9. Multimedia Communication Systems – Reservation Model ...€¦ · 9. Multimedia Communication...
92
9. Multimedia Communication Systems Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99 1 / 92 Contents 9.1 Overview 9.2 Cooperative Computing – Cooperation Awareness – Group Communication Architecture 9.3 Application Sharing Approach – Architecture 9.4 Audio/Video Conferencing – Control – Session Management 9.5 Transport Subsystems 9.6 Quality of Service – Resource Management – QoS Negotiation – Translation & Scaling 9.7 Resource Admission Control – Reservation Model 9.8 Resource Management – Scheduling – Traffic Shaping – End-to-End Error Control – Resource Monitoring and Adaptation 9.9 Architecture
Transcript of 9. Multimedia Communication Systems – Reservation Model ...€¦ · 9. Multimedia Communication...
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
1 / 9
2C
onte
nts
9.1
Ove
rvie
w
9.2
Coo
pera
tive
Com
putin
g–
Coo
pera
tion
Aw
aren
ess
–G
roup
Com
mun
icat
ion
Arc
hite
ctur
e
9.3
App
licat
ion
Shar
ing
App
roac
h–
Arc
hite
ctur
e
9.4
Aud
io/V
ideo
Con
fere
ncin
g–
Con
trol
–S
essi
on M
anag
emen
t
9.5
Tra
nspo
rt S
ubsy
stem
s
9.6
Qua
lity
of S
ervi
ce–
Res
ourc
e M
anag
emen
t
–Q
oS N
egot
iatio
n
–T
rans
latio
n &
Sca
ling
9.7
Res
ourc
e A
dmis
sion
Con
trol
–R
eser
vatio
n M
odel
9.8
Res
ourc
e M
anag
emen
t–
Sch
edul
ing
–T
raffi
c S
hapi
ng
–E
nd-t
o-E
nd E
rror
Con
trol
–R
esou
rce
Mon
itorin
g an
d A
dapt
atio
n
9.9
Arc
hite
ctur
e
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
2 / 9
29.
1 O
verv
iew
In th
is c
hapt
er w
e di
scus
s is
sues
rel
ated
to m
ultim
edia
com
mun
icat
ion
syst
ems
abov
e th
e da
ta li
nk la
yer.
For
this
, we
subd
ivid
e th
e hi
gher
laye
rs o
f th
e M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
em in
to tw
o su
bsyt
ems:
appl
icta
ion
subs
yste
m, w
hich
is r
espo
nsib
le f
or m
anag
emen
t
and
serv
ice
issu
es f
or g
roup
coo
pera
tion
and
sess
ion
orch
estr
atio
n (s
uppo
rtin
g a
larg
e sc
ale
of m
ulti
med
ia
appl
icat
ions
)
tran
spor
t sub
syts
ems
(her
e tr
ansp
ort a
nd n
etw
ork
laye
r pr
otoc
ols
for
mul
tim
edia
app
licat
ions
are
pre
sent
ed).
7 A
ppl.
6 Pr
esen
t.5
Sess
ion
4 T
rans
p.
3 N
et
2 L
ink
1 PH
V
App
l.
Tra
nsp.
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
3 / 9
29.
1 O
verv
iew
Som
e m
ulti
med
ia a
pplic
atio
ns:
–M
ultim
edia
Mai
l
–V
irtua
l Rea
lity
App
licat
ions
–V
ideo
Con
fere
ncin
g
–C
SC
W (
Com
pute
r S
uppo
rted
Coo
pera
tive
Wor
k)
Com
mun
icat
ion
Req
uire
men
ts:
–H
ighs
peed
net
wor
ks w
ith h
igh
tran
sfer
rat
ese.
g.: F
DD
I, S
witc
hed
Eth
erne
t, F
ast E
ther
net,
Gig
abit
Eth
erne
t, D
QD
B, A
TM
, ...
–H
igh
perf
orm
ance
tran
spor
t pro
toco
lse.
g.: T
CP
, XT
P, A
TM
tran
spor
t pro
toco
ls
App
licat
ion
Sub
syst
ems
Tra
nspo
rt S
ubsy
stem
s
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
4 / 9
29.
2 C
oope
rativ
e C
ompu
ting
/ App
licat
ion
Subs
yste
m
Coo
pera
tive
Com
putin
g is
gen
eral
ly k
now
n as
Com
pute
r-Su
ppor
ted-
Coo
pera
tive
-Wor
k (C
SCW
).
Too
ls f
or c
oope
rati
ve c
ompu
ting:
–E
lect
roni
c m
ail
–B
ulle
tin b
oard
s
–S
cree
n sh
arin
g to
ols
–A
pplic
atio
n sh
arin
g
–T
ext-
base
d co
nfer
enci
ng s
yste
ms
–V
ideo
con
fere
nce
syst
ems
(e.g
. MB
one
Too
ls, P
roS
hare
from
Inte
l, P
ictu
reT
el,
Tel
es O
nlin
e, N
etM
eetin
g fr
om M
icro
soft)
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
5 / 9
29.
2 C
oope
rativ
e C
ompu
ting
/ Coo
pera
tion
Dim
ensi
on
Com
pute
r-Su
ppor
ted
coop
erat
ion
may
be
cate
gori
zed
acco
rdin
g to
the
foll
owin
g pa
ram
eter
s:T
ime: –
Asy
nchr
onou
s co
oper
ativ
e w
ork
(not
at t
he s
ame
time)
–S
ynch
rono
us c
oope
rativ
e w
ork
(at t
he s
ame
time)
Use
r Sc
ale:
–S
ingl
e us
ers,
two
user
s (“
dial
ogue
, poi
nt to
poi
nt“,
dire
ct c
oope
ratio
n) o
r gr
oups
with
mor
e th
an tw
o us
ers
–S
tatic
or
dyna
mic
gro
ups,
if e
ither
the
mem
bers
are
pre
-det
erm
ined
or
not
Con
trol
:–
Cen
tral
ized
- w
hen
cont
rolle
d by
a “
chai
rman
“–
Dis
trib
uted
- w
hen
cont
rol p
rovi
de c
onsi
sten
t coo
pera
tion
Loc
alit
y:–
Coo
pera
tion
at th
e sa
me
plac
e–
Tel
e-co
oper
atio
n of
use
rs a
t diff
eren
t pla
ces
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
6 / 9
29.
2 C
oope
rativ
e C
ompu
ting
/ Coo
pera
tion
Aw
aren
ess
Coo
pera
tion-
tran
spar
ent s
yste
ms
–E
xist
ing
appl
icat
ion
exte
nded
for
coop
erat
ion
(Sin
gle
user
doc
umen
t edi
tors
exp
ande
d fo
r si
mul
tane
ous
editi
ng o
f a s
hare
d
docu
men
t am
ong
seve
ral u
sers
, e.g
. som
e te
xt p
roce
ssor
s)
Coo
pera
tion-
awar
e sy
stem
s
–D
edic
ated
sof
twar
e ap
plic
atio
n fo
r C
SC
W
(e.g
. Lot
us N
otes
, con
fere
ncin
g sy
stem
s)
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
7 / 9
29.
2 C
oope
rativ
e C
ompu
ting
/ Gro
up C
omm
unic
atio
n A
rchi
tect
ure
Com
mun
icat
ion
(Tra
nspo
rt)
Supp
ort
Con
fere
ncin
g
Gro
up
Ren
devo
us
App
licat
ion
Shar
ing
Gro
up C
omm
unic
atio
n A
gent
Com
mun
icat
ion
(Tra
nspo
rt)
Supp
ort
Con
fere
ncin
g
Gro
up
Ren
devo
us
App
licat
ion
Shar
ing
Gro
up C
omm
unic
atio
n A
gent
Com
mun
icat
ion
(Tra
nspo
rt)
Supp
ort
Con
fere
ncin
g
Gro
up
Ren
devo
us
App
licat
ion
Shar
ing
Gro
up C
omm
unic
atio
n A
gent
Mul
ticas
tC
omm
unic
atio
nN
etw
ork
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
8 / 9
29.
2 C
oope
rativ
e C
ompu
ting
/ Gro
up C
omm
unic
atio
n A
rchi
tect
ure
Gro
up c
omm
unic
atio
n:–
sync
hron
ous
or
–as
ynch
rono
us c
omm
unic
atio
n of
mul
tiple
use
rs
Supp
ort M
odel
:–
With
gro
up c
omm
unic
atio
n ag
ents
(co
oper
atin
g vi
a a
mul
ticas
t net
wor
k)
–G
roup
ren
devo
us (
orga
niza
tion
of m
eetin
gs a
nd d
eliv
erin
g in
form
atio
n)
–Sh
ared
app
licat
ions
(si
mul
tane
ous
repl
icat
ion
and
mod
ifica
tion
of in
form
atio
nto
mul
tiple
use
rs, e
.g. t
elep
oint
ing,
join
t edi
ting)
–C
onfe
renc
ing
Syst
em M
odel
:–
clie
nt-s
erve
r m
odel
Inte
rfac
e M
odel
:–
exch
angi
ng in
form
atio
n w
ithin
the
supp
ort m
odel
(ob
ject
orie
nted
)
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
9 / 9
29.
2 C
oope
rativ
e C
ompu
ting
/ Gro
up C
omm
unic
atio
n A
rchi
tect
ure
Clie
nts:
–U
ser
inte
rfac
es s
uppo
rtin
g in
tera
ctio
n be
twee
n gr
oup
mem
ebrs
and
the
syst
em
Serv
ers:
–S
peci
aliz
ed s
erve
rs fo
r di
ffere
nt ta
sks
of th
e gr
oup
com
mun
icat
ion
wor
k, e
.g.
·D
irec
tory
ser
ver
(for
gro
up r
ende
zvou
s se
rvic
es)
·A
pplic
atio
n sh
arin
g se
rver
·C
onfe
renc
e se
rver
·M
ultim
edia
ser
ver
(for
inte
rmed
ia s
ynch
roni
zatio
n)
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
10 /
929.
2 C
oope
rativ
e C
ompu
ting
/ Gro
up C
omm
unic
atio
n A
rchi
tect
ure
Use
r Pr
esen
tati
on P
roto
cols
:
Bet
wee
n th
e cl
ient
s, e
.g.
–O
pen,
clo
se, d
ynam
ical
ly jo
in o
r le
ave
a m
eetin
g
–F
loor
pas
sing
Gro
up W
ork
Man
agem
ent P
roto
cols
:
Bet
wee
n th
e cl
ient
s an
d th
e se
rver
s, e
.g.
–R
egis
trat
ion
of m
eetin
gs
–Q
uerie
s fo
r in
form
atio
n ab
out m
eetin
gs
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
11 /
929.
2 C
oope
rativ
e C
ompu
ting
/ Gro
up R
ende
zvou
s
Setti
ng u
p of
gro
up a
nd d
eliv
erin
g in
form
atio
n ab
out g
roup
s an
d m
eetin
gs
Syn
chro
nous
Ren
dezv
ous
Met
hods
(e.
g. s
dr -
MB
one´
s se
ssio
n di
rect
ory
tool
):
Exp
lizit
invi
tatio
ns (
poin
t-to
-poi
nt o
r po
int-
to-m
ultip
oint
)–
Initi
ator
of a
mee
ting
has
to k
now
whe
re u
sers
res
ide
Usi
ng d
irec
tory
ser
vice
s (X
.500
), k
now
ledg
e ba
se w
ith in
form
atio
n ab
out t
he
mee
ting
, e.g
.–
Nam
e of
the
mee
ting/
conf
eren
ce
–R
egis
tere
d or
aut
hor
ized
par
ticip
ants
–R
ole
of p
artic
ipan
ts
Asy
nchr
onou
s R
ende
zvou
s M
etho
ds:
–U
sin
g e-
mai
l
–U
sing
bul
letin
boa
rds
(loca
l bul
letin
boa
rds
or W
orld
Wid
e W
eb)
–S
impl
e C
onfe
renc
e A
nnou
ncem
ent P
roto
col (
Dra
ft, 1
996)
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
12 /
929.
2 C
oope
rativ
e C
ompu
ting
/ Gro
up R
ende
zvou
s
Use
d in
tele
-con
fere
ncin
g fo
r co
oper
ativ
e do
cum
ent e
ditin
g an
d so
ftw
are
deve
lopm
ent
Shar
ed o
bjec
ts (
docu
men
ts)
disp
laye
d in
sha
red
win
dow
s
Shar
ed a
ppli
cati
on p
rogr
am (
e.g.
text
pro
cess
or)
exec
utes
inpu
t fro
m a
part
icip
ant
Exe
cutio
n re
sult
s on
the
docu
men
t dis
trib
uted
am
ong
all p
artic
ipan
ts
App
licat
ion
shar
ing
arch
itect
ure
–C
entr
aliz
ed
–R
eplic
ated
Con
sist
ency
of
shar
ed o
bjec
ts
Floo
r pa
ssin
g co
ntro
l
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
13 /
929.
