established.

Gandhian perspective along with the Kautilya’s principles ensures ethical

governance leading to maximum autonomy and freedom for the citizen while


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ensuring stability and security of the country. Weber principles have been good to

provide predictability, reliability in the administration but there is need to

eradicate the colonial hangover in the administration by inculcating transparency,

accountability, more representation of diverse section


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To what extent has political culture influenced the administrative culture of

India? Explain. (2015)

Model Answer

Political culture is the pattern of individual attitudes and orientation toward

politics among the members of a political system. Administrative culture is a

conglomeration of value, orientations, beliefs, and dispositions and its central

concern is the perception of the administrative system by the public at large.

Positive impact of political culture on administrative culture:-

1. Upholding constitutional values like Justice, equality, liberty etc by political

processes led to more faith in the administration.

2. Internal and External accountability ensure by the political culture in turn

into the right administrative culture.

3. Political Neutral nature of Indian bureaucracy is an outcome of morally

strong political ideals in early independence era.

4. Distrust towards political class due to scams and corruption impact

negatively the morale of administration which may lead to policy paralysis.

Negative impact of political culture on administrative culture:-

1. The Increased delegated legislation even for minor aspects of policymaking

will lead to the bureaucratization of the politics. More involvement of the

administration in politics.


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2. Domination of political executive on administration led to similar practice

by bureaucracy at field level while policy implementation.

3. Involvement and interference of the politician in bureaucracy will lead to

the politicisation of bureaucracy through transfer and posting. for e.g;

transfer in higher bureaucracy after the change in the government.

4. Increased corruption, nepotism, favoritism, formalism, heterogeneity in

political culture and extrapolation of same to administrative culture.

People in India have always been cynical about politics and bureaucracy(Andre

Beteille). They have not been participative enough. This attitude does not put

checks on Administration.

Some states of southern and Western India have witnessed the rise of industries

and living standards. Here the administration facilitated that. But many other

states in central and eastern India have been laggard in terms of growth. This was

because political culture of any two regions is different which reflects in there

administrative culture.


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A significant legacy of the Mughal rule in India is a well-organised revenue

administration at the state and District levels. Comment (2016)

Model Answer


1 Introduction- Few lines regarding Mughal Revenue Administration

2 Body -Addressing the needs of the question; Mughal Revenue Administration

and comparing to modern Indian revenue administration

3 Conclusion

The legacy of Mughal administration to the contemporary administration is rich.

In revenue administration, Mughal brings homogeneity throughout the country.

There was an elaborate rate system for revenue administration. In fact, the

revenue administration was well developed and quite mature during Mughal era.

Revenue administration under Mughal rule was under the wazir (Diwan). wazir is

responsible for revenue collection as a head of revenue administration. And the

country is divided into provinces known as subah. And the administrative agency

in the provinces of the Mughal empire was an exact miniature of the central

government. The Work of revenue collection was accomplished at the local level.

For this purpose, at the district level, there was a krori or collector of revenue of a

district. The krori was responsible for the collection of revenue at right time in the

district. The revenue had to be assessed by the amin, on basis of soil type, crop,


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and cropping pattern, that bring scientific basis of taxation during the Mughal

period. While fotehdar is responsible for tax collection at the village level.

Qanungo was a village level revenue officer who made the record of landed

property, maintained all registers related to tax-payers etc. All the revenue

administration at the district level and village level are still similar to Mughal

revenue administration. krori is similar to the modern collector at the district

level.

To maximise the land revenue the state invest in irrigation facilities, which is still

continued in India as in form of agricultural loan to farmers.

During Mughal period, there were mushriff (chief of accountant) and mustanfi

(Chief auditor) who collectively acted as controllers of the financial affairs. Now

controller general of account is the chief of accounts while controller and auditor

general of accounts is the chief auditor of India.

Most of the terminology used in revenue administration till today’s owes its origin

to that period of history. The Mughal administration brings homogeneity and

structure to the revenue administration in India which is followed till now. District

Administration is the kingpin of the Revenue administration in India same as in

Mughal times.


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“The liberal-democratic ideology of the West influenced the shaping of value

premises of the India Constitution.” Discuss. (2013)

Model Answer

Indian constitution is remarkable because of the fact that it is not the result of a

political revolution but internal deliberations of political visionaries who were

trained in political ideologies of the day and had a grand vision of a liberal-

democratic state with the adequate socialist outlook for India.

The ideology that shaped the value premises of the Indian constitution could be

listed as:-

1. The Right of Citizens:- The Bill of Rights concept is widely celebrated in the

west. UK and USA were standing as pioneers in protecting the rights.

2. Constitutionalism:- Absolute power will not provide any good for the

democracy. In this way, India followed USA system of the written

constitution.

3. The principle of separation powers was given by French philosopher

Montesquieu. This now forms the cornerstone of all democratic

constitutions including India. Article 13 curtail power of the legislature on

the protection of rights and this along with other constitutional provisions

is checked by judicial review.

4. Concept of liberty, fraternity was adopted from French revolution had its

influence in making freedom of expression and others.


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5. Rule of law of UK influenced in making constitution and law as the supreme

power of the nation. This ensured everyone is under the law and equality

before the law.

6. Parliamentary form of government ensured people, not the elitist or ruler

govern the nation. It also ensured responsible government at the Union

and state.

7. The concept of Union and federalism ensured the pluralist nature of Indian

society has its voice in the power. At the same more decentralised form of

the government.

8. The directive principle of state policy as guidelines for the governments,

The Irish and Spanish Ideology influenced the makers of the constitution.

Thus, the liberal and democratic ideology that prevailed in the west had its

influence in the making of our constitution. But Indian constitution adopted the

ideologies in order to suits the unique culture of the India.


