9 Year Questions: Sorted and Solved

CSIR UGC NET Life Science

Dr. Ram Prakash Saran is presently working as Assistant Professor in Zoology at Jai Narain

Vyas University, Jodhpur (Rajasthan). He did his M.Sc. in Zoology from Jai Narayan Vyas

University, Jodhpur (Rajasthan) in the year 2005 with specialization in cell biology. He was

throughout �irst class in studies up to M.Sc. He has cleared many national level exams like UGC-

CSIR NET, GATE lifesciences, SET lifesciences. He is engaged in researches on threatened bird

species of India with special emphasis on vultures, cytotoxicity of veterinary drugs on avian

fauna and trophic transfer of nanoparticles and organic pollutants. At present he is involved in

teaching - diversity among animal forms, animal physiology, Immunology, Developmental

biology, Animal behaviour and biological evolution.

Dr. Kailash Choudhary is the Director, Life Science, at Institute for Advanced Studies (IFAS),

Pune, Maharashtra. He is actively involved in teaching and research for the last 18 years on

different aspects of Lifesciences. Dr. Choudhary was born in Jodhpur and completed his school

from Jodhpur followed by Bachelor in Science and then Masters in Botany, in 2000 from Jai

Narian Vyas University securing Gold Medal. In June 2006 he completed his Ph.D degree on

"Somatic Cell genetics and cloning in Acacia and Vigna Species". In 2004 he joined Lachoo

Memorial College, Jodhpur where he served as Assistant Professor in Department of Botany

and Biotechnology upto 2016. Dr Choudhary has been the recipient of several honours and

awards. He secured All India rank 1 in prestigious CSIR NET JRF exam of Country for 10

consecutive time. He also cleared GATE lifesciences with top rank. He has cleared ARS-NET,

ICMR-JRF and Rajasthan SET exams. He is imparting guidance to NET and GATE

Lifesciences/Biotechnology aspirants from last 18 years at IFAS Jodhpur, Pune, Hyderabad,

Kolkata, online and over 2500 students have quali�ied various national level exams in stream of

life science. He has published around 23 articles, reviews, book and conference chapters,

including nearly 20 original research articles in National and International peer reviewed

Journals. His areas of interest include Conservation Biology, Plant Physiology and

Biotechnology especially Plant Tissue Culture and Science and Society Related Programmes in

the context of the Indian Thar Desert Region.

THE AUTHORS

Dr. Kailash Choudhary Director, Life Science,

Institute for Advanced Studies (IFAS),

Pune, Maharashtra

Dr. Ram Prakash Saran Assistant Professor, Zoology

Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur (Rajasthan)

9 Year Questions: Sorted and Solved

CSIR UGC NET Life Science

ISBN: 978-93-89832-19-8eISBN: 978-93-89832-20-4

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© 2021, Publishers

The manifold purpose of writing this book is to cater the needs of the candidates aspiring for CSIR NET examinations. It is observed that the CSIR NET exam evokes fear in the minds of the students, as student do not know what to prepare and to what extent. The latest trend of CSIR exam is randomized computer based multiple choice questions. For student it becomes very difficult to find out the topic from which question has been asked and in its absence students fails to develop any strategy for the exam. It is imperative for every CSIR exam aspirant to understand the concepts and the pattern of exam.

Through this book an effort has been made to dispel CSIR exam fear. For sure success, a student should approach this exam with a strategy and planning in his/her mind. He/she should face CSIR NET and other lifescience exams any time and at any place with confidence. To help students, we have compiled this book in user-friendly and well-structured manner. Last 18 CSIR exam question are sorted in 13 sections and each section is further divided into sub-sections. This fine shorting of questions will help the student to understand the important topic of the subject, which is most frequent in examinations. The students will also be able to understand a change in trend of the questions over time. This will help them to understand the important topics of the subject and to prepare for exam in systemic planned way, which will enhance their selection chances. The quality of the MCQs asked in CSIR exams is always higher than other examinations. Practice of these questions will also help the students who are preparing for GATE, ICMR, DBT, SET and other exams in lifesceince or related streams.

A word or suggestion from your side may add another feather to the cap in the compilation of questions in this book. The author looks forward to the comments, suggestions and criticism from the students. Constructive suggestions and feedback from users would be highly appreciated, gratefully acknowledged and suitably incorporated.