3 A
pplic
atio
n Sh
arin
g A
ppro
ach
Cen
tral
ized
:é
Sing
le c
opy
of th
e sh
ared
app
licat
ion
runs
at o
ne s
ite
éA
ll in
put f
orw
arde
d to
the
loca
l site
éO
utpu
t (sh
ared
doc
umen
t) d
istr
ibut
ed to
all
site
s
+E
asy
cons
iste
ncy
mai
nten
ance
(on
ly o
ne c
opy
of th
e ap
plic
atio
n)
−H
igh
netw
ork
traf
fic
(for
out
put d
istr
ibut
ion)
−R
elat
ivel
y un
relia
ble
(if
cent
ral f
ails
then
eve
ryth
ing
is d
own)
Rep
licat
ed:
éC
opy
of th
e sh
ared
app
licat
ion
runs
loca
lly a
t eac
h si
te
éIn
put d
istr
ibut
ed to
all
site
s
+L
ow n
etw
ork
traf
fic
and
resp
onse
tim
es (
only
dis
trib
utio
n) a
part
fro
m th
e(e
norm
ous?
) tr
affi
c ar
isin
g fr
om c
onsi
sten
cy m
aint
enan
ce
−D
iffi
cult
cons
iste
ncy
mai
nten
ance
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
14 /
929.
3 A
pplic
atio
n Sh
arin
g A
ppro
ach
/ Arc
hite
ctur
e
cent
raliz
ed
Shar
ed A
pplic
atio
n
Net
wor
kSh
ared
Win
dow
Floo
r H
olde
r
Shar
ed W
indo
w
Inpu
tO
utpu
t Ì b
ottle
neck
outp
ut
Shar
ed W
indo
w
Floo
r H
olde
rre
plic
ated
Shar
ed A
pplic
atio
n
Net
wor
kSh
ared
Win
dow
Floo
r H
olde
r
Inpu
tO
utpu
t
Shar
ed A
pplic
atio
n
Inpu
tO
utpu
t
inpu
t cons
iste
ncy
trou
ble
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
15 /
929.
3 A
pplic
atio
n Sh
arin
g A
ppro
ach
/ Rep
licat
ed A
rchi
tect
ure
Con
sist
ency
Mai
nten
ance
of
Shar
ed D
ocum
ents
, e.g
.
–C
entr
aliz
ed lo
cks
–D
epen
denc
y de
tect
ions
–F
loor
pas
sing
Floo
r Pa
ssin
g C
ontr
ol:
Floo
r ho
lder
has
rig
ht to
man
ipul
ate
shar
ed d
ocum
ents
in s
hare
d w
indo
ws,
e.g
.
–O
pen
or c
lose
sha
red
win
dow
s
–Lo
ad a
doc
umen
t int
o a
shar
ed w
indo
w
–Is
sue
inpu
t to
shar
ed a
pplic
atio
n
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
16 /
929.
3 A
pplic
atio
n Sh
arin
g A
ppro
ach
/ Arc
hite
ctur
e CSC
WC
ontr
ol
Inpu
t Dis
play
Shar
ed D
ata
Shar
edPr
ogra
m
Mer
ged
Inpu
t
CSC
WC
ontr
ol
Inpu
t Dis
play
Shar
ed D
ata
Shar
edPr
ogra
m
Mer
ged
Inpu
t
CSC
WC
ontr
ol
Inpu
t Dis
play
Shar
ed D
ata
Shar
edPr
ogra
m
Mer
ged
Inpu
t
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
17 /
929.
3 A
pplic
atio
n Sh
arin
g A
ppro
ach
/ Arc
hite
ctur
e
CSC
W (
com
pute
r su
ppor
ted
coop
erat
ive
wor
k)
cont
rol c
ompo
nent
che
cks
wet
her
the
activ
e si
te is
flo
or h
olde
r
–flo
or h
olde
r ac
cept
s an
d pr
oces
ses
inpu
ts; d
istr
ibut
es in
pute
s to
oth
er s
ites
–no
floo
r ho
lder
s: d
isca
rds
its o
wn
inpu
ts; a
ccep
ts in
put w
hich
com
es fr
om o
ther
site
s
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
18 /
929.
4 A
udio
/Vid
eo C
onfe
renc
ing
Man
agem
ent s
ervi
ce w
hich
con
trol
s si
mul
tane
ous
face
-to-
face
com
mun
icta
ion
betw
een
mul
tipl
e us
ers
usin
g m
ultip
le m
edia
(vi
deo,
aud
io e
tc.)
Vid
eo:
–C
onfe
renc
e pa
rtic
ipan
ts (
all,
a fe
w, s
peak
er o
r m
oder
ator
onl
y)
–La
rge
vide
o w
alls
with
mul
tiple
hig
h-re
solu
tion
scre
ens
may
be
used
esp
ecia
lly fo
r
·C
onfe
renc
es w
ith m
ore
than
four
par
ticip
ants
·D
ispl
ay o
f vie
w-g
raph
s, im
ages
, ani
mat
ions
etc
.
Aud
io (
true
ful
l-du
plex
hig
h-qu
ality
com
mun
icta
ion
with
ech
o ca
ncel
latio
n):
–D
iscu
ssio
ns
–Im
port
ant f
or c
larif
ying
vis
ual i
nfor
mat
ion
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
19 /
929.
4 A
udio
/Vid
eo C
onfe
renc
ing
Serv
ices
Req
uire
men
ts:
–H
igh
band
wid
th (
for
data
-inte
nsiv
e m
edia
)
–Lo
w la
tenc
y (f
or u
ser
inte
ract
ivity
)
–D
istr
ibut
ed m
essa
ging
of d
ata
and
cont
rol i
nfor
mat
ion
Con
fere
nce
Con
trol
:–
Man
agem
ent o
f con
fere
nces
(E
stab
lishi
ng, C
losi
ng, A
ddin
g/re
mov
ing
user
s)
–P
rovi
ding
info
rmat
ion
abou
t con
fere
nces
(C
onfe
renc
e na
me,
dur
atio
n, e
tc.)
Cen
tral
ized
or
dist
ribu
ted
cont
rol
–C
entr
aliz
ed c
ontr
ol is
eas
y to
impl
emen
t
–D
istr
ibut
ed c
ontr
ol is
muc
h m
ore
com
plic
ated
but
less
sen
sitiv
e to
failu
re(c
entr
al c
ontr
ol d
oes
not w
ork
if ce
nral
is in
oper
ativ
e)
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
20 /
929.
4 A
udio
/Vid
eo C
onfe
renc
ing
/ Con
trol
Stat
e In
form
atio
n of
the
Con
fere
nce,
e.g
.:–
Con
fere
nce
nam
e
–S
tart
of t
he c
onfe
renc
e
–P
olic
ies
asso
ciat
ed w
ith th
e co
nfer
ence
–P
artic
ipan
ts
–D
urat
ion
–T
opic
Func
tions
:–
Est
ablis
hing
a c
onfe
renc
e (u
sers
agr
ee u
pon
a co
mm
on c
onfe
renc
e st
ate,
e.g
.en
codi
ng r
ules
, acc
ess
right
s, c
hairm
an o
f the
con
fere
nce)
–A
ddin
g ne
w p
artic
ipan
ts a
nd r
emov
ing
part
icip
ants
dur
ing
a co
nfer
ence
–C
losi
ng a
con
fere
nce
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
21 /
929.
4 A
udio
/Vid
eo C
onfe
renc
ing
/ Con
trol
- C
entr
aliz
ed
Cen
tral
Ser
ver:
–S
tore
s th
e co
nfer
ence
sta
te (
i.e. c
onfe
renc
e st
ate
is c
enra
lly o
rgan
ized
)
–M
anag
es c
onfe
renc
e co
ntro
l
–Is
abl
e to
exc
hang
e ex
plic
ity th
e co
nfer
ence
sta
te
Est
ablis
hmen
t of
a C
onfe
renc
e w
ith C
entr
aliz
ed C
ontr
ol:
1. In
itiat
ion
(of t
he c
hairm
an)
of th
e co
nfer
ence
sel
ects
an
initi
al g
roup
of p
artic
ipan
ts
2. H
e in
quire
s ad
dres
ses
of th
e co
nfer
ence
par
ticip
ants
from
a c
enra
l dire
ctor
y se
ver.
3. T
hese
par
ticip
ants
are
exp
licitl
y in
vite
d.
4. E
ach
invi
ted
clie
nt r
espo
nds
to th
e in
vita
tion
Í in
itiat
or is
info
rmed
who
will
par
ticip
ate.
5. N
egot
iatio
n of
con
fere
nce
polic
ies
and
adm
issi
on o
f res
ourc
es a
re p
erfo
rmed
.
T
his
shar
ed c
onfe
rnce
sta
te is
sto
red
on a
cen
tral
ser
ver
and
dist
ribut
ed to
all
p
artic
ipan
ts u
sing
a r
elia
ble
mes
sagi
ng s
ervi
ce.
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
22 /
929.
4 A
udio
/Vid
eo C
onfe
renc
ing
/ Con
trol
- D
istr
ibut
ed
Dis
trib
uted
Con
trol
:
–M
anag
es no
glo
bal n
otio
ns o
f gro
up m
embe
rshi
p
–G
ives
no c
onsi
sten
cy g
uara
ntee
s (s
ame
stat
e vi
ew b
y al
l par
ticip
ants
)
–E
xcha
nges
per
iodi
cally
the
conf
eren
ce s
tatu
s be
twee
n th
e pa
rtic
ipan
ts to
min
imiz
e th
e lo
ose
of c
ontr
ol b
y an
unr
elia
ble
mes
sagi
ng s
ervi
ce
Est
ablis
hmen
t of
a C
onfe
renc
e w
ith D
istr
ibut
ed C
ontr
ol:
1. In
itiat
or o
f the
con
fere
nce
esta
blis
hes
a m
ultic
ast s
pace
(m
ultic
ast t
unne
l in
MB
one)
with
mul
ticas
t ent
ries.
2. P
artic
ipan
ts jo
in th
e co
nfer
ence
by
tuni
ng in
to a
par
ticul
ar m
ultic
ast e
ntry
(
mul
ticas
t add
ress
) an
noun
ced
by g
roup
ren
dezv
ous
mea
ns (
sdr
in M
Bon
e)
3. E
ach
part
icip
ant i
nfor
ms
the
othe
rs a
bout
his
ow
n st
atus
.
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
23 /
929.
4 A
udio
/Vid
eo C
onfe
renc
ing
/ Ses
sion
Man
agem
ent A
rchi
tect
ure
Cen
tral
ized
Con
fere
nce
Con
trol
:+
Gua
rant
eed
cons
iste
ncy
of th
e co
nfer
ence
sta
te
+E
asy
to im
plem
ent
–A
ddin
g of
a n
ew p
artic
ipan
t cau
ses
larg
e de
lays
(ex
plic
it ex
chan
ge o
f the
con
fere
nce
stat
e am
ong
all p
artic
ipan
ts)
–D
iffic
ult r
eest
ablis
hmen
t of t
he c
onfe
renc
e st
ate
afte
r a
link
failu
re
Dis
trib
uted
Con
fere
nce
Con
trol
:+
Fau
lt to
lera
nce
(eas
y re
esta
blis
hmen
t afte
r ne
twor
k lin
k fa
ilure
s)
+W
ell s
uite
d fo
r sm
all c
onfe
renc
es
–T
he c
onfe
renc
es p
artic
ipan
ts m
ay n
ot h
ave
the
sam
e vi
ew o
f the
sta
te s
pace
–H
ard
to im
plem
ent,
cost
ly, d
iffic
ult t
o un
ders
tand
Rep
licat
ed C
onfe
renc
e C
ontr
ol:
+Lo
w “
requ
est r
espo
nse
time“
–A
ddin
g of
a n
ew p
artic
ipan
ts c
ause
s la
rge
dela
ys (
expl
icit
exch
ange
of t
he c
onfe
renc
est
ate
amon
g al
l par
ticip
ants
)
–H
ighe
r ne
twor
k lo
ad
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
24 /
929.
4 A
udio
/Vid
eo C
onfe
renc
ing
/ Ses
sion
Man
agem
ent A
rchi
tect
ure
Sess
ion
Man
agem
ent:
–Im
port
ant p
art o
f the
mul
timed
ia a
rchi
tect
ure
–S
epar
ates
the
cont
rol p
art a
nd th
e da
ta p
art f
rom
the
actu
al tr
ansp
ort
The
ent
ity
whi
ch ta
kes
this
on
is c
alle
d Se
ssio
n M
anag
er:
–In
clu
ding
loca
l and
–R
emot
e fu
ncto
nalit
ies
Med
ia A
gent
s:
–A
re s
epar
ate
from
the
sess
on m
anag
er a
nd
–ha
ve th
e R
espo
nsib
ility
for
deci
sion
s sp
ecifi
c to
eac
h ty
pe o
n m
edia
Shar
ed W
orks
pace
Age
nt:
–T
rans
mits
sha
red
obje
cts
amon
g th
e sh
ared
app
licat
ions
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
25 /
929.
4 A
udio
/Vid
eo C
onfe
renc
ing
/ Ses
sion
Man
agem
ent F
unct
iona
litie
s
Loc
al f
unct
iona
litie
s:
–M
embe
rshi
p co
ntro
l man
agem
ent (
e.g.