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“Pro-Active Governance And Timely Implementation (PRAGATI) is an innovative

project of the Union Government.” Discuss its features and modalities. (2017)

Model Answer


1 Introduction- Few lines regarding PRAGATI and its need

2 Body -Addressing the needs of the question; PRAGATI’s features

3 Conclusion

Some few point for references

Pro-Active Governance and Timely Implementation (PRAGATI) is a unique

integrating and interactive platform. The platform is aimed at addressing the

common man’s grievances and simultaneous monitoring and reviewing important

programmes and project of the government of India as well as projects flagged by

the state government.

The features and modalities of PRAGATI are:-

1. PRAGATI platform bundles three latest technology- Digital data

management, Video conferencing and geospatial technology.

2. Monthly conference held on fourth Wednesday(3:30 PM) of the month

with chief secretaries of state, union government secretaries and Prime

Ministers’ offices.


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3. The design is such, that when Prime Minister review the issue he should

have on his screen the issue as well as the latest update and visual

regarding the same.

4. It Will also take into consideration various correspondence to PM’s offices

by the common people or from high dignitaries of state or developer of the

public projects.

5. The PRAGATI programme will attempt to find a solution for issue picked up

from the available database regarding public grievances, ongoing

programmes and pending projects.

PRAGATI is a robust system for bringing e-transparency and e-accountability with

real-time presence and exchange among the key stakeholders.


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The objectives, approaches and organisational arragements for decision-making

of the NITI Aayog aim at restoring the federal character of the Indian polity.

Explain. (2015)

Model Answer

NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India )is envisaged as a planning

and policy think thank replacing Planning commission to provide directional and

policy inputs. An important evolutionary change from the past will be replacing a

centre-to-state one-way flow of policy by a genuine and continuing partnership

with the states. The institution must have the necessary resources, knowledge,

skills and, ability to act with speed to provide the strategic policy vision for the

government as well as deal with contingent issues.

The erstwhile Planning commission was the embodiment of these attitudes. NITI

Aayog aims to utilize the potential of federalism through –

1. New Objectives

1. To foster cooperative federalism through structured support initiatives and

mechanisms with the States on a continuous basis, recognizing that strong

States make a strong nation.

2. To develop mechanisms to formulate credible plans at the village level and

aggregate these progressively at higher levels of government.

3. Transformational growth – Reform, Perform, Transform attitude is a change

over from age-old incrementalism.


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4. Utilize hidden potentials – Digital medium, Women as workforce and

competitive markets are being looked at closely for development.

1. New Approach

1. Improving relations with states and leveraging fruits of cooperative

federalism.

1. Learning from successful stories; NITI Aayog invited Singapore’s vice PM for

a lecture.

2. Participation – Model papers on subjects like National Medical Commission

are uploaded; inputs from citizen are invited regularly.

3. Departure from “One size fits all” approach.

1. New organisational arrangements

1. Governing Council comprising the Chief Ministers of all the States and Lt.

Governors of Union Territories.

1. Regional Councils will be formed to address specific issues and

contingencies impacting more than one state or a region. These will be

formed for a specified tenure. The Regional Councils will be convened by

the Prime Minister and will comprise of the Chief Ministers of States and Lt.

Governors of Union Territories in the region. These will be chaired by

the Chairperson of the NITI Aayog or his nominee.

2. Experts, specialists and practitioners with relevant domain knowledge as

special invitees nominated by the Prime Minister


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Thus NITI Aayog with its vision for creating a competitive global image has

embarked on a new path. The time beckons us to utilise the Demographic

dividend we have. Transformation through cooperative federalism will be the way

ahead, NITI Aayog seems to be leading the country in that direction with greater

participation to the states.


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Why has District Planning been marginalised in many States and remained

prominent in a few States? Explain. (2015)

Model Answer

According to Fayol, Planning is at the heart of the organisation. It results in

optimal utilisation of resources for achieving the desired goals. Keeping the

importance of planning and considering the vast diverse nature of India, Govt has

approved for decentralised planning in the form of district planning. District

Planning is the key to decentralized development with local participation and

knowledge on field administration.

But District level planning is successful only in few and could not do well in other

states for the following reasons:

1. Planning needs extensive expertise which is more concentrated at the

central level. Local bodies suffer from the shortage of expertise and

manpower. Some successful states have deputed personnel from states to

undertake planning.

2. No Political will on part of parties and governments to devolve powers to

local administration and review the feedback.

3. In many states, regional development authorities like the divisional

commissioner, District Collector are used to functionally segregated


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planning made by states and are showing less interest in the strengthening

of district-level planning.

4. Inadequate capacity in terms of human resources and public participation

in the planning process.

5. Lack of finances and sources to raise funds led to the impeded planning

process. State Finance Commissions have rarely recommended funds for it.

6. 74th Constitution Amendment made constitutional obligatory to set up

District Planning Commission for every district to make plans. But only a

few states have constituted them.

7. Lack of interest on administrative authorities and negligence on citizen-

oriented governance.

Planning in India has been primarily functional or sectoral based on function-

based ministries and departments and largely confined to central and state. This

has resulted in uniform approach, with very little leeway for cross-district

disparities, which has resulted in wastage of resources. The district panning

machinery can effectively deepen our planning process, thereby strengthen the

‘Gandhian ideals’ and democratic values of the nation. A ‘bottom up’ planning

model can fundamentally and effectively address the local issues.


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Central Secretariat is the nodal agency for administering the Union subjects and

establishing coordination among the various activities of the government.”

Discuss. (2013)

Model Answer

Central Secretariat is a conglomeration of various ministries and departments of

the Central Government. Central Secretariat is a nodal agency for administering

the union subjects and establishing coordination among various departments and

ministries.

Key function of Central Secretariat are:-

1. Policymaking and Implementation and bringing consensus among various

ministries on vital issues and differences. Ex: disagreements between

Finance Ministry & Ministry of Rural Development or ministry of Forest.

2. Central Secretariat is the sub-unit of the organization which by regular

communication between different departments ensures equilibrium

between different departments of the government, keeps all of them on

the same page while making the bills, plans.