Preface

Preface (v)Section – 1: Biochemistry 1–44

1. Structure of Atoms, Molecules, Bonds, Interactions 32. pH, buffer, Colligative properties, Molarity, Kinetics 63. Thermodynamics 84. Enzymes 95. Enzyme Inhibition 146. Carbohydrates, Lipids, Amino acid, Vitamins 167. Nucleotide and Nucleic acid (DNA/RNA) 188. Ramachandran Plot 229. Protein Folding– Secondary and Tertiary Structure 24

10. Proteins: Electrophoresis/Chromatography 2611. Protein sequencing: Edman & Mass spectroscopy 3012. Circular Dichroism spectroscopy 3313. Carbohydrate Metabolism and TCA 3714. Lipids, Amino acids and Nucleotide Metabolism 3915. Red–Ox reaction, ETC and ATP synthesis 41

Section – 2: Cell Biology 45–80

1. Membrane Structure and Lipid Rafts 472. Applied Questions– Membrane Proteins, FRAP 493. Membrane Transport and potential 544. Protein Sorting 575. Cell wall and Cell Organelles 636. Cytoskeleton and its role in motility 637. Genome Organization 668. Transposons 689. Mitosis and meiosis cell 69

10. Cell Cycle and Regulation 7111. Microbial Growth, Physiology and Stress 78

Contents

(viii) 9 Year Questions: Sorted and Solved UGC NET Life Science

Section – 3: Molecular Biology 81–130

1. DNA Replication 83 2. DNA damage and repair mechanisms 92 3. Prokaryotic Transcription Process 95 4. Eukaryotic Transcription Process 96 5. 5’ Capping and poly adenylation 99 6. RNA editing, splicing, trans-splicing and transport 101 7. Promoter Deletion Assay/EMSA 105 8. Transfer RNA and Amino-Acyl t-RNA 107 9. Translation Process 110 10. Genetic Code 112 11. Post-Translational Event 113 12. Translational Inhibitor 114 13. Regulation of gene expression in Phage/virus 115 14. Control of gene expression: LAC OPERON 118 15. Trp Operon 121 16. Control of gene expression in eukaryotes 124 17. mOR pathway and Translation regulation 125 18. Role of chromatin in gene expression 126 19. Gene silencing - RNA interference 129

Section – 4: Cell Communication Signaling and Immunology 131–178

1. Host parasite interaction 133 2. Cell Signaling 134 3. G Protein Coupled Receptor 136 4. Receptor Tyrosine Kinase and NF-kB Signaling 137 5. Nuclear Receptor 139 6. Bacterial Signaling/chemotaxis 141 7. Applied Question-Signaling 141 8. Regulation of hematopoiesis 143 9. Cell-Cell and Cell-Matrix Interaction 144 10. Cell-Cell Signaling 149 11. Cancer 151 12. Apoptosis and Autophagy 157 13. Antigens and immunogenicity 160 14. Structure and Function of Antibody 162 15. Antibody diversity and monoclonal antibodies 163 16. MHC molecules, antigen presentation 165

Contents (ix)

17. Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses 166 18. The complement system and Toll like receptors 169 19. Hypersensitivity and autoimmunity 170 20. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other bacteria 171 21. Plasmodium falciparum and Leishmania 174 22. Viral Infections 175 23. Vaccines 176

Section – 5: Developmental Biology 179–220

1. Determination, Fate, Morphogen 181 2. Gametogenesis and fertilization 185 3. Zygote formation, cleavage, blastula formation 189 4. Embryonic Stem cell and Potency 191 5. Gastrulation and formation of germ layers 192 6. Cell aggregation in Dictyostelium 193 7. Development in Sea Urchin 194 8. Axes and pattern formation in Drosophila 196 9. Axes and pattern formation amphibia and chick 200 10. Vulva formation in Caenorhabditis elegans 203 11. Eye lens induction 205 12. Limb development in vertebrates 207 13. Regeneration and Differentiation of neurons 211 14. Sex determination 212 15. Fertilization and development in Plants 213 16. Floral development in Arabidopsis 218

Section – 6: Plant Physiology 221–262

1. Photosynthesis - Light Reaction 223 2. CO2 fixation-C3, C4 and CAM pathways. 226 3. Sucrose-Starch Synthesis 229 4. Photorespiration, Respiration, ETC, PPP 231 5. Microbial Nitrogen Fixation 233 6. Nitrate and ammonium assimilation 236 7. Plant hormones 237 8. Plant Hormone –Signaling 241 9. Phytochromes 244 10. Cryptochromes, phototropins, stomatal movement 246 11. Photoperiodism and biological clocks 248 12. Solute/Water transport 249

(x) 9 Year Questions: Sorted and Solved UGC NET Life Science

13. Phloem translocation 253 14. Secondary metabolites - Biosynthesis of terpenes 254 15. Phenols, Alkaloids and Glucosinolates 256 16. Responses of plants to abiotic stress 257 17. Responses of plants to biotic stress 259