: par
ticip
ant a
uthe
ntic
atio
n)
–C
ontr
ol m
anag
emen
t (fo
r sh
ared
wor
kspa
ce, s
uch
as fl
oor
cont
rol)
–M
edia
con
trol
man
agem
ent (
e.g.
: com
mun
icat
ion
amon
g m
edia
age
nts)
–C
onfig
urat
ion
man
agem
ent (
such
as
exch
ange
of i
nter
rela
ted
QoS
par
amet
ers
or
sele
ctio
n of
app
ropr
iate
ser
vice
s ac
cord
ing
to Q
oS)
–C
onfe
renc
e co
ntro
l man
agem
ent (
such
as
esta
blis
hmen
t, m
odifi
catio
n an
d
clos
ing
of a
con
fere
nce)
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
26 /
929.
4 A
udio
/Vid
eo C
onfe
renc
ing
/ Ses
sion
Man
agem
ent F
unct
iona
litie
s
Man
agem
ent t
asks
:
–co
nfig
urat
ion
man
agem
ent
–fa
ult
man
agem
ent
–pe
rfor
man
ce m
anag
emen
t
–ac
coun
ting
man
agem
ent
–se
curit
y m
anag
emen
t
Rem
ote
func
tiona
litie
s:
–C
omm
unic
atio
n w
ith o
ther
ses
sion
man
ager
s
–E
xcha
nge
of s
tate
info
rmat
ion
whi
ch m
ay in
clud
e flo
or in
form
atio
n,
conf
igur
atio
n in
form
atio
n, e
tc.
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
27 /
929.
4 A
udio
/Vid
eo C
onfe
renc
ing
/ Med
ia-
and
Shar
ed W
orks
pace
Age
nt
Med
ia A
gent
s:–
Are
sep
arat
ed fr
om th
e se
ssio
n m
anag
er
–E
ach
type
of m
edia
ow
ns it
s pe
rson
al m
edia
age
nt
–E
ach
Med
ia A
gent
per
form
s its
ow
n co
ntro
l mec
hani
sm o
ver
the
part
icul
arm
ediu
m, s
uch
as·
Mut
e / u
nmut
e
·C
hang
e vi
deo
qual
ity
·S
tart
/ st
op s
endi
ng
Shar
ed W
orks
pace
Age
nt: T
rans
mits
sha
red
obje
cts
amon
g th
e sh
ared
appl
icat
ions
, suc
h as
–T
elep
oint
er c
oord
inat
es
–G
raph
ical
or
text
ual o
bjec
ts
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
28 /
929.
4 A
udio
/Vid
eo C
onfe
renc
ing
/ Ses
sion
Con
trol
Arc
hite
ctur
e
Sess
ion
Man
ager
Mem
bers
hip
Con
trol
Con
figu
ratio
nC
ontr
ol
Con
fere
nce
Con
trol
Med
iaC
ontr
ol
Floo
r C
ontr
olSe
ssio
n C
ontr
ol P
roto
col
Whi
tebo
ard
Age
ntV
ideo
A
gent
Aud
io
Age
ntSe
nsor
yD
ata
Age
nt
Med
ia
Age
nt
Shar
edW
orks
pace
Age
nt
Rel
iabl
e T
rans
port
Pro
toco
l
Rea
l-T
ime
Prot
ocol
Rea
l-T
ime
Prot
ocol
Rea
l-T
ime
Prot
ocol
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
29 /
929.
4 A
udio
/Vid
eo C
onfe
renc
ing
/ Ses
sion
Con
trol
Arc
hite
ctur
e
Eac
h se
ssio
n is
des
crib
ed th
roug
h its
ses
sion
sta
te, e
.g.:
–st
art t
ime
of s
essi
on
–po
licie
s as
soci
ated
with
a s
essi
on
–se
ssio
n na
me
The
ses
sion
sta
te in
form
atio
n is
eith
er
–P
rivat
e (e
.g.:
loca
l res
ourc
es)
or
–P
ublic
and
sha
red
amon
g al
l ses
sion
s pa
rtic
ipan
ts
Sess
ion
stat
es a
re c
hang
ed d
urin
g es
tabl
ishm
ent o
r m
odif
icat
ion
of a
ses
sion
:
–S
essi
on m
anag
er n
egot
iate
s, a
gree
s an
d se
ts th
e lo
gica
l sta
te o
f its
ow
n se
ssio
n
–It
nego
tiate
s, a
gree
s an
d se
ts b
illin
g po
licy
with
oth
er s
essi
on m
anag
ers
·F
urth
er, i
t per
mits
“pu
blis
hing
“ a
sess
ion,
allo
win
g ot
hers
to jo
in a
ses
sion
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
30 /
929.
4 A
udio
/Vid
eo C
onfe
renc
ing
/ Fur
ther
Con
trol
s
Tas
ks o
f th
e Fl
oor
Con
trol
:–
Pro
vide
s ac
cess
to th
e sh
ared
wor
kspa
ce
–M
aint
ains
dat
a co
nsis
tenc
y
Con
trol
s th
e le
vel o
f si
mul
tani
ty a
nd g
ranu
lari
ty f
or a
cces
s co
ntro
l, fi
negr
anul
arit
y–
for
sim
ulta
neou
s us
e
–fo
r nu
mbe
r lo
cks
Exa
mpl
e fo
r a
sim
ple
floo
r co
ntro
l: fl
oor-
pass
ing
mec
hani
sm–
At a
ny ti
me
only
one
par
ticip
ant h
as th
e flo
or (
toke
n pr
inci
ple)
–T
he fl
oor
is h
ande
d of
f to
anot
her
part
icip
ant w
hen
requ
este
d
–T
o ob
tain
the
floor
; th
e pa
rtic
ipan
t mus
t exp
licity
take
act
ion
to s
igna
l a fl
oor
chan
ge
With
rea
l-ti
me
audi
o th
e fl
oor
cont
rol p
rom
otes
turn
-tak
ings
Floo
r co
ntro
l for
rea
l-tim
e au
dio
is o
ften
use
d to
con
trol
ban
dwid
th u
sage
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
31 /
929.
4 A
udio
/Vid
eo C
onfe
renc
ing
/ Fur
ther
Con
trol
s
Con
fere
nce
Con
trol
:
–F
or a
com
paris
on b
etw
een
cent
raliz
ed a
nd d
istr
ibut
ed r
eplic
ated
con
fere
ncin
g
cont
rol p
leas
e se
e fu
rthe
r lit
erat
ure.
Med
ia C
ontr
ol:
–In
clu
des
mai
nly
a fu
nctio
nally
for
the
sync
hron
izat
ion
of m
edia
str
eam
s.
Con
figu
ratio
n C
ontr
ol:
–In
clu
des
a co
ntro
l of m
edia
qua
lity,
QoS
han
dlin
g, r
esou
rce
avai
labi
lity
and
othe
r sy
stem
s co
mpo
nent
s to
pro
vide
a s
essi
on a
ccor
ding
to u
sers
req
uire
men
ts.
Mem
bers
hip
Con
trol
:
–In
clu
des
serv
ices
for
invi
tatio
n to
and
reg
istr
atio
n in
to a
ses
sion
as
wel
l as
mod
ifica
tion
of th
e m
embe
rshi
pshi
p du
ring
a se
ssio
n.
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
32 /
929.
5 T
rans
port
Sub
syst
ems
Mul
tim
edia
app
lica
tion
s de
man
d hi
gh r
equi
rem
ents
on
netw
ork
prot
ocol
s:
1. H
igh
data
thro
ughp
ut
–de
liver
as
muc
h da
ta a
s po
ssib
le
2. F
ast d
ata
forw
ardi
ng
–de
liver
dat
a as
fast
as
poss
ible
3. S
ervi
ce g
uara
ntee
s
–de
liver
dat
a w
ith th
e ne
gotia
ted
polic
ies
4. M
ultic
asti
ng
–1:
n an
d n:
m p
oint
com
mun
icat
ion
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
33 /
929.
5 T
rans
port
Sub
syst
ems
Mos
t tra
nspo
rt p
roto
cols
are
des
igne
d fo
r un
relia
ble
and
“rel
ativ
e sl
ow“
netw
orks
.
Mod
ern
high
spee
d ne
twor
ks, s
uch
as A
TM
, nee
d ne
w tr
ansp
ort p
roto
cols
that
con
sid
er
the
pro
pe
rtie
s o
f th
is n
ew
ne
two
rk te
chn
olo
gy.
Fibe
r
wir
eles
s
Err
or r
ate
10-1
4
Err
or r
ate
10-1
4
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
34 /
929.
5 T
rans
port
Sub
syst
ems
1. D
ata
thro
ughp
ut:
–A
udio
and
vid
eo d
ata
rese
mbl
e a
stre
am-li
ke b
ehav
ior
–E
ven
in c
ompr
esse
d m
ode,
they
dem
and
high
dat
a th
roug
hput
(16
kbi
t/s fo
rco
mpr
esse
d A
udio
, 64
kbit/
s fo
r or
igin
al P
CM
-aud
io, 2
Mbi
t/s fo
r M
PE
G-c
oded
vide
o)
–In
a w
orks
tatio
n or
net
wor
k se
vera
l of t
hose
str
eam
s m
ay e
xist
con
curr
ently
–T
elep
hone
ser
vice
s or
vid
eo c
onfe
renc
ing
dem
and
real
-tim
e co
mpu
ting
of th
eda
ta s
trea
ms
Thi
s re
quir
es h
igh
perf
orm
ance
wor
ksta
tions
whi
ch a
re a
ble
to c
ompu
te s
ever
al
mul
tim
edia
str
eam
s si
mul
tane
ousl
y an
d ca
n tr
ansm
it th
e pa
cket
s in
app
ropr
iate
spee
d to
the
netw
ork
inte
rfac
e.
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
35 /
929.
5 T
rans
port
Sub
syst
ems
If a
lloca
ted
capa
city
is to
o lo
w a
t a g
iven
tim
e:
1. M
aybe
buf
feri
ng w
ill h
elp
2. G
race
ful d
egra
datio
n of
qua
lity;
e.g
.·
skip
on
mor
e B
-fra
mes
in a
n M
PE
G s
trea
m·
redu
ce n
umbe
r of
col
ours
·re
duce
num
ber
of fr
ames
peak
rat
e
aver
age
rate
sust
aina
ble
rate
time
data
rat
e
I-fr
ame
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
36 /
929.
5 T
rans
port
Sub
syst
ems
2. F
ast d
ata
forw
ardi
ng:
–E
nd-t
o-en
d de
lay
is li
miti
ng in
the
end
by th
e sp
eed
of li
ght b
ut a
lso
by th
ein
term
edia
te n
etw
ork
node
s (r
oute
r)
–D
iffer
ent a
pplic
atio
ns r
equi
re d
ata
mov
emen
t ran
ging
from
nor
mal
err
or fr
eeda
ta tr
ansm
issi
on to
tim
e-co
nstr
ain
traf
fic
–R
eal t
ime
com
mun
icat
ion
dem
ands
low
end
-to-
end
dela
ys -
typi
cally
max
. 200
mse
c -
and
low
jitte
r -
varia
tion
of p
acke
t-in
ter-
arriv
al-t
ime.
–F
ast d
ata
deliv
erin
g fo
rces
inte
llige
nt a
ckno
wle
dgm
ent m
echa
nism
s, b
ecau
sese
nd-a
nd-w
ait s
trat
egie
s ar
e no
t sui
tabl
e.
–E
rror
free
dat
a de
liver
ing
and
real
tim
e co
mm
unic
atio
n re
quire
men
ts a
redi
fficu
lt to
gra
nt a
t the
sam
e tim
e, b
ecau
se e
rror
free
dat
a de
liver
ing
forc
es d
ata
retr
ansm
issi
on w
hich
will
lead
the
high
del
ays
and
larg
e jit
ters
!
Í T
his
requ
ires
fast
del
iver
ing
from
the
netw
ork
and
inte
llige
nt p
roto
cols
whi
chtr
ansm
it on
ly n
eces
sary
traf
fic!
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
37 /
929.
5 T
rans
port
Sub
syst
ems
3. S
ervi
ce g
uara
ntee
s:–
Ser
vice
gua
rant
ees
are
impo
rtan
t for
the
acce
ptan
ce o
f dis
trib
uted
mul
timed
iaap
plic
atio
ns
–D
istr
ibut
ed m
ultim
edia
app
licat
ions
nee
d gu
aran
tees
, suc
h as
thro
ughp
ut ≥
min
valu
e, d
elay
≤ m
axva
lue
and
jitte
r ≤ m
axjit
ter
–T
o ac
hiev
e se
rvic
e gu
aran
tees
, res
ourc
e m
anag
emen
t mus
t be
used
- w
ithou
tth
is in
end
-sys
tem
s an
d sw
itche
s/ro
uter
s, m
ultim
edia
sys
tem
s ca
nnot
pro
vide
relia
ble
QoS
to th
eir
user
s be
caus
e tr
ansm
issi
on o
ver
unre
serv
ed r
esou
rces
may
lead
to d
ropp
ed o
r de
laye
d pa
cket
s
4. M
ultic
asti
ng:
–M
ultic
astin
g is
impo
rtan
t for
mul
timed
ia-d
istr
ibut
ed a
ppic
atio
ns in
term
s of
shar
ing
reso
urce
s lik
e th
e ne
twor
k ba
ndw
idth
–M
any
mul
timed
ia a
pplic
atio
ns, s
uch
as v
ideo
con
fere
ncin
g, h
ave
mul
ticas
ting
char
acte
ristic
s
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
38 /
929.