3. Sectoral planning and programme formulation.

4. Assisting Ministers in discharging their duties and fulfilling their role as

people representatives by ensuring accountability to parliament.

5. Drafting bills, rules and regulations as part of the delegated legislation.


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6. Budgeting and ensuring allocations to specific areas like Gender budget

within ministries as part of whole financial allocations. Collaborating with

Finance ministry to secure allocations.

7. Supervision and Control of departments and personnel.

8. Being a staff agency, central secretariat provides the rationalist outlook to

the government policy. It includes data collection, analysis of the data.

9. Central Secretariat is the nodal agency between Field and HQ. By bringing

field expertise in the policy-making, it ensures context sensitivity of the

policy.

10. Central Secretariat acts as a channel of communication between central

government and various agencies and state governments.

Central Secretariat coordinates the activities of various ministries and

departments which are responsible for administrating the union subjects. The

Central Secretariat is a policy formulation, coordinating and supervisory agency

beside being the principal executive agency of the government.


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“Management of intra-governmental relations is as important as that of inter-

governmental relations.” Examine its impact upon the performance of the

government. (2014)

Model Answer

Intergovernmental relations include relations between central, state and local

government. For effective coordination and unity among the nation, it is

necessary that this relationship is maintained. The intra-governmental relation is

as much important as the intergovernmental relation because without effective

coordination within unit there would be a condition of chaos.

Intra-governmental relations are important:

1. To coordinate the activities of government and for a unique vision and

mission. E.g. The vision of Digital India and coordination between finance

and IT ministries.

2. For the better division of work and effective implementation. Ex: between

rural development and water resources ministries.

3. The Consensus among heads of various departments needed otherwise

delays, impediments etc will arise. Ex: Cabinet secretary playing consensus

establishing role.

4. Vigilance, Code of Conduct, Information dissemination and ethics must be

maintained for better administration otherwise corruption, nepotism etc

issues crop up.


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Intergovernmental relations are important:

1. In solving problems which are regional and global specific. Ex: water

disputes between states in India and Global issues like terrorism, climate

change.

2. To realize universal rights like civil liberties, uphold humanitarian values

and lawmaking accordingly. Ex: Universal Declaration for Human Rights,

Paris climate deal.

3. To educate citizens towards problems like climate change where

apprehensions about its real threat are present.

4. In bringing reforms in global institutions like IMF in increasing quotas, WTO

in making fair trade deals for the sustainable economic system.

5. Common platform like PRAGATI

There is a correlation between intergovernmental and intra-governmental

relations like bringing consensus within states on GST in India is towards a vision

of global economic reforms. Both are interdependent and impact of anyone will

impact government in terms of reduced growth, unemployment, poverty, hunger

etc problems which are universal in nature. In this e-governance and citizen-

centric administration it must that all department/ministries coordinate with each

other for the effective performance of the government.


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08-Jan-2018 – Question 1

Briefly discuss the main recommendations of the Punchhi Commission (2010) on

Centre – State relations for transforming Indian Federal System. (2016)

Model Answer

With the change in polity and economy, the new challenge of governance has

emerged before the union and state government. Twenty years after the report

of Sarkaria commission, the government formed another commission under the

chairmanship of justice Madan Mohan Punchhi to give the comprehensive

analysis of centre-state relations.

Some of Puncchi commission’s recommendations are:-

1. Concurrent List: In order to eliminate any ambiguities and redundancy with

regard to concurrent List a broad agreement must be reached between

Union and states before introducing legislation in a Parliament. Moreover,

Union should restrain itself from exhibiting its Parliamentary supremacy

over states. Union shall only take those subjects in concurrent which are

extremely necessary for national interest.There should be continuous

auditing of these matters.

2. Appointment of Governor: There shall be strict guidelines to be followed

for the appointment of the Governor. He should be eminent in some walk

of life. He should be a detached figure and not politically active for long.He

should preferably be from outside states.The tenure should be fixed for five


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years. His impeachment process should be in line with President under

Article 61 of Indian constitution.

3. Emergency: Article 352 and 356 should be only used as last resort.The duty

of the union is to protect the states under article 355. There should be

some constitutional and legal framework which requires centre’s

intervention. The commission has proposed “localised emergency”

provision under article 355 and 356 permitting local area- either a district

or a part of a district to brought under Governor’s rule instead of a whole

state.

4. Article 263: This is necessary to make the Inter-State Council a credible,

powerful and fair mechanism for management of Inter-State and Centre-

State difference.

5. New All India Services: It should be brought in the sectors like Education,

health, Judiciary and Engineering.

6. Rajya Sabha: Rajya Sabha can play important role in bridging the gap

between centre and states hence, the factors which hinder the

compositions and functions of the upper house should be removed.

7. Devolution of power: The Local body should act as institutions of self-

government. It should be constitutionally defined through amendments.

8. President Assent to state bill: Whenever any bill is sent to the President for

his assent under Article 201, he should give his consent with a period of six

months, or return the bill giving his recommendations for modification or

reason for rejection.


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9. Zonal council: Zonal council should meet at least twice a year with an

agenda proposed by the state concerned and the secretary of Inter state

council should function as the secretary of the zonal council as well.

10. Puncchi commission recommends making an amendment in the Communal

Violence Bill to allow deployment of Central forces without the state’s

consent for a short period. It has proposed that state consent should not

become a hurdle in the deployment of central forces in a communal

conflagration. However, such deployment should only be for a week and

post-facto consent should be taken from the state.

Punchhi commission has done an extensive study in respect of the challenges of

the new era. It is up to the centre to operationalize these as per the demands of

time to transform the Union- state relation.


