9-4 How Can We Protect Wild Species from Premature Extinction? Concept 9-4 We can reduce the rising...
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Transcript of 9-4 How Can We Protect Wild Species from Premature Extinction? Concept 9-4 We can reduce the rising...
9-4 How Can We Protect Wild Species from Premature Extinction?
• Concept 9-4 We can reduce the rising rate of species extinction and help to protect overall biodiversity by establishing and enforcing national environmental laws and international treaties, creating a variety of protected wildlife sanctuaries, and taking precautionary measures to prevent such harm.
International Treaties and National Laws Help to Protect Species
• 1975 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species _______________• Signed by _______ countries• Bans the hunting, capturing, and selling of threatened
or endangered species• Specifically lists…• some _________ endangered species• 5,000 animal and 28,000 plant species that are at risk
of becoming _________________
• Limitations? Enforcement _____________ from country to country
CITES
175
900
endangered
varies
International Treaties and National Laws Help to Protect Species
• Convention on Biological Diversity _______• Focuses on _________________• Includes efforts to prevent or control the spread of
________________ species• Ratified by 191 countries (not the U.S.)…we are a
contributing member but ratification requires a _________ to be passed.
(CBD)ecosystems
invasive
bill
Endangered Species Act• 1973 U.S. Endangered Species Act ______
• amended in 1982, 1985, and 1988
• Identifies and protects endangered species in the U.S. and abroad
• National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) identifies __________ species
• U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) identifies all ___________
(ESA)
ocean
others
Endangered Species Act (2)• Forbids federal agencies (except _____________) from
funding or authorizing projects that jeopardize endangered or threatened species
• 2010: ___________ species officially listed…for these species, _____________ plans are developed• Some success plans involve the American alligator,
gray wolf, peregrine falcon, bald eagle, and brown pelican
• Provides economic _______________ for private land owners to help save endangered species living on their lands
defense
1,370recovery
incentives
Science Focus: Accomplishments of the Endangered Species Act (1)
• ESA has many critics…has only removed 46 species from the endangered list
• Four reasons ESA not a failure1. Species are listed only when in ___________ danger
- would be similar to telling a hospital that they are not saving enough lives
2. Takes ____________ to help endangered species3. Conditions for more than half of listed species are
______________ or _________________4. 2010 budget: spends only ____________ per
American
critical
decades
stable improving9 cents
Fig. 9-20, p. 210
Confiscated Products Made from Endangered Species
Due to a lack of funds, probably only _______ of the illegalwildlife trade in the U.S. is discovered
1/10
Science Focus: Accomplishments of the Endangered Species Act (2)
• Three ways to improve ESA1.Greatly increase _____________________2.Develop recovery plans more ____________3.When a species is first listed, establish the _________
of its habitat that’s critical for survival
• Most biologist agree that the U.S. needs a new law to focus on sustaining biodiversity and ___________ ________________
fundingquickly
core
ecosystemhealth
We Can Establish Wildlife Refuges and Other Protected Areas
• First wildlife refuge was established in ______ by President Theodore Roosevelt at Pelican Island in ______________ to help protect the brown pelican
• Wildlife refuges• Most are _______________ sanctuaries• ____________ are needed for endangered plants• Most do not receive enough funding to support their
____________• Could abandoned military lands be used for wildlife
habitats?
1903
Florida
wetlandMore
staff
Fig. 9-21a, p. 211
Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge
Gene Banks, Botanical Gardens, and Wildlife Farms Can Help Protect Species• Gene or seed banks• Preserve ____________ material of endangered plants• Drawbacks? Expensive to operate; can be destroyed
by fires or other mishaps
• Botanical gardens and arboreta• Contain _____________ plants• Drawbacks…too little space to try and contain all of our
endangered plant species
• __________ to raise organisms for commercial sale instead of taking them from the wild
genetic
living
Farms
Zoos and Aquariums Can Protect Some Species (1)
• Techniques for preserving endangered terrestrial species• Egg pulling…collecting ________ eggs• Captive breeding…________ (not economically
_______________)• Artificial insemination• Embryo transfer• Use of incubators• Cross-fostering….when the young of one rare species
is raised by a _______________ species
wildzoos
feasible
similar
Fig. 9-22, p. 213
What Can You Do? Protecting Species
Case Study: Trying to Save the California Condor
• Largest North American bird…nearly extinct in the early 1980s with only _______ remaining in the wild• Threatened by lead poisoning from ____________
present in __________________ that they were eating
• Birds captured and breed in captivity
• By 2009, ________ in the wild…a total of 348 including captive populations
• Expensive project…$35 million so far
22
bulletscarcasses
180
The Precautionary Principle• Precautionary principle: ______ to prevent or
reduce harm when _____________ evidence indicates acting is needed
• “Better safe than sorry”
• Preservation of species and ecosystems
actpreliminary
Allocating limited resources/funds
Which species to focus on?
Most critical habitats?
Three Big Ideas
1. We are greatly increasing the extinction of wild species by destroying and degrading their _______________, introducing harmful _______________ species, and increasing human population _____________, _______________, climate _____________, and _________________.
2. We should avoid causing the extinction of wild species because of the ecological and economic _________________ they provide and because their existence should not depend primarily on their usefulness to us.
habitatsinvasive
growth pollutionchange overexploitation
services
Three Big Ideas
3. We can work to prevent the extinction of species and to protect overall biodiversity by using _______ and treaties, protecting wildlife _______________, and making greater use of the _________________ principle.
lawssanctuaries
precautionary
Review Questions
• What two main international treaties are discussed in this section?
• What are some methods for sustaining biodiversity and protecting species?
CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
CBD Convention on Biological Diversity
Wildlife refuges, gene and seed banks, botanical gardens,farms, egg pulling, captive breeding, artificial insemination, cross-fostering