5 T
rans
port
Sub
syst
ems
Mul
timed
ia a
pplic
atio
ns g
ener
ate
and
cons
ume
huge
am
ount
of
data
and
lay
high
cla
ims
to th
e un
derl
ying
infr
astr
uctu
re a
nd c
omm
unic
atio
n ar
chite
ctur
e:
–D
ata
shou
ld b
e co
pied
dire
ctly
from
ada
pter
to a
dapt
er to
red
uce
copy
ove
rhea
d e.
g.:
from
the
vide
o bo
ard
to th
e ne
twor
k in
terf
ace
by u
sing
dire
ct m
emor
y ac
cess
(D
MA
).W
ith D
MA
tech
niqu
e, th
e ap
plic
atio
n its
elf n
ever
rea
lly to
uche
s th
e da
ta, i
t onl
y se
ts th
eco
rrec
t sw
itche
s fo
r th
e da
ta fl
ow b
y co
nnec
ting
sour
ces
to s
inks
.
–T
he d
ata
mov
emen
t inv
olve
d by
the
laye
red
stru
ctur
e of
the
prot
ocol
s fo
rm a
bot
tlene
ck,
henc
e ot
her
mec
hani
sms
mus
t be
foun
d.
–F
or e
rror
-rec
over
y so
me
prot
ocol
s us
e re
tran
smis
sion
tech
niqu
es w
hich
impo
sere
quire
men
ts o
n bu
ffer
spac
e fo
r qu
eues
at t
he e
xpan
se o
f lar
ger
end-
to-e
nd d
elay
s
–T
he s
ynch
rono
us b
ehav
ior
of m
ost m
ultim
edia
traf
fic s
trea
ms
mus
t be
map
ped
on th
eas
ynch
rono
us tr
ansf
er m
ode
of th
e un
derly
ing
netw
orks
Are
the
“old
“ tr
ansp
ort p
roto
cols
like
TC
P a
nd U
DP
sui
tabl
e fo
r m
ultim
edia
tran
smis
sion
and
whi
ch n
ew p
roto
cols
do
exis
t?
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
39 /
929.
6 Q
ualit
y of
Ser
vice
/ R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent
Res
ourc
eM
anag
emen
t
Net
wor
k L
evel
Switc
h
Resource Management
App
licat
ion
Lev
el
End
syst
em
Syst
emL
evel
Net
wor
kL
evel
MM
Dev
ice
Lev
el
Resource Management
App
licat
ion
Lev
el
End
syst
em
Syst
emL
evel
Net
wor
kL
evel
MM
Dev
ice
Lev
el
Net
wor
kN
etw
ork
Syst
em L
evel
Res
ourc
eM
anag
emen
t Pro
toco
l
App
licat
ion
Lev
el R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent P
roto
col
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
40 /
929.
6 Q
ualit
y of
Ser
vice
/ R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent
Mai
n go
al o
f R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent:
–pr
ovid
ing
guar
ante
ed d
eliv
ery
of m
ultim
edia
dat
a
Í th
ree
mai
n ac
tions
:
–re
serv
e an
d al
loca
te r
esou
rces
(en
d-to
-end
) du
ring
esta
blis
hmen
t
–pr
ovid
e re
sour
ce a
ccor
ding
to Q
oS s
peci
ficat
ion
–ad
apt t
o re
sour
ce c
hang
es d
urin
g da
ta p
roce
ssin
g
Rel
atio
ns b
etw
een
QoS
and
res
ourc
es:
–Q
oS p
aram
ente
rs
⇔ r
esou
rce
quan
tity
allo
cate
d to
the
serv
ice
and
reso
urce
sche
dulin
g Í R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent h
andl
es d
iffer
ent m
appi
ngs
bet
wee
n Q
oS
para
met
ers
and
thei
r co
rres
pond
ing
reso
urce
s
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
41 /
929.
6 Q
ualit
y of
Ser
vice
/ Q
oS N
egot
iatio
n
Bila
tera
l Pee
r-to
-Pee
r-N
egot
iatio
n:–
take
s pl
ace
betw
een
two
serv
ice
user
s
–se
rvic
e pr
ovid
er is
not
allo
wed
to m
odify
prop
osed
val
ues
–C
alle
e m
ay m
odify
pro
pose
d Q
oS v
alu
es
Bila
tera
l Lay
er-t
o-L
ayer
-Neg
otia
tion:
–ta
kes
plac
e be
twee
n se
rvic
e us
er a
nd s
ervi
cepr
ovid
er
–C
alle
e m
ay m
odify
pro
pose
d Q
oS v
alu
es
Uni
late
ral N
egot
iaito
n:–
Ser
vice
use
r or
ser
vice
pro
vide
r is
not
allo
wed
to m
odify
pro
pose
d va
lues
–ta
ke it
or
leav
e it
Cal
ler
Cal
lee
Ser
vice
Pro
vide
r
Pee
r-to
-Pee
rN
egot
iatio
n
t 1t 2
t 4t 3
Con
nect
C
onfi
rm
Con
nect
R
eque
stC
onne
ct
Indi
cati
onC
onne
ct
Res
pons
e
Req
uest
ed
QoS
Val
ue
Cha
nged
QoS
Val
ue
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
42 /
929.
6 Q
ualit
y of
Ser
vice
/ Q
oS N
egot
iatio
ns
Tri
angu
lar
Neg
otia
tion
for
a B
ound
ed T
arge
t:
QoS
rep
rese
nted
thro
ugh
two
boun
ds:
–ta
rget
(av
erag
e va
lue)
–lo
wes
t qua
lity
avai
labl
e (m
inim
al v
alue
)
Goa
l: ne
gotia
te ta
rget
val
ue
Tri
angu
lar
Neg
otia
tion
for
Con
trac
tual
Val
ue:
QoS
rep
rese
nted
thro
ugh
two
boun
ds:
–m
inim
al r
eque
sted
val
ue
–bo
und
of s
tren
gthe
ning
Goa
l: ag
ree
on a
con
trac
tual
val
ue “T
riang
ular
“:
C
allin
g us
er
Cal
led
Use
r
P
rovi
der
Cal
ler
Cal
lee
Ser
vice
Pro
vide
r
Pee
r-to
-Pee
rN
egot
iatio
n
t 1t 2
t 4t 3
Con
nect
C
onfi
rm
Con
nect
R
eque
stC
onne
ct
Indi
cati
onC
onne
ct
Res
pons
e
Ava
ilabl
e Q
oS V
alue
Sele
cted
QoS
Val
ueSe
lect
edQ
oS V
alue
Tar
get
QoS
Val
ue
Low
est Q
uali
tyA
ccep
tabl
e
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
43 /
929.
6 Q
ualit
y of
Ser
vice
/ Q
oS N
egot
iatio
ns
QoS
neg
otia
tion
are
pro
vide
d by
dif
fere
nt R
eser
vatio
n Pr
otoc
ols,
e.g
.
ST-I
I: (
Stre
am P
roto
col I
I)
QoS
par
amet
ers
rela
ted
to th
roug
hput
are
neg
otia
ted
with
tria
ngul
ar n
egot
iatio
nfo
r a
boun
ded
targ
et
QoS
par
amet
ers
rela
ted
to d
elay
are
not
neg
otia
ted
–ca
lling
use
r sp
ecifi
cs m
axim
um tr
ansi
t del
ay
–ea
ch S
T-a
gent
est
imat
e th
e av
erag
e tr
ansi
t del
ay
–pr
ovid
er p
rese
nts
tota
l est
imat
ed tr
ansi
t dea
ly in
the
indi
catio
n
–ca
lled
user
dec
ides
if th
e (e
xpec
ted)
del
ay is
suf
ficie
nt
QoS
par
amet
ers
rela
ted
to e
rror
con
trol
are
not
neg
otia
ted
RSV
P (R
eser
vatio
n P
roto
col)
, RC
AP:
QoS
par
amet
ers
are
nego
tiate
d w
ith tr
iang
ular
neg
otia
tion
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
44 /
929.
6 Q
ualit
y of
Ser
vice
/ T
rans
latio
n
Dif
fere
nt c
ompo
nent
s re
quir
e di
ffer
ent Q
oS p
aram
eter
s
Í tr
ansl
atio
n du
ring
con
nect
ion
esta
blis
hmen
t bet
wee
n la
yers
:
Hum
an I
nter
face
- A
pplic
atio
n Q
oS
–tu
nin
g se
rvic
e: p
rovi
des
Gra
phic
al U
ser
Inte
rfac
e (G
UI)
for
inpu
t/out
put
of
appl
icat
ion
QoS
App
licat
ion
QoS
- S
yste
m Q
oS
–e.
g. tr
ansl
ates
vid
eo fr
ame
size
to tr
ansp
ort p
acke
t siz
e
–m
ay b
e co
nnec
ted
with
seg
men
tatio
n/re
asse
mbl
y fu
nctio
ns
Syst
em Q
oS -
Net
wor
k Q
oS
–m
aps
syst
em Q
oS (
e.g.
tran
spor
t pac
ket e
nd-t
o-en
d de
lay)
to th
e ne
twor
k Q
oS
para
met
ers
(e.g
. end
-to-
end
dela
y of
cel
ls in
AT
M)
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
45 /
929.
6 Q
ualit
y of
Ser
vice
/ T
rans
latio
n &
Sca
ling
Tra
nsla
tion
is b
idir
ectio
nal Í
cau
ses
prob
lem
s:
Exa
mpl
e: v
ideo
rat
e an
d vi
deo
fram
e si
ze d
eter
min
e th
e th
roug
hput
for
the
netw
ork
- if
the
thro
ughp
ut is
rel
axed
, it m
ay tr
ansl
ate
into
eith
er lo
wer
ing
the
qual
ity o
f th
e im
age
(fra
me
size
) or
the
fram
e ra
te
Scal
ing:
sub
sam
ple
a da
ta s
trea
m to
pre
sent
a f
ract
ion
of it
s or
igin
al c
onte
nts
–tr
ansp
aren
t sca
ling:
can
be
aplie
d in
depe
nden
tly fr
om u
pper
pro
toco
l lay
ers,
e.g
.
drop
pin
g so
me
iden
tifia
ble
port
ions
of d
ata
stre
am
–no
n-tr
ansp
aren
t sca
ling:
req
uire
s in
tera
ctio
ns o
f the
tran
spor
t sys
tem
with
upp
er
laye
rs, e
.g. m
odifi
catio
n of
som
e co
ding
alg
orith
m p
aram
eter
s or
rec
ordi
ng in
a
diffe
rent
form
at
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
46 /
929.
6 Q
ualit
y of
Ser
vice
/ Sc
alin
g
Scal
ing
can
be a
ppli
ed to
aud
io a
nd v
ideo
dat
a:
tran
spar
ent s
cali
ng is
dif
ficu
lt fo
r au
dio,
bec
ause
pre
sent
ing
a fr
actio
n is
eas
ilyno
tice
d by
the
hum
an li
sten
er Í
non
-tra
nspa
rent
sca
ling
, e.g
. cha
ngin
g th
esa
mpl
e ra
te
For
vide
o, s
calin
g m
etho
d de
pend
s on
the
unde
rlyi
ng c
ompr
essi
on m
etho
ds:
–T
empo
ral s
calin
g re
duce
s nu
mbe
r of
tran
smitt
ed v
ideo
fram
es, b
est s
uite
d fo
rvi
deo
with
indi
vid
ual s
elf-
cont
aine
d fr
ames
–S
patia
l sca
ling
redu
ces
num
ber
of p
ixel
s of
eac
h im
age
–F
requ
ency
sca
ling
redu
ces
te n
umbe
r of
DC
T c
oeffi
cien
ts in
cod
ing
algo
rithm
–A
mpl
itude
sca
ling
redu
ces
the
colo
r de
pth
by in
trod
ucin
g a
coar
ser
quan
tizat
ion
of th
e D
CT
coe
ffici
ents
–C
olor
spa
ce s
calin
g, e
.g. s
witc
hing
from
col
or to
gre
y-sc
ale
pres
enta
tion
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
47 /
929.
7 R
esou
rce
Adm
issi
on C
ontr
ol /
Res
erva
tion
Mod
el
Adm
issi
on C
ontr
ol c
heck
s re
sour
ces
alon
g th
e ne
twor
k pa
th f
or a
vaila
bilit
y
Thr
ee r
eser
vatio
n m
odel
s:
–S
ingl
e S
erve
r/S
ingl
e R
ecei
ver
(e.g
. RC
AP
)
–S
ingl
e S
erve
r/M
ultip
le R
ecei
ver
(e.g
. ST
-II)
–M
ultip
le S
erve
r/M
ultip
le R
ecei
ver
(e.g
. RS
VP
)
Tw
o re
serv
atio
n di
rect
ions
:
–se
nder
-orie
nted
(e.
g. S
T-I
I)
–re
ceiv
er-o
rient
ed (
e.g.