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“The separation between regulatory and development functions in many States

has not only weakened the District Collector but also development

administration.” Critically examine the need to relook at this policy. (2016)

Model Answer


1 Introduction- Few lines regarding District Collector and its role and functions.

2 Body – Addressing the needs of the question change in role of District collector;

regulatory and developmental function

3 Conclusion- suggestion to make effective developmental administration at

district level and conclusion


District Collector heads the administration at the district level. District collector

has very comprehensive functions. He has the regulatory and developmental

function. District Collector is overburdened official because he is responsible for

revenue generation, law and order, developmental functions, Crisis and disaster

management, district census officers, and chief protocol officer at the direct level.

In India, the efficiency of the administration means the efficiency of the district

administration because it is the district administration that comes into the direct

contact with the people. The district collector has to coordinate the different

departmental units to prevent duplication, overlapping and waste. With the


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globalisation, the function of the district collector has increased. And to tackle this

most of state government like Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat have separated

the developmental functions and the regulatory function as far District Collector

is concerned. In like Uttar Pradesh Chef Executive Officers has been appointed

who is responsible for proper implementation of the developmental schemes.

While on District Collector role is limited to the regulatory functions.

It creates two parallel power centre at the district level one is responsible for the

regulatory function and other is responsible for the developmental functions. It

created the problem of coordination and lead to power tussle at the district level.

Which is not a good thing in administration. The plurality of organs at the district

level has also created the problem of coordination.

To make the effective administration at the district level there should be the

hierarchy at the district level. The chief developmental officer can be appointed at

the district level to look after the developmental work at the district level. And

chief Developmental officer should work under the control of District Collector.

There should of the division of work with integration fo the hierarchy. The district

administration, in the age of globalisation, decentralisation, in order to be

effective, must have a unity of purpose and singularity in approach.


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“District Collector is a legacy of the British Raj and has largely remained

insulated from the demands of contemporary professionalism.” Discuss. (2014)

Model Answer

The Post of District Collector was created in 1772 for revenue collection and

maintaining law and order at district lever. The institution of the District Collector

was the chief instrument of the British government. After independence, India

adopted the system of British administration at the district level.

Though post of district collector was derived from British Raj it played a major

role in developing India. Such as:-

It strengthened local government.

Played important role in developmental activities at district levels.

It provided expert knowledge at grass root level.

It also played the major role in implementing social legislation like the

abolition of untouchability, child marriage etc.

Post of district collector was the central post via which all the work at

district level was done.

At the same District Collector post also derived many unwanted features of the

British Raj are:-


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Self-aggrandizement as per Parkinson’s law. Ex: using power for personal

needs, creating work for themselves.

Corruption, Nepotism, Favouritism still persist.

Bureaucracy is a state tool to exploit people as seen through Marx’s views

which is prevalent even today.

Collector nexus with politicians, businessmen, landlords etc led to biased

decision making.

The top-down developmental approach of district collector.

District collector failed to involve citizens and other stakeholders in

developmental activities.

The structure and machinery are rigid and approximately same in the name

of uniformity.

The District collector considers himself as elite and because of this there is

a lack of empathy.

But today’s time has changed. With fast changing technology and active citizen,

this approach to development needs to change. There is a need for:-

The participative administration expected from officials like Collector. Ex:

Participatory Rural appraisal of Robert Chambers.

Decentralization of power at the district level and power transferred to

local level elected representatives.

The citizen-oriented approach, Social welfare, good governance must be

promoted by the collector.


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Promoting awareness among people about government services and rights

of citizens.

Better use of information technology and modern techniques in

governance.

The localized approach in which one size does not fits all. The collectors

show ample of professionalism and commitment in their working. They

adopt an innovative mechanism for administrative improvement. Like the

‘Lokvani’ model of the Sitapur district, the Zero pending initiative of Pune

district, etc.

More transparency and accountability in governance and administration.

District collector has to change according to the demand for the environment. He

has contributed a lot in past and much more contribution is required in future,

only his role will change. There must be a comprehensive adaptation of role of

the collector which must maintain high ethical standards, service-oriented

approach and improve Citizen-administration interface which helps in making the

position meet the demands of 21st century.


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“The idea of lateral entry into the Civil Services would energise Indian

administration” What are its possible advantages and limitations? (2017)

Model Answer

The Lateral entry in Indian civil service is for selecting private individuals for

appointment in the ranks of deputy secretary, director and joint secretary.

Traditionally in India, Civil service individual is selected at the lower level through

the competitive exam or through promotion through state services.

The advantages of lateral entry are:-

Outside talent from the private sector is more likely to be target-oriented,

which will improve the performance of the government. Also, more

competition will encourage career civil servants to develop expertise in

areas of their choice.

The conventional wisdom on lateral entry is that it infuses fresh energy and

thinking into an insular, complacent and often archaic bureaucracy. It

enables the entry of right-minded professionals and the adoption of best

practices for improving governance.

lateral entry will address the shortfall in numbers of competent officers and

will be much more target oriented.


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The limitations of lateral entry into Indian civil services are:-

The proposal for lateral entry at senior decision-making levels, besides

increasing the disconnect between policymaking and implementation, will

also result in inequitable sharing of the benefits and burdens of

government service, with permanent civil servants left to bear the burden

of “humble” implementation and lateral entrants getting access to

“glamorous” policymaking positions, without having roughed it out in

remote and rural India in the rough and tumble of Indian democracy. While

there would certainly be a beeline for lateral entrants to join top

policymaking positions, there would be no such great desire to serve the

country at the ground level.

This bridge between policy-making and implementation, while crucial to all

systems, has been of strategic significance in the Indian context, given the

regional diversity of the country.

The exposure and sensitivity to the country’s complex socio-political milieu

and to the needs of the common man, which widespread field experience

provides to these Services, may not be available in the private sector since

the private sector does not have the same width and depth of exposure to

this type of field experience.

An issue of conflict of interest when it comes to entrants from the private

sector.

The potential loss of internal talent as well as the likelihood of atrophy of

the existing career based services.

Large-scale lateral induction would, in fact, amount to a vote of no-

confidence in the government personnel management system, rather than


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in the highly dedicated, motivated and talented officers who have chosen

to join the civil services.