Section – 7: Animal Physiology 263–302

1. Blood, plasma, groups and hemostasis 265 2. Cardiovascular System 267 3. ECG – its principle and significance 270 4. Respiratory system 272 5. Action potential, Nerve Impulse Transmission 276 6. Brain, Central and peripheral nervous system 279 7. Neural control of muscle tone and posture 280 8. Sense organs – Vision 281 9. Hearing and Tactile response. 283 10. Excretory system 285 11. Blood volume, electrolyte and, acid-base balance. 288 12. Stresss and Thermoregulation 291 13. Digestive system 292 14. Endocrinology 295 15. Reproduction and hormones 299

Section – 8: Genetics 303–350

1. Dominance, segregation, independent assortment 305 2. Multiple alleles 307 3. Complementation test and recon 308 4. Gene-Gene interactions 309 5. Genomic imprinting, dosage compensation, phenocopy, Sex linked characters 313 6. Recombination and Gene mapping methods: Linkage 315 7. Tetrad analysis 318 8. Molecular markers in genetics 319 9. Mapping by deletion and somatic cell hybrids 324 10. Extra chromosomal inheritance and Maternal effect 327 11. Microbial Transformation and Transduction 328 12. Mapping genes by interrupted mating 330 13. Pedigree analysis 333 14. Quantitative traits and heritability 337 15. Mutation : Types, causes and detection 338

Contents (xi)

16. Structural alterations of chromosomes 342 17. Numerical changes and Polyploidy 346 18. Homologous and Site Specific Recombination 347

Section – 9: Diversity in Life Forms 351–382

1. Principles of taxonomy and nomenclature 353 2. Classical & quantititative methods of taxonomy 354 3. Criteria used for classification in animals 357 4. Animal Larvae 366 5. Classification of plants 367 6. Classification of Bacteria 373 7. Fungus 376 8. Algae 377 9. Natural history of Indian subcontinent 378 10. Common parasites and pathogens 380

Section – 10: Ecology 383–424

1. Ecology, Habitat, Niche 385 2. Characteristics of a population 386 3. Population growth 389 4. Population regulation 393 5. Life history strategies (r and K selection) 395 6. Species Interactions and competition 397 7. Herbivory, Carnivory, Pollination, Symbiosis. 400 8. Community structure and attributes 403 9. Levels of species diversity and its measurement 406 10. Ecological Succession 409 11. Ecosystem structure and ecosystem function 411 12. Major terrestrial biome and Island biogeography 415 13. Environmental pollution 417 14. Biodiversity: Status 419 15. Conservation Biology 423Section – 11: Evolution 425–460

1. Lamarck; Darwin–concepts 427 2. The evolutionary synthesis 429 3. Origin of Life 431 4. Paleontology and Evolutionary History 431 5. Molecular Evolution 436

(xii) 9 Year Questions: Sorted and Solved UGC NET Life Science

6. Molecular tools in phylogeny 437 7. Population genetics 440 8. Microevulution 442 9. Random genetic drift 443 10. Convergent evolution/ Divergent evolution 444 11. Speciation: Allopatricity and Sympatricity 445 12. Sexual selection and Co-evolution 448 13. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 449 14. Group selection, Kin selection, Altruism 452 15. Biological rhythm 454 16. Social dominance, Use of space and territoriality 456 17. Parental investment and Reproductive success 457 18. Mimicry, Migration 459

Section – 12: Applied Biology 461–482

1. Microbial fermentation 463 2. Tissue and cell culture methods for plants 465 3. Transgenic plants 466 4. Agrobacterium Tumefaciens 469 5. Molecular approaches to transgene diagnosis 473 6. Animal Cell Culture and Transgenic Animals 476 7. Breeding in plants and animals 479 8. Bioremediation and phytoremediation 480 9. Biosensors 482

Section – 13: Methods in Biology 483–514

1. Molecular cloning and restriction digestion 485 2. Methods for analysis of gene expression 489 3. Isolation, separation and analysis of carbohydrate and lipid molecules 495 4. RFLP, RAPD and AFLP techniques/PCR 495 5. ELISA, RIA, western blot, FISH and GISH. 497 6. UV/visible spectroscopy 500 7. NMR, ESR, SPR spectroscopy 502 8. Statisitcal Methods 504 9. Radiolabeling techniques 507 10. Microscopy and flow cytometer /FACS/FRET 508 11. Patch-clamp, EEG, PET, MRI, FMRI, CAT 513