RS
VP
)
Res
erva
tion
s ar
e m
ade:
–im
med
iate
–in
adv
ance
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
48 /
929.
7 R
esou
rce
Adm
issi
on C
ontr
ol /
Exa
mpl
e: R
CA
P in
Ten
et S
uite
RC
AP
is a
Sin
gle
Serv
er/s
ingl
e R
ecei
ver
send
er-o
rien
ted
rese
rvat
ion
prot
ocol
with
imm
edia
te a
lloc
atio
n in
one
rou
nd tr
ip
Send
er
AD
M_R
EQ
Serv
erT
ests
Nod
e 1
Nod
e n
Serv
erT
ests
Rec
eive
r
...A
DM
_RE
Q
AD
M_R
EQ
Des
tina
tion
Tes
tsA
djus
tR
esou
rces
...
AD
M_C
ON
F
AD
M_C
ON
F
Adj
ust
Res
ourc
es
AD
M_C
ON
F
Dat
a
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
49 /
929.
7 R
esou
rce
Adm
issi
on C
ontr
ol /
Exa
mpl
e: R
CA
P in
Ten
et S
uite
Serv
er T
ests
all
ocat
e re
sour
ces
by–
pess
imis
tic a
ppro
ach:
wor
st c
ase
allo
catio
n, e
.g. a
loca
ting
band
wid
th a
ccor
ding
to p
eak
rate
–op
timis
tic a
ppro
ach:
allo
cate
s re
sour
ce to
an
aver
age
wor
kloa
d, e
.g. a
lloca
ting
band
wid
th a
ccor
din
g to
ave
rage
rat
e ov
er a
spe
cific
tim
e
Des
tinat
ion
Tes
ts in
rec
eive
r co
mpu
tes
loca
l con
stra
ints
of
the
inte
rmed
iate
node
s –A
djus
t res
ourc
es a
t way
bac
k to
the
send
er
Serv
er T
ests
:–
Det
erm
inis
tic T
est:
dete
rmin
istic
ban
dwid
th te
st fo
r gu
aran
teed
ser
vice
s–
Sta
tistic
al T
est:
stat
istic
al b
andw
idth
test
for
guar
ante
ed s
ervi
ces
–D
elay
Bou
nd C
ompu
tatio
n: c
ompu
tes
min
imal
node
dea
ly, d
epen
ds o
nsc
hedu
ling
stra
tegy
–B
uffe
r T
est:
allo
cate
s bu
ffer
and
com
pute
s m
axim
um n
ode
dela
y ac
cord
ing
tore
serv
ed b
uffe
r
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
50 /
929.
7 R
esou
rce
Adm
issi
on C
ontr
ol /
Exa
mpl
e: R
CA
P in
Ten
et S
uite
Des
tinat
ion
Tes
t:
–D
-Tes
t: te
sts
if m
inim
al d
elay
is le
ss th
an m
axim
al s
peci
fied
del
ay
–W
-Com
puta
tion:
com
pute
s al
l loc
al p
roba
bilit
ies
of p
acke
t los
s du
e to
buf
fer
over
flow
–Z
-Tes
t: co
mpu
tes
alllo
cal p
roba
bilit
ies
of p
acke
t los
s du
e to
del
ay v
iola
tion
–D
elay
Com
puta
tion:
com
pute
s lo
cal n
ode
dela
ys
–J-
Tes
t: ne
cess
ary
for
rate
con
trol
lled
sche
dule
rs -
com
pute
s de
adlin
e to
guar
ante
e jit
ter
Ban
dwid
th te
sts
can
be m
ade
pess
imis
tic (
peak
rat
e al
loca
tion)
or
optim
istic
(max
imum
ave
rage
allo
catio
n)
Seve
ral i
mpr
ovem
ents
of
the
Ten
et a
ppro
ach
exis
t (in
clud
ing
pred
ictiv
e
serv
ice)
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
51 /
929.
7 R
esou
rce
Adm
issi
on C
ontr
ol
Adm
issi
on c
ontr
ol: C
an th
e us
er r
equi
rem
ent b
e ac
cept
ed?
Tra
ffic
sha
ping
: How
to a
void
that
the
netw
ork
is o
verl
oade
d?
Sche
dulin
g st
rate
gies
in th
e ro
uter
s:
How
to h
ande
l dif
fere
nt c
onne
ctio
ns s
uch
that
dea
dlin
es a
re s
atis
fied
.
Use
r 1
Use
r 2
Rou
ter
Net
wor
k
Use
r 3
Use
r 4
Req
uire
men
ts(B
andw
idth
, Del
ay, .
..)Ji
tter
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
52 /
929.
8 R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent /
Sch
edul
ing
Exi
stin
g sc
hedu
ling
stra
tegi
es (
e.g.
FIF
O)
are
not s
uita
ble
for
QoS
bas
ed s
ched
ulin
gbe
caus
e st
rict
per
form
ance
gua
rant
ees
are
not p
rovi
ded
The
re a
re d
iffe
rent
sch
edul
ers
prov
idin
g th
ese
guar
ante
es:
–W
eigh
ted
Fai
r Q
ueue
ing
–V
irtua
l Clo
ck
–D
elay
Ear
liest
Due
Dat
e (D
-ED
D)
–Ji
tter
Ear
liest
Due
Dat
e (J
-ED
D)
–S
top-
and-
Go
–R
ate
Con
trol
led
Sta
tic P
riorit
y
Dif
fere
nces
to s
impl
e sc
hedu
ling
stra
tegi
es:
–m
ore
com
plex
que
uein
g
–of
ten
time-
stam
ped
–m
ore
com
plex
com
puta
tion
e.g.
of d
eadl
ines
–no
n-w
orkc
onse
rvin
g (w
orkc
onse
rvin
g =
ser
ver
serv
es w
hene
ver
ther
e is
som
ethi
ng to
do)
Que
ues
Buf
fers
Rou
ter
outp
uts
inpu
ts
how
to d
o a
sche
dulin
g?
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
53 /
929.
8 R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent /
Tra
ffic
Sha
ping
Why
traf
fic
Shap
ing?
–de
scrip
tion
of th
e flo
w´s
cha
ract
eris
tics
to th
e ne
twor
k pr
ovid
er (
adm
issi
onco
ntro
l)–
netw
ork
prov
ider
can
det
erm
ine
if th
e flo
w is
allo
wed
to s
end
(pol
icin
g)–
netw
ork
prov
ider
can
mon
itor
the
traf
fic o
f the
flow
(m
onito
ring)
Req
uire
men
ts to
sha
ping
sch
emes
:–
abili
ty to
des
crib
e a
wid
e ra
nge
of b
ehav
iors
–m
akin
g it
easy
to d
escr
ibe
traf
fic p
atte
rns
from
the
shap
ing
rule
s–
shap
ing
rule
s sh
ould
be
easy
to p
olic
e
Tra
ffic
Sha
ping
Sch
emes
may
be
char
acte
rize
d by
e.g
.–
allo
wed
pea
k ra
te,
–m
axim
um b
urst
siz
e or
–av
erag
e ra
te o
ver
a de
term
ined
inte
rval
The
se p
aram
eter
s m
ay b
e co
mbi
ned
Net
wor
kTra
ffic
shap
ing
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
54 /
929.
8 R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent /
Tra
ffic
Sha
ping
- L
eaky
Buc
ket
data
is tr
ansm
itted
uni
form
ly w
ith r
ate
ρ Í
tran
sfer
is s
moo
thed
burs
ts b
igge
r th
an β
are
dis
card
edÍ
boun
ded
dela
y
easy
to im
plem
ent (
FIFO
+ ti
mer
)
Í L
eaky
Buc
ket g
ener
ates
a m
ore
stea
dyst
ream
inst
ead
of b
urst
y tr
affi
c
ρ
Net
wor
k
stea
dy f
lowB
ucke
t with
fini
te c
apac
ity
Dat
a (p
ossi
bly
burs
ty)
Tok
en β
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
55 /
929.
8 R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent /
Tra
ffic
Sha
ping
- T
oken
Buc
ket
data
may
be
sent
if to
kens
are
ava
ilabl
e in
the
buck
et
thre
e po
ssib
le s
cena
rios
: con
side
r tr
ying
tose
nd a
pac
ket o
f si
ze b
toke
ns (
b <
β):
–to
ken
buck
et fu
ll Í p
acke
t is
sent
and
bto
kens
are
rem
oved
–to
ken
buc
ket e
mpt
y Í w
ait f
or b
toke
ns to
drop
into
the
buck
et
–to
ken
buck
et p
artia
lly fu
ll Í if
ther
e ar
eB
≥ b
in th
e bu
cket
, pac
ket i
s se
ntim
med
iatly
, if B
< b
pac
ket h
as to
wai
t for
the
mis
sing
(b-
B)
toke
ns
ÍT
oken
Buc
ket p
erm
its b
urst
ines
s bu
t
bou
nds
it
ρ
Buc
ket
Dat
a
Tok
en β
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
56 /
929.
8 R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent /
Tra
ffic
Sha
ping
- T
oken
Buc
ket w
ith L
eaky
Buc
ket
Tok
en B
ucke
t per
mits
bur
stin
ess
whi
ch is
smoo
thed
by
a su
bseq
uent
leak
y bu
cket
(C >
ρ)
both
buc
kets
hav
e a
size
β
Í b
urst
y tr
affi
c is
per
mitt
ed b
ut th
esc
hem
e re
gula
te it
max
imum
tran
smis
sion
rat
e C
long
term
ave
rage
rat
e bo
unde
d by
ρ (
<C
)
ρ
Tok
en
Buc
ket
Dat
aC
Lea
ky B
ucke
t
Tok
en β
β
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
57 /
929.
8 R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent /
Sch
edul
ing
insi
de th
e N
etw
ork
How
can
we
guar
ante
e th
at th
e sy
stem
kee
ps it
s pr
omis
es f
or th
e co
nnec
tions
even
if tr
affi
c sh
apin
g ru
les
are
viol
ated
?
Fir
st s
tart
egy:
Nag
le´s
alg
orith
m
Rou
ter
in a
net
wor
k ke
eps
a re
cord
and
que
ue f
or e
very
con
nect
ion
and
serv
esth
e co
nnec
tions
in a
pac
ket-
wis
e ro
und-
robi
n st
arte
gy
Adv
anta
ge: C
onne
ctio
ns w
hich
offe
r to
o m
any
pack
ets
will
be
“pun
ishe
d“
Dis
adva
ntag
e:–
a ve
ry lo
ng p
acke
t will
be
“dan
gero
us“
for
othe
rs
–in
conv
enie
nt fo
r so
me
traf
fic p
atte
rns
(if a
pac
ket a
rriv
esju
st a
fter
the
serv
er w
as th
ere
then
the
wai
ting
time
coul
dbe
com
e su
bsta
ntia
l)
–co
stly
and
diff
icul
t to
impl
emen
t
Thu
s so
me
mod
ific
atio
ns w
ere
prop
osed
conn
ectio
n1
conn
ectio
nk
rout
er
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
58 /
929.
8 R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent /
Sch
edul
ing
insi
de th
e N
etw
ork
1. “
Nag
le“:
–a
sepe
rate
inpu
t que
ue (
of p
acke
ts)
per
conn
ectio
n–
roun
d ro
bin
serv
ice
(if n co
nnec
tions
are
act
ive
then
eac
h on
e ca
n se
nd o
nepa
cket
, if a
vaila
ble)
Adv
anta
ge:
–w
ill b
ehav
ing
conn
ectio
ns (
and
only
thes
e!)
will
see
ove
rload
in t
heir
queu
es(is
olat
ion
phen
omen
on)
Lim
itat
ion:
–th
e al
gorit
hm o
f pac
ket l
engt
h, i.
e. c
onne
ctio
n w
ith b
ig p
acke
ts g
et fa
r be
tter
serv
ice
than
con
nect
ions
with
sm
all p
acke
ts–
algo
rithm
is s
ensi
tive
to a
rriv
al p
atte
rns:
If a
pack
et a
rriv
es in
an
empt
y qu
eue
just
afte
r “s
erve
r w
as h
ere“
then
it m
ayha
ve to
wai
t ver
y lo
ng
rout
erco
nnec
tions
conn
ectio
n1
conn
ectio
nk
rout
er
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
59 /
929.
8 R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent /
Sch
edul
ing
insi
de th
e N
etw
ork
2. “
Bit
by
Bit
Ro
un
d R
ob
in“
(fa
ir q
ue
ue
ing
)
–on
e qu
eue
per
conn
ectio
n (a
s be
fore
)
–bu
t: bi
twis
e ro
und
robi
n (in
stea
d as
of p
acke
t wis
e R
ound
Rob
in)
(
this
is o
nly
a th
eore
tical
sch
eme)
3. “
Mod
ified
fair
que
uein
g“ (
by D
emas
, Ker
chav
and
Sch
enke
r)
–pa
cket
wis
e se
rvic
e
–or
der
the
pack
et tr
ansm
issi
ons
acco
rdin
g to
the
time
by w
hich
thei
r la
st b
it
wou
ld b
e tr
asnm
itted
if s
trat
egy
(2.)
wou
ld h
ave
been
app
lied
–a
new
pac
ket w
ill b
e sc
hedu
led
afte
r al
l the
old
pac
kets
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
60 /
929.