The difficulty in measuring performance in government is another obstacle

to be reckoned with. It is not easy to assess the performance of a secretary

to the government, given the sheer complexity and amorphous nature of

the job. The induction of lateral entrants would not by itself suffice for

better performance orientation and enhanced accountability. It would be

as difficult to measure the performance of lateral entrants as it would of

career civil servants.

India’s civil services need reform. There is little argument about this. Internal

reforms—such as insulation from political pressure and career paths linked to

specialization—and external reforms such as lateral entry are complementary,

addressing the same deficiencies from different angles. Thus, lateral entry cannot

be a panacea for everything. It has been an exception in the Indian civil service

system and should continue to be so.


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Elaborate the features of the grievance redressal mechanism of the civil services

in India.” Does this mechanism satisfy the objectives of its creation? (2014)

Model Answer

The credibility of a public administrator to a large extent depends on his

responsive to give a sympathetic hearing to the public and sorting out their

problems. The ever-increasing role of the government brings in increasing

number and variety of aggrieved persons.Grievance Redressal is the aspect of

addressing the citizen’s grievances by administrations.

Features of Grievances redressal mechanism in India:-

Centralised monitoring of grievance redressal by departments.

It has been made compulsory to appoint Director for Public Grievance in

every department. The director has to choose one day in a week as a

workless day and solve public grievances.

Citizen charter and Grievances redressal branch in all department.

Right to information makes the first step to find out the reason for the

delay in implementation of official activities.

Sate has a separate cell under Chief Minister to solve grievances.

In the district, District Collector acts as grievance redressal officer.

Social audit and citizen charter help in Grievance redressal mechanism

through a bottom-up approach.


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The Grievance redressal mechanism does not meet the objective of its creation

because-

Lack of awareness in the people about grievance redressal mechanism.

Lack of capacity in official to solve problems

No accountability and responsiveness in administration.

The monitoring of outcome is not done.

Way forward to make grievance redressal mechanism effective

Single window grievance redressal mechanism in every department both

online and offline.

social audit units in all districts.

NGOs with substantial government funding (More than 50% need to

brought under ambit of RTI and Social Audit)

Citizen charter needs to be formulated by people participation and

management.

Thus Grievance redressal mechanism needs to be made the more responsive

process to address the need of the people. The mechanism need t be evolved

with mandatory implementation, creating awareness among citizen and

department and utilising the information technology.


37



Discuss the need for civil service neutrality in development administration.

Suggest some measures for achieving and strengthening it in practice. (2014)

Model Answer

Civil service neutrality is essentially a fallout of concept rule of law. Neutrality

ensures that civil servant implement public policy is an unbiased manner. civil

service neutrality refers to the behaviour of rule adherence without preferential

treatment for any particular group. Neutrality is one of the cardinal features of

bureaucracy.

Civil service neutrality is required in development administration because of the

following reasons:-

To ensure neutral, apolitical service.

Development administration ration is human need entered and sustainable,

it can be achieved if bureaucracy is committed towards society.

To attain performance, continuity, reliability and professionalism.

In multiple democracies, where government changes at popular will,

neutrality of civil service is essential for effective functioning of

government.

The alternative of neutral civil services is spoil system which favour

corruption, nepotism, favouritism. Which results in the concentration of

wealth and power which is against the ethos of democracy.


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Neutrality seems very idealised notion. It seems unachievable because civil

servants have their class interest and are somewhere involved with politicians.

But Civil service neutrality can be strengthened by adopting following measures:-

Code of ethics should be included in civil service law as recommended by

second administrative reform commission.

Adherence to the code of conduct in letter and spirit both.

British type ‘Espirit de Corps’ values should be passed on from one

generation to another.

Training in the ethics and non-partisan behaviour; merit and neutrality as

the basis for promotion and posting instead of political connections.

encourage the usage of e-governance to bring transparency and openness

in administration.

Civil servants should be committed towards society and not towards politics for

development administration.


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“Social auditing of flagship programmes of the Central government facilitates

the performance of the Comptroller and Auditor –General.” Elaborate the

statement with appropriate examples. (2014)

Model Answer

Social Audit refers to the evolution of a programme by people or beneficiaries

who are influenced by the programmes. The social audit provides an external

form of accountability, which indirectly results in better efficiency in their

functioning. Social audit increases people participation in governance.

Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) is the principal audit body of the county

but it is limited by resources and manpower. Social audit facilitates the

performance of CAG because:-

The social audit ensures that work is done and participants have been

benefitted and progress towards objectives. While CAG can compliment

this by examining the legal aspect of that.

Like in MGNREGA, the labourers, through the social audit can ensure that

they are getting the work and work are being done. CAG can scrutinise

whether rules and regulations are followed or not.

Social audit is done at the lowest level in the village, while CAG can audit at

department and official level. In the social audit is done with people

participation while CAG audit performed by officials.


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Considering the advantage, it would be eventual that the number of programmes

should be brought under social audit. Additionally, awareness about social audit

should be taken care of, which has been recognised as the most crucial factor in

the success fo social audit.


41



Do you agree that there has been a serious governance-deficit in development

administration in India? Give reasons for your answer and add your suggestions.

(2015)

Model Answer

The government deficit means that the programmes and policies are not being

implemented due to systematic, institutional gap, lack of participation from the

state as well as the citizens. Participation from the state will result in the efficient

policy execution, while increased people participation increases the accountability

in the governance.

Features of development administration due to governance deficit:-

The local self-government institution (PRIs and ULBs) have been struggling

due to the improper devolution of funds, function and functionaries. As for

it, the developmental programs are not properly implemented. At the

same, the efficiency is negatively impacted.

Corruption, favouritism etc along hierarchy level in administration.

The top-down approach to planning and the decision making. Lack of

authority at lower level coupled with responsibility.

Low citizen participation

State government unwilling to devolve authority and power to the local

bodies.