8 R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent /
Sch
edul
ing
insi
de th
e N
etw
ork
3. is
sim
ilar
to 2
. but
not
iden
tical
.
Exa
mpl
e:tim
e
arri
val o
f pa
cket
p 1 =
a1 a 2
... a
20
arri
val o
f pa
cket
p2
= b
1 b 2
b3
(p1
and
p 2 f
rom
dif
fere
nt c
onne
ctio
ns)
“Bit
by B
it“ :
a 1.. a
5 a 6
a 7 ...
.. a 20
b 1
b 2 b 3
p 1 le
aves
p 2 le
aves
p 2 st
arts
“Mod
ified
“ :
a 1.. .
......
......
......
.... a
20p 1
leav
es
p 2 st
arts
b 1 b 2
b 3p 2 le
aves
Star
t tim
e of
p2
is d
elay
ed b
y “m
odifi
ed“
(whe
n co
mpa
red
to “
bit-
by-b
it“).
Max
imum
del
ay w
hich
is p
ossi
ble:
Max
imum
pac
ket s
ize
allo
wed
by
the
netw
ork
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
61 /
929.
8 R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent /
Sch
edul
ing
insi
de th
e N
etw
ork
4. “
Wei
ghte
d fa
ir qu
euei
ng“
Fai
r qu
euei
ng g
ives
equ
al fr
actio
n of
ban
dwid
th p
er c
onne
ctio
n (1
/n o
f tot
al
band
wid
th if
n c
onne
ctio
n ar
e ac
tive)
.
Thi
s m
ay n
ot b
e re
ason
able
if (
for
exam
ple)
:
–co
nnec
tion1
is b
etw
een
supe
rcom
pute
rs
–co
nnec
tion
2 is
bet
wee
n w
orks
tatio
ns
In th
is c
ase
we
wou
ld li
ke to
giv
e co
nnec
tion
1 m
ore
band
wid
th.
4.1
Div
ide
the
band
wid
th in
to m
-bit
cycl
es (
m >
n =
num
ber
of a
ctiv
e co
nnec
tions
)
Allo
cate
the
m-n
“ex
tra
bits
“ to
the
conn
ectio
ns w
ith h
ighe
r ne
ed
4.2
Eac
h co
nnec
tion
i get
s a
wei
ghte
d se
rvic
e ra
te g
i fro
m th
e ro
uter
(gi
mus
t be
grea
ter
than
ρi i
f th
e ou
tsid
e tr
affi
c sh
apin
g is
by
toke
n bu
cket
with
leak
y bu
cket
rate
con
trol
; i.e
. if ρ
i is
the
filli
ng r
ate
of th
e to
ken
buck
et f
or c
onne
ctio
n i)
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
62 /
929.
8 R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent /
Sch
edul
ing
- W
eigh
ted
Fair
Que
uein
g
Que
ue p
er c
onne
ctio
n
Rou
nd R
obin
str
ateg
y Í
fai
r
queu
eing
del
ay b
ound
of
conn
ectio
n i
–i d
enot
es th
e flo
w
–D
i den
otes
the
del
ay f
low
i
–β i d
enot
es th
e to
ken
buck
et s
ize
–g i d
enot
es th
e w
eigh
ted
flow
rat
e (g
i≥ρ i)
–l i d
enot
es th
e m
axim
um p
acke
t siz
e of
flow
i
–l a
deno
tes
the
max
imum
pac
ket s
ize
of th
e ne
twor
k
–h i d
enot
es th
e to
tal n
umbe
r of
hop
s of
flow
i
–r m
den
otes
the
outb
ound
ban
dwid
th a
t hop
m
()
whe
re,
1
1∑ =
+⋅
−+
≤ih m
ma
i
ii
iii
rl
g
lh
gD
β
(b1,
ρ1)
(b2,
ρ2)
(b3,
ρ3)
(b4,
ρ4)
(b5,
ρ5)
(b6,
ρ6)
(b7,
ρ7)
(b8,
ρ8)
r i
⋅ ⋅
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
63 /
929.
8 R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent /
Sch
edul
ing
- W
eigh
ted
Fair
Que
uein
g
Proo
f of
del
ay b
ound
:
(*)
dela
y if
eac
h ot
her
rout
er in
the
netw
ork
is f
ully
load
ed; i
n th
is c
ase
the
toke
n bu
cket
siz
e β i
is s
erve
d w
ith a
rat
e g i
(g i
≥ρi).
Thi
s la
sts
β i/ρ
i sec
onds
.
(**)
som
ewha
t mys
teri
ous
term
“de
lay
due
to p
acke
tisat
ion
effe
cts“
(***
) A
pac
ket m
ay b
e de
laye
d (in
eac
h ho
p) b
y l
a b
it tim
es
(l a =
max
imum
pack
et le
ngth
). S
ince
hop
m s
erve
s ra
te r
m th
is n
eeds
l a/r m
sec
onds
.
()
∑ =
+⋅
−+
≤ih m
ma
i
ii
iii
rl
g
lh
gD
1
1β (*
)(*
*)(*
**)
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
64 /
929.
8 R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent /
Sch
edul
ing
- W
eigh
ted
Fair
Que
uein
g
Exa
mpl
e:
Def
ine:
–th
e lin
k ba
ndw
idth
r 1 = r
2 =
r3 =
155
Mbi
t/s (
AT
M s
peed
)
–th
e m
axim
um p
acke
t siz
e of
eac
h flo
w a
nd o
f the
net
wor
k l
1 =
l 2 =
l a =
424
Bit
(AT
M c
ell)
–th
e w
eig
hted
flow
rat
e g
1 =
ρ1 =
100
Mbi
t/s a
nd g 2
= ρ
2 =
50
Mbi
t/s
–th
e to
ken
buck
et s
ize β 1
= β
2 =
1 M
bit
–flo
w 1
is tr
ansm
itted
ove
r 3
hops
(h
1 =
3),
flow
2 o
ver
2 ho
ps (
h 2 = 2
)
The
del
ay b
ound
s ar
e
r 1co
nn. 1
conn
. 2
r 2co
nn. 1
conn
. 2
r 3co
nn. 1
()
ms
01
66,
103
1
11
11
111
=⋅
+⋅
−+
≤rl
g
lh
gD
aβ
()
ms
01
395
,20
21
12
22
222
=⋅
+⋅
−+
≤rl
g
lh
gD
aβ
dom
inat
ing
term
(in
this
exa
mpl
e!)
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
65 /
929.
8 R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent /
Sch
edul
ing
- W
eigh
ted
Fair
Que
uein
g
Impl
emen
tati
on I
ssue
s:
Que
uein
g:
–P
er-C
onne
ctio
n-Q
ueue
ing:
nee
ds m
ore
com
plex
buf
fer
man
agem
ent
–G
ranu
larit
y of
Que
uein
g: d
epen
ds o
n ne
twor
k, e
.g. c
ell i
n A
TM
, byt
e in
pack
etsw
itche
d ne
twor
ks, b
its in
our
exa
mpl
e
Sche
dulin
g:
–G
ranu
larit
y or
wei
ghts
: uni
t of t
he w
eig
hted
flow
gi?
Í D
epen
ds o
n gr
anul
arity
of q
ueue
ing!
–N
on-w
orkc
onse
rvin
g: n
eeds
tim
er c
ontr
ol if
the
band
wid
th is
not
com
plet
ely
allo
cate
d
Adv
anta
ge: a
naly
tic d
elay
bou
nds!
Dis
adva
ntag
e: m
ore
com
plex
impl
emen
tatio
n
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
66 /
929.
8 R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent /
Sch
edul
ing
- D
elay
Ear
liest
Due
Dat
e (E
DD
)
Inco
min
g pa
cket
s ar
e tim
esta
mpe
d
dead
line
is c
ompu
ted
acco
rdin
g to
–av
erag
e ra
te o
r
–pe
ak r
ate
pack
et is
inse
rted
in c
alen
dar
(tim
e or
dere
d)qu
eue
Sche
dule
r se
rves
pac
ket w
ith d
eadl
ine
sam
e as
actu
al s
ervi
ng ti
me Í
non
-wor
kcon
serv
ing
Í D
-ED
D p
rovi
des
dete
rmin
istic
del
aybo
und
with
gra
nula
rity
bou
nded
by
the
timer
gran
ular
ity!
⋅ ⋅
FIFO
-ord
ered
time
orde
red
⋅ ⋅
reor
derin
gpa
cket
with
sho
rtes
tde
adlin
e is
firs
t in
th
e qu
eue
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
67 /
929.
8 R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent /
Sch
edul
ing
- R
ate
Con
trol
led
Serv
ers
To
rene
w th
e tr
affi
c ch
arac
teri
stic
s in
eve
ryno
de o
f th
e ne
twor
k ra
te c
ontr
olle
rs a
re a
dded
Rat
e C
ontr
olle
r m
ay r
egul
ate
–de
lay
jitte
r (v
aria
tion
of d
elay
)–
rate
jitte
r (v
aria
tion
of r
ate)
Pack
ets
are
hold
by
a de
fine
d el
igib
ility
tim
ebe
fore
sch
edul
ed b
y th
e bo
unde
d de
lay
serv
erÍ
times
tam
p or
deri
ngÍ
addi
tiona
l com
plex
ityÍ
loca
l del
ays
can
be c
ompu
ted
acco
rdin
g to
th
e tr
affi
c ch
arac
teri
stic
s at
the
entr
ance
of
th
e ne
twor
kÍ
buff
er s
pace
req
uire
d is
dis
trib
uted
to th
e
nod
es a
long
the
netw
ork
path
boun
ded
dela
y se
rver
rate
co
ntro
llers
Cha
nnel
2
Cha
nnel
1
Cha
nnel
n
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
68 /
929.
8 R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent /
Sch
edul
ing
- St
op a
nd G
o
Con
side
r th
e tr
affi
cs c
onsi
stin
g of
fra
mes
with
T b
its (
the
tran
smis
sion
of
a
fram
e ne
eds
T b
it tim
es).
A fr
ame
cont
ains
sev
eral
pac
kets
(“F
ram
e“ =
"Con
tain
er“)
.
The
rou
ter
man
ages
inpu
t fra
mes
and
out
put f
ram
es.
1. A
pac
ket o
f a fr
ame
cann
ot b
e fo
rwar
ded
until
ist e
ntire
fram
e ha
s be
en
r
ecei
ved.
2. “
Sto
p an
d G
o“: T
he p
acke
t will
be
forw
arde
d in
the
next
out
put f
ram
e w
hich
s
tart
s tr
ansm
issi
on a
fter
the
inpu
t fra
me
has
fully
arr
ived
.
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
69 /
929.
8 R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent /
Sch
edul
ing
- St
op a
nd G
o
Min
imum
del
ay o
f a
rout
er:
T b
it tim
es (
nece
ssar
y fo
r re
cept
ion
of th
e fr
ame)
Max
imum
del
ay o
f a
rout
er:
2T b
it tim
es (
if th
e in
put f
ram
e ar
rive
s ju
st a
fter
an
outp
ut f
ram
e ha
s st
arte
d)
TIn
put f
ram
es
Out
put f
ram
es(m
in. d
elay
)
max
imum
del
ay
h ho
ps Í
del
ay b
ound
s h
⋅T ≤
D ≤
2h
⋅T
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
70 /
929.
8 R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent /
Sch
edul
ing
- St
op a
nd G
o
Jitt
er δ
for
“S
top
an
d G
o“:
The
onl
y po
ssib
le ji
tter
is d
ue to
diff
eren
t pos
ition
of a
pac
ket i
n in
put f
ram
eve
rsus
out
put f
ram
e
The
“di
spla
cem
ent“
will
be
in th
e in
terv
al
(-T
: T
)
If th
e fr
ame
ente
rs th
e ne
twor
k at
the
end
of a
fram
e bu
t lea
ves
it at
the
begi
nnin
g of
a fr
ame
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
71 /
929.
8 R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent /
Sch
edul
ing
- R
ate
Con
trol
led
Stat
ic P
rior
ity
Eac
h ch
anne
l has
ist o
wn
rate
con
trol
ler
dela
yed
pack
et is
inse
rted
in F
CFS
que
ues
FCFS
que
ues
are
serv
ed w
ith p
rior
ities
(no
n-pr
eem
ptiv
e)
n de
lay
boun
ds a
re s
uppo
rted
- c
ompu
tatio
n
depe
nds
on tr
affi
c sp
ecif
icat
ion
- de
lay
boun
ds
for
TE
NE
T tr
affi
c sp
ecif
icat
ion
exis
ts (
Zha
ng)
sche
dule
r is
non
-wor
kcon
serv
ing
firs
tim
plem
enta
tion
in h
ardw
are
exis
ts
Cha
nnel
2
Cha
nnel
1
Cha
nnel
m
. . .
⋅ ⋅
m r
ate
cont
rolle
rsn
FCFS
serv
ers
. . .
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
72 /
929.
8 R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent /
Sch
edul
ing
- Ji
tter
Ear
liest
Due
Dat
e
each
cha
nnel
has
its
own
rate
con
trol
ler
diff
eren
ce b
etw
een
dead
line
and
actu
al f
inis
hing
time
at c
urre
nt s
erve
r is
car
ried
in th
e pa
cket
abov
e de
scri
bed
diff
eren
ce is
the
time
the
pack
etis
hol
d ba
ck in
the
regu
lato
r of
the
follo
win
gno
de (
i.e. n
ext h
op c
ompe
nsat
es f
itter
of
prev
ious
hop
)
dead
line
in ti
me-
orde
red
queu
e is
com
pute
dsi
mila
r to
D-E
DD
ÍJ-
ED
D p
rovi
de b
ound
s fo
r lo
cal d
elay
a
nd lo
cal d
elay
jitte
rÍ
need
s ad
ditio
nal t
imes
tam
p fi
eld
in
pac
ket h
eade
r
Cha
nnel
2
Cha
nnel
1
Cha
nnel
m
. . .
⋅ ⋅
m r
ate
cont
rolle
rs
⋅ ⋅
A h
op h
as :
a qu
euei
ng b
udge
t b
a
jitte
r bo
und
j
Tra
nsm
issi
on o
f a
pack
et m
ay b
e st
arte
d at
at t
ime
in th
e in
terv
al [
b-j :
b]
. . .
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
73 /
929.
8 R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent /
Sch
edul
ing
- Ji
tter
Ear
liest
Due
Dat
e
If th
e pa
cket
is s
tart
ed a
t tim
e b-
τ (i
.e. τ
sec
onds
ear
ly)
then
in th
e ne
xt h
op
τ w
ill b
e ad
ded
to th
e bu
dget
of
the
next
hop
, i.e
. the
tran
smis
sion
in th
e ne
xt
hop
wil
l be
sche
dule
d in
the
inte
rval
[b´-
j : b
´] w
here
b´=
τ +
b.
Í G
loba
l jitt
er is
lim
ited
to x
∈ [o
:j].
Tec
hnic
al p
robl
em
:
The
act
ual v
alue
τ ha
s to
be
fille
d in
into
the
pack
et´s
hea
der.
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
74 /
929.
8 R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent /
End
-to-
End
Err
or C
ontr
ol
Rel
iabi
lity
of
mul
tim
edia
str
eam
s is
nec
essa
ry b
ecau
se–
Dec
ompr
essi
on: m
ost a
udio
and
vid
eo c
ompr
essi
on s
chem
es c
anno
t tol
erat
e lo
ssof
dat
a
–H
uman
per
cept
ion:
Los
s of
e.g
. dig
ital a
udio
is d
etec
ted
by a
hum
an e
ar v
ery
quic
kly Í
low
er a
ccep
tanc
e of
mul
timed
ia s
yste
ms
–D
ata
inte
grity
: E.g
. in
a re
cord
ing
appl
icat
ion,
one
can
not r
ecov
er fr
om a
n er
ror
in th
e fir
st r
ecor
ding
, for
tuna
tely
, rec
ordi
ng a
pplic
atio
ns h
ave
ofte
n le
ssst
ringe
nt r
eal-t
ime
requ
irem
ents
for
the
rece
iver
End
-to-
End
err
or c
ontr
ol c
onsi
sts
of–
erro
r de
tect
ion
–er
ror
corr
ectio
n
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
75 /
929.
8 R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent /
End
-to-
End
Err
or C
ontr
ol -
Err
or D
etec
tion
Prob
lem
: iso
late
the
erro
rs, e
.g. s
ome
wro
ng c
olor
in a
fra
me
may
not
mat
ter
(har
dly
visi
ble
to h
uman
use
r) b
ut w
rong
fra
me
boun
dari
es c
anno
t be
reco
vere
d
Exa
mpl
e: w
ithi
n an
MPE
G-2
vid
eo it
is im
port
ant n
ot to
loos
e th
e I-
Fram
es(c
onta
ins
stru
ctur
al in
form
atio
ns),
P-
and
B-F
ram
es lo
sses
are
tole
rate
d
Í s
truc
tura
l inf
orm
atio
n ne
eds
to b
e pr
otec
ted,
not
alw
ays
cont
ent!
Íex
istin
g er
ror
dete
ctio
n m
echa
nism
s (c
heck
sum
min
g, s
eque
ncin
g) m
ust b
eex
tend
ed
Exa
mpl
e: la
tene
ss c
once
pt. P
DU
s th
at a
rriv
e to
o la
te a
re u
sele
ss f
or th
eap
plic
atio
n (e
.g. v
ideo
fra
me)
ÍPD
Us
are
peri
odic
ally
tim
e-st
ampe
d
Íer
ror
dete
ctio
n ca
n st
art a
t the
tim
e-st
ampe
d PD
Us
Íre
quir
es s
ynch
roni
zed
syst
em c
lock
at s
ende
r an
d re
ceiv
er (
e.g.
Net
wor
k T
ime
Prot
ocol
)
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
76 /
929.
8 R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent /
End
-to-
End
Err
or C
ontr
ol -
Err
or C
orre
ctio
n
Tra
diti
onal
met
hod
for
reli
abil
ity
prov
isio
n:
–R
etra
nsm
issi
on
Not
sui
tabl
e fo
r m
ultim
edia
com
mun
icat
ion
beca
use:
–ex
plic
it ac
know
ledg
emen
t inc
reas
es th
e am
ount
of d
ata
to b
e st
ored
in th
ese
nder
, e.g
. vid
eo d
ata
–w
indo
w-b
ased
flow
con
trol
may
forc
e th
e se
nder
to s
uspe
nd th
e (c
ontin
uous
)da
ta s
trea
m li
ke v
ideo
–re
tran
smitt
ed d
ata
mig
ht b
e re
ceiv
ed to
o la
te to
be
cons
umed
in ti
me
–tr
aditi
onal
mec
hani
sms
do n
ot s
cale
to m
ultip
le-t
arge
t com
mun
icat
ion
like
mul
ticas
t sce
nario
s -
they
are
typi
cally
des
igne
d fo
r po
int-
to-p
oint
com
mun
icat
ion
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
77 /
929.
8 R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent /
End
-to-
End
Err
or C
ontr
ol -
Err
or C
orre
ctio
n
Cur
rent
ly d
iscu
ssed
sch
emes
for
mul
timed
ia c
omm
unic
atio
n: G
o-B
ack-
n R
etra
nsm
issi
on
SR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 4 5 6 7 8 9
t
SR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
t
Tim
er c
ontr
olle
dm
ay le
ad to
gap
intr
oduc
tion
and
viol
atio
n of
thro
ughp
ut p
aram
eter
s
Usa
ge o
f sp
ecia
lne
twor
k pr
oper
ties
like
sequ
ence
ord
erin
g in
AT
M
Tim
er e
nds
and
the
rece
iver
no
tice
the
mis
sing
of
pack
et 4
Rec
eive
r st
arts
the
Tim
er
The
se p
acke
ts a
re lo
st
Aft
er r
ecei
ving
the
pack
et 5
, the
rec
eive
rno
tice
the
mis
sing
of
pack
et 4
.
All
lost
pac
kets
mus
t be
ret
rans
mit
ted
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
78 /
929.
8 R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent /
End
-to-
End
Err
or C
ontr
ol -
Err
or C
orre
ctio
n
Cur
rent
ly d
iscu
ssed
sch
emes
for
mul
timed
ia c
omm
unic
atio
n: S
elec
tive
Ret
rans
mis
sion
SR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 4 8 9 10 11 12 13
t
SR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 4 10 11 12 13
t
Tim
er c
ontr
olle
dU
sage
of
spec
ial n
etw
ork
prop
erti
es li
kese
quen
ce o
rder
ing
in A
TM
impl
enta
tion
mor
e co
mpl
icat
ed m
ore
buff
er n
eeds
Tim
er e
nds
and
the
rece
iver
no
tice
the
mis
sing
of
pack
et 4
Rec
eive
r st
arts
the
Tim
er
The
pac
kets
are
not
lost
Aft
er r
ecei
ving
the
pack
et 5
, the
rec
eive
rno
tice
the
mis
sing
of
pack
et 4
.
Onl
y th
e pa
cket
4 h
as to
be
ret
rans
mit
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
79 /
929.
8 R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent /
End
-to-
End
Err
or C
ontr
ol -
Err
or C
orre
ctio
n
Part
ially
Rel
iabl
e St
ream
s:–
num
ber
of r
etra
nsm
itted
pac
kets
are
lim
ited
and
calc
ulat
ed fr
om th
e tim
ing
cons
trai
nts
of th
e ca
ll se
tup
Forw
ard
Err
or C
orre
ctio
n (F
EC
):–
addi
tiona
l inf
orm
atio
n is
add
ed to
the
data
Í
low
end
-to-
end
dela
y an
d no
excl
usiv
e bu
fferin
g. F
EC
wor
ks o
nly
for
erro
r de
tect
ion/
corr
ectio
n w
ithin
pack
ets
but n
ot fo
r pa
cket
loss
Prio
rity
Cha
nnel
Cod
ing:
–m
ultip
le d
ata
stre
ams
are
dist
ingu
ishe
d by
diff
eren
t prio
ritie
s, d
urin
g co
nges
tion
perio
ds th
e ne
twor
k is
mor
e lik
ely
to d
isca
rd lo
w-p
riorit
y pa
cket
s. F
or e
xam
ple,
I-F
ram
es in
MP
EG
-2 a
re tr
ansm
itted
with
hig
h, B
- an
d P
-Fra
mes
with
low
prio
rity
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
80 /
92
part
ial r
etra
nsm
issi
on s
chem
espr
even
tive
mec
hani
sms
Go-
Bac
k-N
Sele
ctiv
e R
etra
nsm
issi
onPa
rtia
lly R
elia
ble
Stre
ams
Forw
ard
Err
or C
orre
ctio
n (F
EC
)Pr
iori
ty C
hann
el C
odin
g
9.8
Res
ourc
e M
anag
emen
t / E
nd-t
o-E
nd E
rror
Con
trol
- E
rror
Cor
rect
ion
Err
or c
ontr
ol/c
orre
ctio
n sc
hem
es a
re d
ivid
ed in
Part
ial r
etra
nsm
issi
on s
chem
es la
ck th
e po
ssib
ility
of
intr
oduc
ing
adi
scon
tinui
ty o
r la
rge
end-
to-e
nd d
elay
s w
ith la
rge
buff
ers Í
pre
vent
ive
sche
mes
sho
uld
be u
sed
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
81 /
929.
8 R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent /
For
war
d E
rror
Cor
rect
ion
- C
RC
Cyc
lic
Red
unda
ncy
Che
cks
(CR
C)
are
used
to p
rote
ct p
acke
ts a
gain
st b
it er
rors
.
Giv
en m
dat
a bi
ts (
w1,
...,
wm
).
Def
ine
and
the
gene
rato
r po
lyno
mia
l G(x
) of
deg
ree
k ac
cord
ing
to
Usi
ng th
e m
odul
o-2
arith
met
ic c
ompu
te
∑ =
−⋅
=m i
ii
xw
xU
1
1)
(
{}
∑ =
==
∀∈
⋅=
k ik
ii
ig
gi
gx
gx
G0
01
;1,0
)
(
()
)(
)(
)(
)(
)(
)(
Re
)(
xR
xG
xP
xU
xx
G
xU
xm
xR
kk
+⋅
=⋅
→
⋅=
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
82 /
92
=
+⋅
=
+−
⋅=
)(
)(
Re
)(
)(
)(
)(
)(
Re
)(
)(
)(
)(
Re
)(
xG
xe
mx
G
xe
xG
xG
xP
mx
G
xe
xR
xU
xm
xV
k
9.8
Res
ourc
e M
anag
emen
t / F
orw
ard
Err
or C
orre
ctio
n -
CR
C
The
res
t pol
ynom
ial R
(x)
is o
f de
gree
< k
and
is a
ppen
ded
at th
e m
dat
a bi
ts a
ttr
ansf
er Í
xk
⋅ U(x
) +
R(x
) is
tras
nmitt
ed (
xk sh
ifts
the
data
bits
to p
rovi
de b
itsfo
r th
e re
mai
nder
)
The
rec
eive
r re
ceiv
es x
k ⋅ U
(x)
+ R
(x)
+ e
(x)
(e(x
) is
the
erro
r po
lyno
mia
l) a
ndco
mpu
tes
If V
(x)
≠0 Í
1. e
i > 0
in th
e da
ta p
art Í
ser
ious
tras
nmis
sion
err
or
2
. ei >
0 in
the
rem
aind
er p
art Í
can
´t b
e di
stin
guis
hed
from
seri
ous
erro
rs
If V
(x)
= 0
an
unde
tect
able
err
or m
ay b
e oc
cure
d if
e(x)
=a(
x)G
(x)
(rat
her
unlik
ely
even
t)
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
83 /
929.
8 R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent /
For
war
d E
rror
Cor
rect
ion
- C
RC
Exa
mpl
e:
(w1,
...,
w8)
= (
1, 1
, 0, 1
, 0, 1
, 1, 1
) Í
U(x
) =
x7
+ x
6 +
x4
+ x
2 +
x1
+ 1
Def
ine
G(x
) =
x5
+ x
3 +
1
Í R
(x)
= x
4 +
x3
+ x
Í (
1101
0111
110
10)
is tr
ansm
itted
Rec
eive
r ge
ts (
1100
0111
110
10)
Thu
s e(
x) =
x9
ÍV
(x)
≠0 Í
seri
ous
tran
smis
sion
err
or!