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Following needs to be done to improve the governance quotient in

developmental administration

Fixing accountability and improving transparency with the help of citizen’s

charter and grievance redressal mechanism.

Enforcement of the accountability by people participation.

Use of technology in governance, encouragement of use e-governance

initiatives.

Institutional improvement in the delivery of services.

Change in governmentality, there is a need to change the attitude of civil

servants in considering governing process more focus on the participatory

and certain role of civil society.

Participative governance must be ensured by giving power to people through

making them a stakeholder in governance and empowering people with requisite

knowledge for filling gaps in development administration.


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The concept of social audit is more comprehensive than that of traditional

audit.” Comment. (2013)

Model Answer


Introduction- Few lines regarding the Social Audit

Body – Addressing the needs of the question, the difference between a

traditional audit and social audit.

Conclusion – way forward to make the social audit more effective.


Social audit is a process where the intended beneficiaries scrutinise the efficiency

and utility of any programme. While the traditional audit is conducted by the

public official with the objective to check the legality, whether the money

disbursed was utilised for the intended at work or not. The traditional audit is

more focused on the financial scrutiny.

The social audit is more comprehensive than traditional audit:-

The social audit involves all the stakeholders i.e, those persons or

organization who have interest in or who have invested resources in

organisations. while the traditional audit is performed by the specialised

officials.


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The main objective of the social audit is improving the social performance

of the organisation which was completely ignored by the traditional audit.

The traditional audit focused limited to financial scrutiny.

Social audit raises awareness and transparency among the participants

while the traditional audit is an administrative procedure without any

knowledge of general public.

The social audit involves the people in the process who are affected by the

policy and programmes.

Social Audit has loopholes compared to traditional audit

Lack of expertise and awareness in public about the social audit. While in

traditional audit there are no participation of public.

Over activism impedes the proper functioning of the organization.

Social audit holds authorities accountable but it doesn’t have any

accountability in itself.

Social audit is the need of an hour to strengthen the democratic process in

governance and securing accountability. Increasing awareness and capacity

building is needed to make the social audit more effective.


45



“The Office of the Controller General of Accounts (CGA) is expected to

strengthen public financial managemen in India.” Discuss its mandate (2017)

Model Answer

The Controller General of Accounts (CGA) is the apex accounting authority of the

central government and exercises the powers to the President under Article 150

of the constitution. CGA is the principal account adviser to the Government of

India and is responsible for establishing and maintaining a technically sound

management accounting system.

The Controller General of Accounts has a number of function as:-

Formulate the policy relating to the general principles, form and

procedures of accounting for the Central and state governments.

Prepares and consolidates the non-governmental monthly accounts and

present an analytical review of the Union government accounts to the

Finance Minister.

Ensures effective and close monitoring of receipts of the government of

India especially those relating to Income Tax, Customs and Central Excise.

Enables the effective utilisation of accounts as a tool of management by

constant upgradations of the quality of accounts, leading to improved

financial control within the government.

Prepares annual appropriation accounts and Union finance accounts for

presentation to the parliament.


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Enables prompt and accurate accounting.

The CGA is looking after the computerisation of Government accounting

function in all the civil ministries.

Consolidating monthly accounts of the Government of India and reporting

on the fiscal deficit is the primary responsibility of the CGA.

The Controller General of Accounts is responsible for evaluating and processing

the proposals relating to the capital restructuring of various public sector

undertaking (PSUs) of the Union Government and its submission to the Ministry

of Finance for obtaining approval of Government of India.


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“Accounting is the essence of producing promptly and clearly the facts relating to

financial conditions and operations that are required as a basis of management.”

Substantiate the statement in the context of accounting methods and techniques

in government. (2013)

Model Answer


Introduction- Few lines regarding the Accounting

Body – Addressing the needs of the question, Accounting methods and

techniques and importance of accounting

Conclusion

Some point for references

Accounting is a tool for management. It is the process of recording receipts and

expenditures. By providing data about the expenditure incurred on various

activities, it helps budget planners to determine in advances, the taxes to be

levied and also the area, where the cut in expenditure is possible. Accounting help

government in financial planning. Accounting ensures openness and transparency

thereby increasing the accountability.

There are two types of accounting methods: Cash Basis accounting and Accrual

accounting. The key difference between the two types is how the records cash

coming into and going out. Cash basis accounting is a method of recording


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financial transactions which record transactions only when cash has been

exchanged between the parties. While in Accrual accounting the financial

transaction is recorded on the basis of impact. As revenues are recorded when

they are earned and costs are recorded when they are incurred, whether or not

cash has actually been exchanged between the relevant parties. The Accrual basis

allows tracking receivables and payable. It presents the better financial condition

in comparison to the cash base accounting.While Accrual accounting is more

comprehensive in comparison to the cash-based accounting. It provides the

accurate pictures of the financial status of the government. Due to the high

complexity of accrual accounting, the government of India follows the cash based

accounting. But few department and ministries are moving to the Accrual

accounting to better financial management.

The account provides the financial status to the government which help to take

the decision regarding the revenue generation (taxation) and expenditure (social

security expenditures). Controller General of Accounts is the principal Accounts

advisers to the government of India and is responsible for establishing and

maintaining a technically sound management accounting system.


49



“Excellent ideas but poor implementation have characterised the administrative

reforms in India since Independence.” Critically examine the statement giving

examples from the Union and State Governments. (2015)

Model Answer

An effective public policy is a policy which is efficient and effective from policy

formation to policy implementation. Policy implementation is crucial to the

success of policy programmes.

Policy implementation in India has been one of concerning aspect of the policy

cycle, especially it becomes disappointing. When policy content is right and

according to the need of the time.

Few examples of good policies but poor in implementation

In 60’s focus on reforming agriculture but implementation was based

resulting in cereal centric, input-intensive agriculture. Failure of land reform

at different levels, instate like West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh.

In 70’s and 80’s focus shifted to target based and area-based approach.

However, the bureaucratic inefficiency in policy execution resulted in poor

outcomes.