Err
or d
etec
tion
is o
ften
rea
lized
in h
ardw
are
(e.g
. AT
M).
Err
or c
orre
ctio
n w
ith
CR
C is
mor
e co
mpl
icat
ed (
Max
imum
-Lik
elih
ood
met
hod)
.
Exa
mpl
e: A
TM
hea
ders
are
pro
tect
ed w
ith G
(x)
= x
8 +
x2
+ x
+ 1
(ca
n be
use
d to
corr
ect a
sin
gle
erro
r!)
data
CR
C
erro
r!
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
84 /
929.
8 R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent /
Res
ourc
e M
onito
ring
Res
ourc
e M
onit
orin
g is
an
impo
rtan
t par
t of
reso
urce
man
agem
ent i
n ne
twor
ks
and
et e
nd-p
oint
s!
–M
onito
ring
in n
etw
orks
add
s ov
erhe
ad
Ím
ost o
f the
mon
itorin
g va
riabl
es
shou
ld b
e op
tiona
l and
mon
itorin
g sh
ould
be
able
to tu
rn o
n/of
f
–M
onito
ring
in e
nd-s
yste
ms
incl
udes
sup
ervi
sor
func
tion
to c
ontin
uous
ly m
onito
r
the
proc
esse
d Q
oS p
aram
eter
s (e
.g. c
ontr
ollin
g a
com
pres
sion
com
pone
nt)
Íde
sign
and
impl
emen
tatio
n is
non
-triv
ial
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
85 /
929.
8 R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent /
Res
ourc
e M
onito
ring
Res
ourc
e A
dmin
istr
atio
n Pr
otoc
ols
prov
ide
com
mun
icat
ion
abou
t res
ourc
es
betw
een
reso
urce
man
ager
s at
inte
rmed
iate
nod
es a
nd e
nd-s
yste
ms
and
can
be
impl
emen
ted
as
–pa
rt o
f net
wor
k m
anag
emen
t pro
toco
ls li
ke C
MIS
/CM
IP (
Com
mon
Man
agem
ent I
nfor
mat
ion
Ser
vice
and
Pro
toco
ls)
and
SN
MP
(S
impl
e N
etw
ork
Man
agem
ent P
roto
col)
–se
para
te r
esou
rce
man
agem
ent p
roto
cols
like
RC
AP
in th
e T
enet
pro
toco
l sta
ck
Adm
inis
trat
ion
Prot
ocol
may
be
part
of
the
tran
smis
sion
pro
toco
l lik
e ST
-II
or
like
RC
AP
whi
ch is
dec
oupl
ed f
rom
RT
IP (
Rea
l Tim
e In
tern
et P
roto
col)
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
86 /
929.
8 R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent /
Res
ourc
e A
dapt
ion
Dyn
amic
ally
cha
ngin
g th
e ne
twor
k ca
paci
ty o
f ea
ch s
essi
on n
eeds
sup
port
of
dyna
mic
chan
ge o
f Q
oS p
aram
eter
s
Res
ourc
e ad
aptio
n re
quir
es–
notif
icat
ion
and
rene
gotia
tion
of Q
oS p
aram
eter
s
–a
dapt
ive
reso
urce
sch
emes
Ren
egot
iatio
n re
ques
t can
com
e fr
om e
ither
–th
e us
er (
e.g.
cha
nge
QoS
like
vid
eo r
ate)
who
invo
kes
the
reso
urce
adm
inis
trat
ion
prot
ocol
to c
heck
the
reso
urce
if n
etw
ork
adap
tion
is r
equi
red,
–th
e ho
st s
yste
m (
e.g.
due
to w
orks
tatio
n ov
erlo
ad)
whi
ch in
voke
s e.
g. a
not
ifica
tion
ofQ
oS d
egra
datio
n to
a m
isbe
have
d us
er/a
pplic
atio
n. N
etw
ork
QoS
ren
egot
iatio
n m
ay a
lso
be in
voke
d by
the
reso
urce
adm
inis
trat
ion
prot
ocol
–th
e ne
twor
k (d
ue to
ove
rload
or
cong
estio
n) w
hich
invo
kes
a no
tific
atio
n to
the
host
repo
rtin
g th
at th
e al
loca
tion
of r
esou
rces
mus
t cha
nge
·n
etw
ork
ca
n ad
apt
to o
verl
oad Í
ne
two
rk n
otifi
es
the
ho
st b
eca
use
som
e d
eg
rad
atio
n m
ay
occ
ur
du
rin
g m
odifi
catio
n o
f re
sou
rce
s Í
th
is m
ay
inte
rru
pt t
he m
ed
ia f
low
Í
hos
t m
ust
reac
t
·n
etw
ork
ca
nnot
ada
pt t
o o
verl
oad
Í
hos
t m
ust
ad
ap
t to
ove
rlo
ad
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
87 /
929.
8 R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent /
Res
ourc
e A
dapt
ion
- N
etw
ork
Ada
ptio
n
Prop
er b
alan
cing
of
netw
ork
load
is d
esir
able
and
nec
essa
ry to
–in
crea
se n
etw
ork
avai
labi
lity
–re
clai
m r
esou
rces
by
netw
ork
adm
inis
trat
ors
–re
duce
the
impa
ct o
f uns
ched
uled
, run
-tim
e m
aint
enan
ce o
n cl
ient
s w
ithgu
aran
teed
ser
vice
s
Impl
emen
ting
load
bal
anci
ng p
olic
y re
quir
es
–ro
utin
g, p
erfo
rman
ce m
onito
ring
(det
ect l
oad
chan
ges)
–dy
nam
ic r
e-ro
utin
g
–lo
ad b
alan
cin
g co
ntro
l to
mak
e a
deci
sion
to r
e-ro
ute
a ch
anne
l
Dyn
amic
re-
rout
ing
mec
hani
sm is
don
e by
est
ablis
hing
a n
ew c
hann
el (
shad
owch
anne
l) v
ia a
new
rou
te, s
endi
ng d
ata
on th
is n
ew c
hann
el a
nd te
arin
g do
wn
the
old
chan
nel a
fter
the
max
imum
end
-to-
end
dela
y.
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
88 /
929.
8 R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent /
Res
ourc
e A
dapt
ion
- So
urce
Ada
ptio
n
Ada
ptio
n of
the
sour
ce r
ate
acco
rdin
g to
the
curr
ent n
etw
ork
reso
urce
s by
–ev
olu
tion
of th
e sy
stem
sta
te o
ver
the
time:
sta
te o
f the
com
plet
e ro
ute
is u
sed
toco
mpu
te th
e se
ndin
g ra
te o
f th
e so
urce
·st
ate
info
rmat
ion
may
be
appe
nded
per
iodi
cally
to d
ata
pack
ets
and
is s
ent b
ack
toth
e so
urce
. Int
erm
edia
te n
odes
upd
ate
the
info
rmat
ion
if th
e sw
itch
serv
ice
rate
islo
wer
than
the
prop
osed
rat
e
·fe
edba
ck is
sen
t with
sep
arat
e co
ntro
l mes
sage
s to
the
rece
iver
and
bac
k to
the
sour
ce
–R
ate
cont
rol u
sing
net
wor
k fe
edba
ck: c
hang
es in
the
traf
fic c
ondi
tions
are
dete
cted
by
feed
back
from
the
netw
ork
·e
xplic
it: in
form
atio
n ab
out t
he tr
affic
load
or
buffe
r sp
ace
from
the
netw
ork
·im
plic
it: in
form
atio
n ab
out p
acke
t los
ses
and
dela
y fr
om a
ckno
wle
dgem
ents
–T
raffi
c sh
apin
g at
sou
rce:
sm
ooth
ing
traf
fic a
t the
sou
rce
Ítr
affic
is le
ss b
urst
y
–H
iera
rchi
cal c
odin
g: a
lgor
ithm
s pr
oduc
ing
two
or m
ore
type
s of
cel
ls d
escr
ibin
gsa
me
bloc
k of
pix
els
with
diff
eren
t deg
ree
of d
etai
l Í
code
cs a
re m
ore
com
plex
,us
e gr
eate
r am
ount
of b
andw
idth
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
89 /
929.
9 A
rchi
tect
ure
/ Iss
ues
End
poin
t arc
hite
ctur
es n
eed
to in
corp
orat
e co
mpo
nent
s lik
e–
reso
urce
man
ager
s w
hich
incl
ude
·tr
ansl
atio
n se
rvic
es (
tran
slat
e Q
oS)
·a
dmis
sion
con
trol
(ch
ecks
for
avai
labi
lity
of r
esou
rces
)·
reso
urce
res
erva
tion
·re
sour
ce m
anag
emen
t
–se
rvic
e ag
ents
–M
anag
emen
t Inf
orm
atio
n B
ases
(M
IBs)
with
QoS
spe
cific
atio
n
Rou
ter/
Switc
h ar
chit
ectu
re n
eed
to e
mpl
oy–
reso
urce
man
ager
s w
hich
incl
ude
·pa
cke
t cla
ssifi
er
·pa
cket
sch
edul
er·
adm
issi
on c
ontr
ol
–ne
twor
k m
anag
emen
t
–M
anag
emen
t Inf
orm
atio
n B
ases
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
90 /
929.
9 A
rchi
tect
ure
/ Exa
mpl
es
Lan
cast
er´s
QoS
-Arc
hite
ctur
e in
corp
orat
es n
otio
ns o
f flo
w, s
ervi
ce c
ontr
act a
ndflo
w m
anag
emen
t ove
r hi
gh-p
erfo
rman
ce A
TM
-bas
ed
netw
orks
Hei
delb
erg
Tra
nspo
rt S
yste
m (
Hei
TS
) pr
ovid
es c
ontin
uous
med
ia e
xcha
nge
with
QoS
gua
rant
ees
(del
ay, j
itter
, thr
ough
put,
relia
bilit
y) b
ased
on
ST
-II,
reso
urce
man
agem
ent a
nd r
eal-t
ime
mec
hani
sms
via
mul
ticas
t
Ten
et P
roto
col S
uite
with
RC
AP
(re
al-t
ime
Cha
nnel
Adm
inis
trat
ion
Pro
toco
l),
RT
IP (
real
-tim
e IP
), R
MT
P (
Rea
l-tim
e M
essa
ge T
rans
port
Pro
toco
l) an
dC
MT
P (
Con
tinuo
us M
edi
a T
rans
port
Pro
toco
l) pr
ovid
es Q
oS n
egot
iatio
n,re
sour
ce a
dmin
istr
atio
n an
d re
al-t
ime
med
ia tr
ansp
ort
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
91 /
929.
9 A
rchi
tect
ure
/ Exa
mpl
es
OSI
arc
hite
ctur
e pr
ovid
es Q
oS in
net
wor
k la
yer
and
enha
ncem
ents
in tr
ansp
ort
laye
r. O
SI95
con
side
rs Q
oS s
peci
fica
tion
and
nego
tiatio
n in
tran
spor
t pro
toco
ls
RSV
P, b
ased
on
IP, p
rovi
des
reso
urce
res
erva
tion
UP
enn´
s en
d-po
int a
rchi
tect
ure
(OM
EG
A A
rchi
tect
ure)
pro
vide
s Q
oS h
andl
ing
and
man
agem
ent a
t app
licat
ions
and
tran
spor
t sub
syst
ems
Na
tive
Mod
e A
TM
Pro
toco
l pro
vide
s A
TM
net
wor
k Q
oS g
uara
ntee
s
9. M
ultim
edia
Com
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems
Multimedia Kommunikation SS‘99
92 /
929.
9 T
rend
s in
Tra
nspo
rt S
yste
ms
Tw
o di
rect
ions
:
–sp
ecia
l-pur
pose
pro
toco
ls li
ke T
CP
(re
liabl
e da
ta tr
ansf
er),
UD
P (
unre
liabl
e da
ta
tran
sfer
), R
TP
(au
dio
/vid
eo tr
ansf
er)
on to
p of
IP (
inte
rnet
par
adig
m)
–ge
nera
l-pur
pose
pro
toco
ls li
ke X
TP
to p
rovi
de a
gen
eral
set
of s
ervi
ces
Í a
pplic
atio
n-ta
ilore
d pr
otoc
ols:
cus
tom
ized
for
spe
cifi
c ty
pes
of s
ervi
ces
(
tran
sfer
ring
voi
ce, v
ideo
, tex
t, im
age)
Í tr
ansp
ort s
ubsy
tem
s m
ove
tow
ard
a pr
ovis
ion
of s
ervi
ce c
lass
es li
ke
g
uara
ntee
d se
rvic
es, b
est e
ffor
t
Í w
ithin
thes
e cl
asse
s, s
ervi
ces
are
cust
omiz
ed th
roug
h Q
oS s
peci
fica
tion
Í s
ervi
ces
are
sele
cted
and
cus
tom
ized
tow
ard
appl
icat
ions