In 90’s the focus on employment generation which continued till now, in

2000’s (MGNREGA). However, the corruption and bureaucratic delay have

also present in the MGNREGA.


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The after big ideas like ICDS, family planning programs, National rural

health mission, water policy all have conceived at right time. However,

policy implementation has been defective.

Administrative reforms, despite all benefits of 2nd arc recommendation like

central civil service authority, code of ethics, repeal of 310, 311 with a new

law is necessary for the development of society. yet not done by state and

central governments.

Police reforms, both centre and state have set up committees. yet states

reluctant to loosen their control

Decentralisation and principle of subsidiarity: first proposed by Balwant rai

– yet over 40 years to give it constitutional status and yet not fully realizing

its potential since it is not implemented in letter and spirit

However few area also need mentions:-

The rural development has helped in improving the standard of the like,

MGNREGA has led to women empowerment and has reduced distress

migration. These are loopholes which are being addressed.

Direct benefit transfer JAM trinity is very effective in controlling leakage. It

brings efficacy and openness in the transfer of subsidy.

Thus policy design and implementation have been a mixed success in India. More

needs to be done to improve policy implementation through e-governance and

people’s participation.


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05-Feb-2018 – Question 1

Do you think that the functioning of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), in practice,

reflects genuine devolution of powers and resources? Give reasons for your

answer. (2015)

Model Answer

Introduction– Few lines regarding the functioning of the Panchayati Raj

Institutions

Body – Addressing the needs of the question PRI- devolution of power and

resources.

Conclusion – way forward


The Constitution 73rd Amendment Act, which came into effect on 23 April 1993,

created a three-tier structure of Panchayati Raj. The Act provided for mandatory

conduct of panchayat elections to the three tiers – district, intermediate and

village – every five years, the setting up of a State Election Commission, a State

Finance Commission and reservation of not less than one-third of the elective

seats of members and chairpersons for women, and for SC and ST persons in each

district in proportion to their population. The Constitution, moreover, provided

for devolution of powers upon panchayats.

Issues With PRI

Functions:


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11th schedule gives 29 illustrative and not mandatory subjects – states

apprehensive about devolving. Except for few states like Assam, Karnataka

no state has transferred all subject to panchayats.

Lack of coordination among ministries as well as different levels within PRI

to carry out limited functions.

Funds

Lack of autonomous funds, PRIs are hugely dependent on states and centre

for the funds. The number of heads under PRI for the collection of taxes

and revenues are very low.

untimely and inadequate release affecting local level execution.

Depends on State Finance Commission for the grant in aid.

Functionaries

Lack of separate personnel. PRI deepens on stated for recruitment, training

and transfer of personnel.

lack of incentives to attract talent (lack of will on the part of states to

develop separate cadre)

Thus, PRIs are not self-dependent but it is a gradual process. adopt the principle

of subsidiarity and devolve more functions to the local self-government

institution.


53



How do the Union Government policies on Smart and AMRUT cities address the

problems of management of urban development? Explain (2015)

Model Answer

A smart city is an urban settlement which uses digital technologies to optimise

the resource consumption in an effective manner for the citizens.

Problem in management of urban development

Ad-hocism in approach

Lack of long-term planning

Myopic in the sense that if focus only one part of the city. For example, a

big city like Mumbai or Delhi have the huge area and hence an effaced plan

will be to provide a holistic development of entire cities.

Issue of funding

Issue of lack of skilled workforce

Smart city mission and AMRUT cities are programs to change urban landscape and

in doing so they address the problem fo the urban development. The objectives of

Smart cities and AMRUT projects include–

It aims at recasting the urban landscape of the country by making cities

more secure and inclusive, besides driving the economic growth.

Promote adoption of smart solutions for efficient use of available assets,

resources and infrastructure

Providing a clean and sustainable environment


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E-governance and citizen participation, health and education will receive

attention.

Smart City Mission create a special purpose vehicle thus it brings special

skills, New Public Management traits to Urban Local Bodies.

The success of these programs will depend on the functioning of municipal bodies

and hence they must Avail the resource and technical help coming through these

programs.


55



“The goals of good governance will remain utopian if local governments,

responsible for providing all basic services directly to the citizens, are not

empowered as mandated by the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts.”

Critically evaluate the status of empowerment of the local bodies. (2016)

Model Answer

Introduction– Few lines regarding the 73rd and 74th constitutional Amendment

act. The role of local self-government institution in good governance.

Body – Addressing the needs of the question:- evaluation of the empowerment of

the local bodies.

Conclusion – way forward


Problem-related to the PRIs are:-

Non-functioning of the Gram Sabha

Size of Gram Sabha

less participation of women

proxy rule by the male member or forward class.

fund, function and functionaries


56


In conclusion mention about devolution index and mention example of the Bihar

and Uttar Pradesh. And give some recommendation to improve the status and

functioning of the local self-government institution.


57



“Decentralised governance must serve as an instrument of realising social change

and social justice.” Comment on the statement. (2015)

Model Answer

Decentralised governance has become an instrumenting for people

empowerment. It involves people at grass root level to plan themselves for

betterment and execute these plan at the ground. People participation are an

important part of the decentralised governance.

Decentralised governance as a tool for social change

Social Change can be brought when people identify their problem and take

corrective action. Gram Sabha and village panchayat aim for planning at

local level.

The election, which is regularly held after 5 years, Change the power

structure if previously elected candidate fail to bring positive social change.

Funds are provided by the union, state government, mobilised from the

local level to fulfil the demand of local people.

Functionaries act as an agent to bring social change.

Decentralised governs as a tool for social justice

Transparency, Accountability – in govt activities, e.g.. Gram Sabha as unit of

social Audit reducing gap between demand and supply

Reduction in corruption – Builds social capital, trust, real-time monitoring

and vigilance through e-governance power to people


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Gender equality- woman empowerment acknowledge their contribution at

home and other aspects, giving them chance to split themselves

economically, socially

Inclusive growth – Sustainable development, including Tribals, scheduled

castes, OBC

Reducing inequality- Class wise, caste wise

Alternate Dispute Resolution (ADR) through Manila panchayat, Nyaya

Adalat

Through Decentralised governance is an effective instrument, its real

implementation seems to be a far dream due to lack of political will, hopefully

with increased awareness used of decentralised governance will be realised.


59



“Use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Panchayat’s

functions enhances efficiency, transparency and accountability and also induces

mass ICT culture.” Examine. (2013)

Model Answer

Panchayats have a central place in the era of good governance. They are the

instruments for enabling rural development. It has been seen that lack of

information and connectivity has impeded their growth. The digital revolution is

forcing revolution is service delivery – PRIs are not an exception.

Efficiency can be improved as ICT becomes the interface between PRIs and

citizens;

Daily reporting through networking. e.g MGNREGA and Mid-day meal

scheme

Time-bound service delivery eg. e-Certificates; e-titling;

Asset data collation, maintenance and management; Eg. Geo-tagging of

MGNREGs assets in collaboration with ISRO;

E-Panchayat aims at improving tourism,

Improve agriculture produce through Kisan suvidha app and Kisan TV.

The common service centre can generate employment and provide

information on government schemes and services.


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Transparency

Better record management in line with so moto dissemination of

Information under RTI; Eg.E-Panchayat aims at digitalising proceedings of

Gram Sabha;

Helps in the Social Audit; Bottom-up approach to transparency;

Accountability

Fixing responsibility is easier – with better project management tools

available for PRIs

Public grievance redressal platform is being explored as part of e-

Panchayat;

Mass IT culture

Training the citizenry and local level administration with IT; e-Panchayat

aims at imparting IT knowledge to PRI functionaries;

As the deliverables from the Panchayat accrue, mass IT culture is bound to

take off;

The benefits of ICT can occur only if:-

Digital Literacy

Bharatnet is able to connect Panchayats

Build analogue infra – Gram Jyoti, Gram Sadak – for better outcomes;

Make the e-Panchayat bilingual for inclusion;

Enforce Citizen Charters, e-RTI, e-certificates in the future;


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E-governance is thought to be the final arrival in the iron cage of Weberian

rule-bound administration. Need to have human touch for marginalised

sections with sufficient discretion to help equity;

Like every section, ICT is an enabler at the panchayat level. Collection of data can

aid governance and gradually help in better planning, budgeting and auditing.

Thus ICT can be useful to deepen democracy and strengthen Gram Sabha.


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“The objectives of fiscal devolution to local bodies as mandated by the 73rd and

74th Constitutional Amendment Acts has been derailed by the actual working of

the State Finance Commissions.” Comment. (2016)

Model Answer

Article 234I and Article 243Y gave power State Finance Commission to the

devolution of the fund to the panchayat and the urban local bodies. As the State

Finance Commission is a constitutional body. The Governor can constitute a State

Finance Commission to review the financial position of the panchayats in the

states. The State Finance Commission will decide the sharing of the fund between

the state and local self-government institution. As local bodies are heavily

dependent on the centre and states for finances.

To harness the concept and aspiration of Panchayati Raj institution the role of the

state finance commission has to be very critical. The devolution of power can be

realised if the finances are prudently available to the local bodies.

The positives of the states finance commission:-

Enhances the idea of democracy

Greater devolutionary aspects of the government and governance.

Empowerment of local people and local leaders.

Efficient and timely accessibility of funds to remote corners.

The state finance commission is not much effective as it has to be due to various

reasons like


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The state government are reluctant to let loose their financial authority.

Too much of interference and encroachment in the authority and working

of State Finance Commission.

State themselves do not have ample funds at their disposal; hence even

sharing that meagre amount is always resisted by the state government.

The idea of State Finance Commission has not been implemented in true spirit.

The reluctance of state government to the timely appointment. Due to lack of

effective functioning of the state finance commission, the local self-government

faces the problem of finances at their disposal. For the effective functioning of the

local self-government institution, it is required there is proper devolution of funds

to the local bodies which is only possible if there is the effective and timely

appointment of the State Finance Commission.


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In view of the contemporary internal scenario should ‘law and order’ be made a

part of the Concurrent List of the Constitution of India? Justify your opinion

(2017)

Model Answer

The constitution makers envisaged law and order as a local issue which has to be

dealt as per the situation and so placed it in “State List” as per the seventh

schedule. The state government is responsible for the enactment of law related to

law and order and its state’s government responsibility to maintain law and order

in the state.

As the challenge related to the law and order has interstate impact thus the need

to bring law and order in the concurrent list to bring homogeneity in law and

order across the state.

State Police has often found to be incapable to deal with complex security issues

like communal clashes, caste violence etc.

Cross-border terrorism is a huge threat to the security of the nation. Thus it

required an all India effort to counter the terrorism with joint efforts.

Law and order issues have got diversified in the recent years. New problems like

narcotic terrorism hold huge ramifications against the internal security of the

country. Uniformity in law and order administration is required.


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The evolving nature of cyber crimes and their association with money laundering

activities also vindicate the growth of specialist security forces which can be easily

trained by the central government.

Thus bring law and order under concurrent list, uniformity in the legal aspect and

coordinated effort by the state and central government to counter the security

challenge. As the federal country, it also requires the autonomy of the state is

maintained and more decentralisation of power. This the central government only

make law on the matter on which uniformity is required and while the local issue

will remain under the state government.


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“Disaster preparedness and management has become an important componet of

district administration in India.” Discuss with suitable illustrations (2017)

Model Answer


Introduction– Few lines regarding the Disaster Preparedness

Body – Addressing the needs of the question Disaster preparedness and

management

Examples of the above

Conclusion Ways to makes District administration more effective in disaster

preparedness


90 Days UPSC Mains Optional Answer Writing Initiative · 2019-02-28 · Public Administration –...

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